Hello everyone.

It's lovely to see you here today.

My name's Dr.

Clayton, and I'm here to guide you through a learning journey today.

Welcome to today's lesson.

The lesson is called Prospero and Caliban's Relationship in Act 1, Scene 2.

We're gonna look at some theatrical interpretations of act 1, scene 2, as well as extracts from act 1, scene 2 in order to better understand the relationship between the two characters.

So by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to understand how Shakespeare presents a relationship between Prospero and Caliban at the beginning of the play.

The keywords for your learning today are: subservient, superior, imperative, animosity, and wicked.

The definitions for your keywords are appearing on your screen now.

These words have been chosen because they'll help you to unlock the learning for today, and you'll see them throughout the lesson material.

They'll be identified in bold and I'll try to point them out to you as well.

If you can, try to use them in your discussions and written responses today.

So, two learning cycles in our lesson today.

For the first learning cycle, we're going to consider two theatrical performances of act 1, scene 2 by the Brownsea Open Air Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company.

And think about how the staging of the scene affects how we, as the audience, see the relationship between Prospero and Caliban.

For our second learning cycle, we're going to look at extracts from act 1, scene 2, and think about the interactions between these two characters and what it tells us about their relationship.

So let's think about some theatrical performances of "The Tempest".

The act, process or manner of performing a play or show is known as staging.

What I'd like to think about is how do you think the staging of a play might affect your interpretation of a scene or a character as the audience? So think about the way they might be positioned on the stage or think about the costume they might be wearing.

How would that affect how you see that character? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, that's some great ideas there.

Like Laura, you might've thought the way the characters are positioned on stage might show us something about their relationship to each other.

And the costumes and makeup could be used to create a certain impression of a character.

As I said earlier, we're going to think about a couple of theatrical interpretations of act 1, scene 2 of "The Tempest", and think about how that might affect our ideas about the relationship between Prospero and Caliban.

So the first performance we're gonna look at is the Brownsea Open Air Theater's performance of act 1, scene 2 of "The Tempest".

In their performance, Prospero is on stage while Caliban begins the performance underneath the stage and then emerges from a trap door wearing chains.

Now what I'd like to think about is how might that particular staging affect your interpretation of Prospero and Caliban's relationship? So think about the fact that Prospero is on stage while Caliban is beneath the stage, and then Caliban emerges wearing chains.

How might that make you think about their relationship? Pause the video and take a few minutes to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that this particular staging would make the audience think that they should consider Prospero to be superior and above Caliban.

So superior is one of our keywords.

It means to be higher in rank, status or quality.

So potentially, audience might be thinking that they should think about Prospero as being higher in rank and status than Caliban.

Showing Caliban emerging from the stage floor, suggests he's below Prospero and in terms of power because he's beneath him quite literally.

Moreover, wearing chain suggests the performance wants to emphasise Caliban's subservient position to Prospero.

Now, subservient is again one of our keywords and it means to be less important.

So potentially the chain is suggesting to us that Caliban is less important than Prospero.

Now let's think about our second theatrical performance of act 1, scene 2 of "The Tempest".

So in a previous performance by the Royal Shakespeare Company, Prospero is shown as holding the hilt of a sword while standing over Caliban who's shown as wearing furs and crouching down in front of Prospero.

So what I'd like to think about is how might this particular staging affect your interpretation of Prospero and Caliban's relationship? So think about the fact that Prospero is standing over Caliban and he's holding a sword while he's doing so.

And think about the fact that Caliban is crouching down in front of Prospero.

What does that tell us about their relationship? Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that Prospero holding the hilt of his sword, suggests he's ready to draw the sword at any moment and that implies he sees Caliban as dangerous.

To portray Caliban as crouching down in front of Prospero conveys Prospero's superiority.

Now to be superior means to be higher in rank, status or quality.

So the fact that Caliban is crouching down in front of Prospero could suggest to us that Prospero is higher in rank and status.

The fact he's crouching down and wearing furs could also imply to us there's something uncivilised and animalistic about Caliban.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like to do is match the stage positioning with the implied effect.

So your stage positions are: beginning the performance underneath the stage and beginning the performance on the stage.

And then your implied effects are: equality with other characters and inferiority to other characters.

Pause the video and make your selections now.

The correct answers are the beginning the performance underneath the stage implies inferiority to the other characters.

A beginning performance on the stage implies equality with other characters.

So very well done if you've got those right.

Amazing work so far, everyone.

We're now gonna take the knowledge we just gained from looking at those two performances of act 1, scene 2 of "The Tempest" and to apply that to our first task of the lesson.

For this task, we're going to take what we've discussed by the Brownsea Open Air Theatre performance and the Royal Shakespeare Company and apply it to a third interpretation of act 1, scene 2.

In a different performance by the Royal Shakespeare Company, Caliban is presented as an elderly man who is not only in chains, but also holding two walking sticks.

Now what I'd like you to do is think about how that staging might affect your views on Caliban.

Think about the fact he's in chains, but also the fact he's holding walking sticks.

What might that imply to you? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

Like Lucas, you might have thought that the staging would make you feel very sympathetic towards Caliban.

It would make you feel as if Caliban was vulnerable rather than aggressive.

It might make Prospero's body language and actions seem even more excessive and aggressive towards Caliban, since Caliban is holding walking sticks and therefore makes him seem vulnerable.

Amazing, you're all doing really well, everyone.

Onto our second learning cycle, where we're going to look at extracts from act 1, scene 2, and analyse the language between Caliban and Prospero to see what we can interpret about their relationship from the language.

Now, you might remember from our discussions about the staging of act 1, scene 2, that Prospero and Miranda begin speaking about Caliban before he's on stage.

So Prospero says, "Shake it off.

"Come on, we'll visit Caliban, my slave, "who never yields us a kind answer." And then Miranda says, "'Tis a villain, sir, "I do not love to look on." Now, what I'd like us to think about first is what their language tells us about Caliban as a first impression.

So specifically think about the fact that Prospero says that Caliban never yields them a kind answer and Miranda calls him a villain.

What first impression does this give you of Caliban? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that by saying that Caliban never speaks kindly.

it might imply he's a bad person.

And this creates a negative first impression of Caliban before the audience have even met him, because he's below the stage at this point.

Now, after having said that Caliban is a villain and doesn't speak kindly to them, Prospero continues by saying, "But, as 'tis, "we cannot miss him.

"He does make our fire, fetch in our wood "and serves in offices that profit us.

"What ho, slave, Caliban!" Now notice I've highlighted, "make our fire", "fetch in our wood" and "profit us." What that shows us here is that Prospero's suggesting that Caliban is kept on because he does things for them.

He profits from him.

What does that suggest about their relationship? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought it's just that Prospero sees Caliban as subservient, meaning he sees him as less important, and he keeps him as a slave because it benefits him, because Caliban can do jobs for him.

Now, for a quick check for understanding.

Which two of the following statements are true? So there's A: Caliban performs magical tasks for Prospero.

B, Caliban perform physical task for Prospero.

C, Prospero and Miranda, create a negative first impression of Caliban.

Or D, Prospero and Miranda create a positive first impression of Caliban.

Pause video and make your selections now.

Correct answers are B, Caliban performs physical tasks for Prospero.

And C, Prospero and Miranda create a negative first impression of Caliban.

So very well done if you've got those right.

Now as a way of calling Caliban to him, Prospero says, "Thou poisonous slave, "got by the devil himself upon thy wicked dam, come forth!" So as a way of asking Caliban to come to him, he calls him poisonous and says he's son of a wicked person and he is associated with the devil.

Caliban then enters and responds.

"As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed, "with raven's feather from unwholesome fen, "drop on you both.

"A southwest blow on you and blister you all over." So the first words we hear out of Caliban's mouth are a curse towards Prospero and Miranda.

Now notice I've highlighted poisonous, devil and wicked.

Now these words are a semantic field.

A semantic field is a group of words with a similar meaning.

What I'd like you to think about is what is the effect of these three words on our impression of Caliban? So what is the effect of this semantic field on our impression of Caliban? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, there's some great ideas there.

You might've thought it creates a negative impression that suggests that Caliban is dangerous and evil.

If we think about the word poisonous, this has connotations of something deadly and potentially life-threatening.

If we then think about the word devil, that has connotations of hell and something evil.

And then if we think about the word wicked, that also is connotated to something evil, but also might suggest something cruel as well.

Now let's think about Caliban's response.

So notice I've highlighted, "Drop on you both" and "blister you all over." This is what Caliban is trying to make happen to Prospero and Miranda.

Now what do you think the words drop and blisters suggest? What do you think Caliban is wishing would happen to Prospero and Miranda? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that "drop" and "blister" suggests that Caliban wishes physical harm upon Prospero and Miranda, because drop implies he wants something to fall on them and blister implies he wants them to feel physical pain from welts on their skin.

Now when Prospero hears Caliban attempting to curse him, he responds by threatening him.

He says, "For this, be sure, "tonight thou shall have cramps." So he's saying, for this, because you've said this curse, tonight you will have cramps.

"Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath," meaning it'll make you hold your breath.

"Urchins shall forth at vast of night that they may work "all exercise upon thee.

"Thou shalt be pinched as thick as honeycomb, "each pinch more stinging than bees that made 'em." Now notice I've highlighted, "have cramps", "shall pen thy breath up".

"may work all exercise on thee", "pinched as thick as honeycomb" and "more stinging than bees." Now here, Prospero is not only saying he will physically punish Caliban, but he's detailing exactly what that will feel like, and he's using similes to make that detail more excessive, to really show Caliban what the pain is going to feel like.

Now what I'd like you to think about is what do you think the effect of this is? What do you think this is going to make Caliban feel? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, you might have thought it suggests not only does Prospero really want Caliban to imagine what this pain will feel like, it also means he wants him to be afraid of it.

The similes in particular suggest that Prospero is trying to paint a particular picture to Caliban of what the pain will feel like, and that will make Caliban imagine it and therefore be scared of it.

Now the response to this threat, Caliban says, "I must eat my dinner.

"This island's mind by Sycorax, my mother, "which thou tak'st from me.

"When thou cam'st first, thou strok'st me "and made much of me, wouldst give me water "with berries in it, and teach me how to name "the bigger light and how the less, "that burn by day and night.

"And how I loved thee, and showed thee all the qualities "of the island." So here, Caliban is talking about the relationship between himself and Prospero, and what it was like when they first met.

Now notice I've highlighted, "wouldst give me water "with berries in it, and teach me how to name "the bigger light", "I loved thee, and showed thee "all the qualities of the isle." Now what I'd like to think about is what those highlighted sections tell us about the beginning of the relationship between Caliban and Prospero.

Pause the video and take a few moments to discuss.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that we learned that the relationship between them began positively, with Caliban teaching Prospero and Miranda about the island.

He says he shows them all the qualities of the island, meaning he showed them around the island and showed them where all the best parts are.

And then Miranda and Prospero in turn taught him their language.

When Caliban says, "teach me how to name the bigger light," we assume that means that Caliban is saying they taught him how to name things such as the sun.

Now I've also highlighted, "thou strok'st me "and made much of me." What I'd like to think about is what does the wording here suggest about how Prospero and Miranda saw Caliban.

What do you normally stroke and make a fuss of? Pause the video and take a few minutes to think about it.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that the wording and the idea of you stroking and making a fuss of something, suggests that Prospero and Miranda thought of Caliban as some sort of animal or pet, rather than a human being.

Rather than seeing him as a human, they instead dehumanised him, and thought of him as something they could control.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like you to do is say whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that Prospero threatens Caliban to make him obey him? Pause the video and make your selection now.

The correct answer is true.

He does threaten him to make him a obey him.

Now I'd like you to justify your answer.

So is it A: Prospero threatens to keep Caliban a slave forever? Or B: Prospero threatens to physically harm Caliban? Pause the video and make your selection now.

Correct answer is B, Prospero threatens to physically harm Caliban.

So very well done if you got that right.

Now let's return to act 1, scene 2.

Prospero's says, "Hagseed, hence! "Fetch us in fuel," so he's asking Caliban to go and get them some fuel.

"And be quick, thou 'rt best to answer other business.

"Shrugg'st thou, malice? So the implication here is that Caliban has shrugged when Prospero's commanded him to go and get the fuel.

So Prospero's says, "If thou neglect'st "or dost unwillingly what I command, "I'll rack thee with old cramps, fill all thy bones "with aches, make thee roar "that beasts shall tremble at thy din." So what he's saying is, if you don't do what I ask, if you do it unwillingly, I'm going to make you feel physical pain because of that.

Caliban then says, "I must obey.

"His art is of such power it would control my dam's God, Setebos, and make a vassal of him.

So Caliban is saying he must obey him because Prospero's magic is too great.

Now I've highlighted, "rack thee with old cramps, "fill all their bones with aches", and "make thee roar that beasts shall tremble at thy din." And what I'd like you to think about is what is the effect of Prospero repeating his threats against Caliban? So he is again repeatedly, physically threatening him with violence.

Pause the video and take a few minutes to think about it.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that again, Prospero really wants Caliban to imagine what this physical pain will feel like because he's repeating his threats against him.

And again, he's giving a lot of detail to his threats.

He's saying he's gonna fill their bones with aches, and the fact it'll make him roar, that all the beast will tremble.

So he is really painting a picture of what the pain will feel like to make Caliban afraid of him.

You'll notice I've now highlighted hence, fetch, command.

Now Prospero uses a lot of imperative language when talking to Caliban.

Imperative language means to give someone commands.

Now what is the effect of Prospero continually using this commanding language towards Caliban? Pause the video and take a few moments to think about it.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that the use of imperative language emphasises Prospero's superiority and power over Caliban.

It emphasises to us, the audience, that Prospero is higher in rank and status than Caliban, and he has more power and control over him because he is able to command him at will.

You'll notice I've now highlighted, "I must obey" and "control my dam's God, Setebos." What I'd like us to think about is what does Caliban's language here tell us about how he feels towards Prospero? If you're saying, "I must obey," what does that tell us about how he feels? Pause the video and take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that Caliban's language, by saying he must obey, emphasises fear of Prospero.

Prospero's power is so great that Caliban believes he could control a God that his mother worshipped.

So therefore, Caliban believes he has no chance against Prospero.

He must obey him and therefore he's afraid of him.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

Which two of the following statements are true? Is is: A, Prospero uses interrogative language; B, Prospero uses imperative language; C, Caliban fears Prospero; or D, Caliban respects Prospero? Pause the video and take a few minutes to make your selections.

The correct answers are B, Prospero uses imperative language, and C, Caliban fears Prospero.

So very well done if you've got those right.

You're doing amazingly well, everyone.

Onto our final task of the lesson.

What I'd like you to do is take the knowledge we've just learned about act 1, scene 2, and use it to answer the following questions, to show your understanding of the relationship between Prospero and Caliban in act 1, scene 2.

So question one: what do we learn about the beginning of Prospero and Caliban's relationship? What did the language suggest about how they saw him? Question two: what do we learn about their relationship now? What does the language suggest? Pause the video and take a few minutes to create your answers.

Amazing, some fantastic ideas there.

For question one you might have said, we learn the relationship began positively, with Caliban showing Prospero and Miranda the island, and then teaching him their language.

The idea of them stroking him suggests they saw him as some sort of animal or pet initially.

For question two you might have said, we learn there is animosity between them now.

Animosity means a strong dislike or hatred.

So we learn there's a strong hatred between them now.

Prospero's imperative language shows his superiority to Caliban.

So his commanding language shows he's higher in rank than Caliban, and his use of similes suggests he wants Caliban to imagine and understand the physical pain he will cause if Caliban doesn't obey him.

You all did amazingly well, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

The staging of a performance can influence our interpretation of the scene and the characters.

The language used between Prospero and Caliban shows a mutual animosity.

And Prospero uses imperative language to show superiority to Caliban.

I really hope you enjoyed today's lesson, everyone, goodbye.

(computer mouse clicks).