Hello, everyone.

It's lovely to see you here today.

My name's Dr.

Clayton, and I'm here to guide you through your learning journey today.

Welcome to today's lesson.

The lesson is called Prospero's power over Caliban.

We're going to consider ideas about power and then apply those relationship to Prospero and Caliban.

We're then gonna think about how these ideas could be applied to the wider context of colonialism and how it might relate to "The Tempest." The keywords for our learning today are representative, superior, inferior, and power.

The definitions for your keywords are appearing on your screen now.

These words have been chosen because they'll help you unlock the learning for today, and you'll see them throughout the lesson material.

They'll be identified in bold, and I'll try to point them out to you as well.

If you can, try to use these words in your discussions and written responses today.

So we have two learning cycles in our lesson today.

For the first learning cycle, we're going to consider ideas about power in Shakespeare's plays in general, and then focus in on the relationship between Prospero and Caliban and how Shakespeare shows that Prospero has power over Caliban.

To do that, we're gonna specifically look at some quotations from the play and analyse what they tell us about power.

For our second learning cycle, we're going to look at the wider context of the play and consider what Shakespeare might have been saying about colonialism through the characters of Prospero and Caliban.

We're gonna begin by looking at ideas of power in Shakespeare's work more generally.

Power is a key theme in most of Shakespeare's plays.

Now, power is one of our keywords and means the ability to control others, as well as influence events.

The abuse of power in particular is a common theme in Shakespeare's work.

Now, what I'd like to think about is what do you know about power in "The Tempest?" Who has power and who doesn't? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to discuss.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have said that Prospero has power since he's the ruler of the island and forces Ariel and Caliban to obey him.

Therefore, even though Ariel is a magical being, both Ariel and Caliban are the ones without power to affect their own lives because Prospero has control over them.

You might also consider the fact that Prospero has power since he directs all of the events in the play from arranging King Alonso's shipwreck at the beginning to arranging the meeting of Ferdinand and Miranda.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

Which of the following two statements about Shakespeare and power are true? So A, Shakespeare seldom wrote about power, meaning he didn't write about it very much.

B, Shakespeare often wrote about power, meaning he did write about it a lot.

C, Prospero has power in "The Tempest." Or D, Caliban has power in "The Tempest." Pause the video and make your selections now.

Correct answers are B, Shakespeare often wrote about power, and C, Prospero has power in "The Tempest.

So very well done if you got those right.

Now we're gonna focus on the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, and the theme of power.

Now, what I'd like to think about is what do you know about the relationship between Prospero and Caliban? How is power involved? Remember that power means the ability to control others.

So how does that relate to the relationship between Prospero and Caliban? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

Like Lucas, you might have thought that Prospero has power over Caliban since Prospero has enslaved Caliban, and he's forced to obey his commands.

Therefore, Prospero can control Caliban and Caliban has no power of his own.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like to do is select whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that Prospero has power over Caliban? Pause the video and make a selection now.

Correct answer is true, he does have power over Caliban.

Now I'd like you to justify our answer by selecting one of the following statements.

Is it A, Prospero manipulates Caliban into obeying him or B, Prospero enslaves Caliban and therefore he must obey.

Pause the video and make a selection now.

Correct answer is B, Prospero enslaves Caliban and therefore, he must obey him.

So very well done if you got that right.

We're gonna begin by looking at Prospero's language.

In act one, scene two of "The Tempest," Prospero calls Caliban his slave six times.

Now, what I'd like you to do is think about what is the effect of that repetition? What does it tell us as the audience? Pause the video.

Take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

Like Sam, you might have thought the repetition makes the audience feel as if Prospero is really emphasising his power over Caliban and showing his superiority and Caliban's inferiority.

Now, superiority and inferiority are two of our keywords.

Superiority means higher in status, and inferiority means lower in status.

So Prospero's ability to control Caliban shows he has a higher status than Caliban.

Now for a quick check for understanding on what we've done so far.

What I'd like you to do is say whether the following statement is true or false.

So is it true or false that Prospero uses language in act one, scene two which emphasises power over Caliban? Pause the video and make your selection now.

The correct answer is true.

Now I'd like you to justify your answer.

So which of the following statements shows that Prospero uses language to emphasise his power? So A, he refers to Caliban as a slave, or B, he repeatedly calls Caliban his slave.

Pause the video and make your selections now.

Correct answer is B.

He emphasises power by repeatedly calling Caliban his slave.

So very well done if you got that right.

What I'd like us to think about now is the nature of power.

So what I'd like to think about is how do those in power actually get people to obey them? Why don't we all just do as we please all the time? Pause the video, take a few minutes to think about it.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

Like Laura, you might have thought that people in power, like governments have laws that people have to obey and they also have a police force to make sure people follow the law, so they have people watching you to make sure you're doing what you're supposed to.

Like Alex, you also might have thought the people in power let people know what will happen to them if they don't follow the law.

They could be fined or go to prison.

People don't want that to happen, so they follow the rules.

That's what's known as a deterrent.

People in power put motivations in place to stop people from breaking the law.

So now we've thought more generally about how those in power maintain their power, we're now going to think about how Prospero maintains his power over Caliban.

So I've selected some quotations from the text for you and you're gonna have a look at them and think about how Prospero gets Caliban to obey him by looking at the quotations.

So the quotations are "thou shalt have cramps." Now, cramps are painful contractions of the muscles.

"Thou shall be pinched." Pinched is where you cause pain by pressing on someone's skin.

"I'll rack thee with old cramps." As we just said, cramps are painful contractions of the muscles and a rack was a torture device that was used in Shakespeare's time.

It evolved tying ropes to people's wrists and ankles, and then their body would be stretched and their joints dislocated.

Finally, "Fill all thy bones with aches." Now, aches are continual pain in the body.

So what I'd like you to do, examine those four quotations and think about how Prospero maintains its power over Caliban.

Pause the video, take a few moments to think about it.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

Like Izzy, you might have noticed in all four other quotations, Prospero's threatening physical harm on Caliban.

So therefore, he maintains his power over Caliban by threatening him with physical violence if he does not obey him.

What we're gonna do now is think about an extract to really think about the way that Prospero is describing the pain to Caliban and what the effect of that might be.

So the extract is, "For this, be sure, tonight thou shalt have cramps, side stitches that shall pen thy breath up.

Urchins shall forth at vast of night that they may work all exercise on thee.

Thou shalt be pinched as thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stinging than bees that made 'em." Now, notice I've highlighted some of the phrases within the extract.

"Thou shalt have cramps." As we just said, cramps are painful contractions of the muscles.

"Shall pen thy breath." That means you won't be able to breathe because you're in so much pain.

"May work all exercise on thee." So what he's saying here is the urchins work all night to make sure that Caliban feels pain all through the night.

"Shall be pinched as thick as honeycomb." Now, pinched means to cause pain by pressing on someone's skin and honeycomb's a substance is full of cavities or holes, so potentially, Prospero's using this similarly to suggest that Caliban's skin will be pinched in order to create holes in it, each pinch more stinging than bees, again, giving Caliban a comparison so he can imagine the pain.

Now, what I'd like you to do is have a look at the extract yourself and think about what the effect is of Prospero describing the pain in this way.

Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that the amount of detail Prospero is going into really makes it seem as if he wants Caliban to imagine what the pain will feel like so that Caliban will be afraid and therefore obey Prospero and do what he asks.

You might also have thought these comparisons are fairly commonplace.

Most people have had cramp at some point in their life.

Most people understand what honeycomb looks like and potentially, some people might also have been stung by a bee, and they'll understand what that feels like.

So potentially, Prospero is not only ensuring that Caliban understands the pain, but also that the audience will understand what the pain will feel like, potentially to demonstrate his power, not only to Caliban, but also to the audience and make them feel afraid of him as well.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

What I'd like to do is complete the following two sentences.

Prospero maintains his power over Caliban by threatening him with? And as a result, Caliban feels of Prospero.

Pause the video and complete the sentences now.

Amazing.

You might have said Prospero maintains his power over Caliban by threatening him with physical pain, and as a result, Caliban feels afraid of Prospero.

You're doing amazingly well, everyone.

We're onto our first task of the lesson.

What I'd like you to do is take what we've just thought about Prospero's power over Caliban and think about how the following quotations demonstrate that power.

So what I'd like to do for the task is complete the table to show how the following quotations demonstrate Prospero's power over Caliban.

So the quotations are "my slave," "thou shalt have cramps" and "each pinch more stinging than bees." So how do those three quotations show Prospero's power over Caliban? Pause the video and complete the table now.

Amazing, some fantastic ideas, everyone.

You might have said that "my slave" shows Prospero's power over Caliban because it's demonstrating his ownership and superiority.

So when he says Caliban is his, he's demonstrating he thinks he owns Caliban.

And when he's saying that Caliban is his slave, he's insinuating he thinks he's superior, meaning he has a higher rank or status than Caliban.

When Prospero says "thou shalt have cramps," it shows his power over Caliban because it's demonstrating his ability to cause Caliban physical pain if Caliban does not obey Prospero.

Finally, when Prospero says, "Each pinch more stinging than bees," this demonstrates his power because he's detailing a sensation to heighten Caliban's fear.

So he's not only telling him he's gonna cause physical pain, he's also making Caliban feel more afraid of him because he's going into a lot of detail about what that pain will feel like.

Amazing.

You're all doing really well, everyone.

We're onto our second learning cycle, but we're gonna think about the wider context of colonialism and how we can consider Prospero's power over Caliban through ideas of colonialism.

So let's begin by defining what we mean by colonialism.

Colonialism is the process of taking control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.

What I'd like you to think about is how do you think this idea of colonialism connects with the theme of power? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that taking control of another country means you have power over it, not just of the resources of the country, but also the people as well.

Again, remember that power means the ability to control others.

So taking over another country means you're able to control those who live there and the resources there.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

Which two of the following statements are true? So A, colonialism involves trading fairly with another country.

B, colonialism involves taking control over another country.

C, colonialism is loosely connected to ideas of power.

Or D colonialism is firmly connected to ideas of power.

Pause the video and make your selections now.

The correct answers are B, colonialism involves taking control of another country, and D, colonialism is firmly connected to ideas of power.

So very well done if you got those right.

What I'd like us to think about now is what kind of attitude we think the colonists might have had towards the country they were colonising and specifically to do with the people that already live there.

So if we think about the idea that colonising, when you take over another country, you implement your own laws and belief systems and take control of the people already living there, what attitude do you think they might have? So what I'd like you to do is think if the colonists are taking over a country, how do you think they might feel towards the people who already live there? Pause the video, take a few moments to consider.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that because the colonists were taking control and implementing their own belief and law systems, arguably we could say they believed their laws and beliefs to be superior to those already in place.

Now remember, superior is one of our keywords and it means higher in rank, status or quality.

So potentially, they believed their beliefs and laws were higher in status than those already in place.

This implies they believed themselves to be superior to the indigenous people as well.

Now, indigenous means the people who were already living there.

So ones who're already living on the country before it was taken over by somebody else.

This is further suggested by the usual practise of teaching the colonist's language to the indigenous people and that then becoming the dominant language.

Now, that implies they believed the indigenous language to be inferior.

Now, inferior means to be lower in rank, status or quality.

So they potentially believed the indigenous language was lower in quality than their own language they were bringing in.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

Which two of the following statements about colonialism are true? So A, the colonists implemented their own laws and beliefs.

B, the colonists kept the original laws and beliefs of the country.

C, the colonists taught the indigenous people their language.

Or D, the colonists learned the indigenous people's language.

Pause the video and make your selections now.

Correct answers are A, the colonists implemented their own laws and beliefs, and C, the colonists taught the indigenous people their language.

So very well done if you got those right.

Now let's think about how this might relate to Shakespeare and how it might have influenced his work.

So in Shakespearean times, England was just beginning to build its empire by creating colonies in North America, meaning it was taking over parts of North America.

So many scholars see "The Tempest" as a comment on colonialism, meaning the characters and situations represent colonialism.

What I'd like to think about is how do you think the plot of "The Tempest" might link to colonialism? Pause the video, take a few moments to discuss.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

You might have thought that Prospero mimics colonialism because he arrives in the island and takes control, not only of the island itself, but also the indigenous people, such as Caliban and also the resources of the island.

Now for a quick check for understanding.

Which two of the following statements are true.

So A, England had colonies when Shakespeare was writing.

B, England didn't have colonies when Shakespeare was writing.

C, many scholars see "The Tempest" as a comment on colonialism.

Or D, few scholars see "The Tempest" as a comment on colonialism.

Pause the video and make your selections now.

Correct answers are A, England had colonies when Shakespeare was writing and C, many scholars see "The Tempest" as a comment on colonialism.

So very well done if you got those right.

Amazing, you're all doing really well, everyone.

Now, as well as thinking "The Tempest" is a comment on colonialism, many scholars also consider Caliban to be representative of the indigenous people controlled through colonialism.

Now, representative is one of our keywords and means that something is an example of something else.

So this means that Caliban is thought to be an example of the indigenous people controlled through colonialism.

Now, what I'd like you to do is think about what we've talked about and think about why you think that might be.

So why do people think Caliban is an example of the indigenous people controlled through colonialism? So some of the things you might consider are who arrived on the island first, Prospero or Caliban? Remember that indigenous means those who lived there first.

You also might think about the fact that when Prospero and Miranda first arrived on the island, they taught Caliban their language.

So remember what we were saying about the way the colonists treated the indigenous people? What kind of things did they do? Pause the video and take a few minutes to discuss.

Amazing, some great ideas there.

Like Laura, you might have remembered that Caliban was born on the island and therefore, he is indigenous to the island, while Prospero is formerly the Duke of Milan and therefore, not indigenous.

When Prospero arrives on the island, he enslaves Caliban and takes control of the island's resources.

This mimics the process of colonialism since Prospero is taking control of another country and its resources and people.

Like Sophia, you might also have remembered that Caliban says that Prospero and Miranda taught him how to speak.

Now, you might remember, this is reminiscent of what the colonists did when they took over a country.

They implemented their own belief and law systems and taught their language to the indigenous people.

This implies that, as with the colonists, Prospero believes his language to be superior or higher in quality than Caliban's original language.

You all did amazingly well, everyone.

Here's a summary of what we covered.

Prospero repeatedly calls Caliban his slave, emphasising Caliban's inferiority Prospero rules Caliban through fear.

"The Tempest" is considered by many scholars to be a comment on colonialism, and Caliban could be considered representative of the indigenous people controlled by colonists.

I really hope you enjoyed the lesson everyone.

Goodbye.