Hello, and welcome to today's lesson.

Thank you so much for joining me, it's an absolute pleasure to have you here.

My name's Miss Halladay, and I'll be your teacher for today.

I can't wait to get started with today's lesson because I absolutely love "Frankenstein", it is my favourite novel in the whole world.

So, I can't wait to show you what I find so amazing and so interesting about this novel.

Let's get started.

So, today's lesson is called Frankenstein's Regret and the Scientific Revolution.

And by the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain how Shelley uses "Frankenstein" to express her own views towards the Scientific Revolution.

Here are some keywords you'll need to understand today's lesson.

So, first up, we've got Scientific Revolution, we've got to criticise, emergence, to contradict, and moral.

Here are the keyword definitions.

If you feel you need to pause the video and write some of them down, then please do feel free to do so.

So, the Scientific Revolution was a series of significant events that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries that led to a shift in people's beliefs about nature.

If you criticise something, you express disapproval of it.

If something emerges, it starts to become known or starts to exist.

To contradict something means to go against something that someone else has said.

And finally, moral means to be concerned with the principles of rights and wrong behaviour.

We're going to begin by looking at the Scientific Revolution before moving on to considering Shelley's warning in the novel "Frankenstein".

But let's start first with that bit of context about the Scientific Revolution.

Let's begin with a discussion, and I'd like you to think, well, what can you remember about the 19th century and what was the Industrial Revolution? I'm going to encourage you now to pause the video while you discuss that with the people around you.

Off you go.

Fantastic discussions and some great recap from many of you there, really well remembered.

So, well done if you were able to recall that the 19th century was a time of really great innovation and technical advancements.

So, lots of new things being invented, lots of new ideas and theories being kind of shared around, so a really exciting time in many ways.

And well done if you remembered that the Industrial Revolution marked a period of change in the way that things were done.

So, instead of producing goods via manpower and physical labour, lots of companies began to produce goods using big machinery and new technology.

So, well done if you managed to remember those two points.

Now, the Scientific Revolution, as we said at the beginning of the lesson, was a series of significant scientific events that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries, and this led to a shift in people's beliefs about nature.

Now, the Scientific Revolution saw the emergence of modern science, or science as we know it today.

And developments in chemistry, biology, and physics gave people explanations for some of the natural phenomena that had previously been a mystery.

So, things that people previously didn't understand, science was starting to be able to explain.

However, these developments and new explanations contradicted the teachings of the Bible because as we know, the Victorians were very religious, and Christianity was the predominant religion in the Victorian era in Britain.

So, let's check for understanding.

In which centuries did the Scientific Revolution occur? Is it A, the 15th and 16th, B, the 16th and 17th, C, the 17th and 18th, or D, the 18th and 19th? I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you make your answer selection.

And well done if you correctly identified B as the correct response.

The Scientific Revolution occurred over the 16th and 17th centuries.

Well done.

So, as we know, the Scientific Revolution was those significant events that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries that led to a shift in people's thinking about nature.

Now, here are some examples of some of those explanations and some of those discoveries and truths that were uncovered that had a profound impact on people's ways of thinking.

So, first of all, as Aisha points out, "Copernicus argued that the sun was located at the centre of the universe." That was a massive discovery because people previously didn't understand that.

And as Andeep pointed out, "Galileo started to experiment with the telescope and he contributed massively to our understanding of astronomy." And lastly, Isaac Newton discovered gravity, which was a massively groundbreaking experience, and it really kind of shifted the way that people thought about the world around them.

So, there were some of the really influential and exciting new scientific discoveries that were made during the Scientific Revolution.

What I'd like you to do now is think, well, how do you think that religious people might have responded to some of these discoveries like the ones on screen now? So, I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you discuss that with the people around you or consider it independently if you're working on your own.

Off you go.

Let's go through what you might have said to make sure we're all on the same page.

So, as Jun points out, "Some religious people responded with fear to many of these discoveries because, as we know, these discoveries contradicted religious beliefs about God being a creator." Because people started to question, well, you know, if God didn't make the earth and God didn't create the solar system and God didn't create human beings, then is God real? And I think that that was kind of the concern that many people had in society when these explanations started to kind of emerge.

So, some people were very frightened of scientific advancement, and that wasn't just religious people, there were just lots of people that were quite wary of this scientific advancement because they felt that moral and natural boundaries were not being respected in the pursuit of knowledge.

So, they were quite concerned about the direction in which scientific advancement was going.

And some people felt that the creation was an act of God, so this is more religious people we're talking about now.

So, to experiment with this kind of process was to position oneself as equal to God.

Now, as Jun points out, and I'm sure that many of you are already starting to think, "Well, this is kind of what Victor Frankenstein does.

In creating his monster, his creature, he plays God by experimenting with life." Now, I'd like you to consider, well, what do you think that Mary Shelley thought about the advances in science? Because we know that she's written this book, "Frankenstein", which is about a man who experiments with the creation of life and ultimately regrets it.

So, what do you think that Mary Shelley felt about advances in science, and why? So, again, I'm going to encourage you to pause the video while you consider that question and discuss it with the people around you.

Off you go.

Fantastic discussions.

Now, in terms of some feedback, I thought it'd be really nice to hear from our fantastic Oak pupils and see what they think Mary Shelley felt about scientific advancement.

Starting with Aisha who states, "I don't get the impression that Shelley was against scientific discovery and advancement.

Shelley was actually really interested in science.

She attended science lectures." And Andeep responds, "But I think she's critical of Victor though because of the way in which he pursues knowledge." And Aisha responds, "Yeah, exactly.

It's not science itself that Shelley criticises, but science when it's paired with something else." Andeep says, "What though?" And I'm going to hand that question over to you now.

I'd like you to think, well, what is Mary Shelley criticising in this novel, science in what circumstances? So, I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you discuss that with the people around you, or as always, consider it independently if you'd prefer to work on your own.

Off you go.

Excellent, and a real diverse range of opinions and suggestions there, which is fantastic.

So, well done for those really respectful discussions that you've just had.

So, Aisha responds with this to Andeep, and I'm hoping that many of you also had this idea and it came up during your discussions.

So, Aisha states, "Well, it's science paired with immorality that she's criticising.

I think she's showing us the dangers of science when ethics or morality is not considered." And Andeep says, "Yeah, I see what you're saying.

She's not criticising people knowing more knowledge, but the way in which they get the knowledge.

She raises concerns about the violation of boundaries in the name of science." And I really like this idea from Andeep that actually what concerns Shelley is not necessarily scientific advancement because that can be really useful, but it's the extent to which people are willing to go to achieve that advancement in the absence of morality that concerns her.

So, thank you to Andeep and Aisha for their fantastic suggestions, and well done if your discussion mirrors or echoes anything that they've said today.

So, let's check for understanding.

What is Mary Shelley criticising in this novel? Is it A, the pursuit of knowledge using science? Is it B, the pursuit of knowledge in the absence of moral conscience? Or is it C, the lack of progression in science leading to a lack of knowledge? I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you make your answer selection.

Off you go.

And a huge well done if you selected B, you're absolutely right.

As we've established, it wasn't the pursuit of knowledge itself that Shelley was worried about, but more the pursuit of knowledge in the absence of moral conscience, so how far people will be willing to go to learn new knowledge.

So, a massive well done if you got B, you're absolutely right.

So, onto our first task of the lesson now, and I'm gonna hand over to you.

You're going to complete the following sentences.

Mary Shelley was concerned about scientific advancements because (pauses).

And here I'm looking for you to explain to me what's worried Shelley about science.

The second sentence you're going to complete is Mary Shelley was concerned about scientific advancements but (pauses).

And here, I'd like you to explain, well, was she completely against scientific advancement? So, think about that check for understanding that we've just done.

And thirdly and lastly, Mary Shelley was concerned about scientific advancements so (pauses).

And I'd like you to think here, well, how did she raise her concerns about scientific advancement? So, I'm gonna invite you now to pause the video while you undertake our first task of the lesson.

I'm really looking forward to seeing your responses.

Really well done.

I could see a lot of effort going into those responses.

Fantastic work.

So, here's what you might have written.

If there's anything that you feel you missed that you want to add in, do feel free to pause the video and do so in your own time.

So, first of all, Mary Shelley was concerned about scientific advancements because she worried about the extent to which people would go to pursue knowledge regardless of moral boundaries.

Mary Shelley was concerned about scientific advancements, but she was actually very interested in science itself.

It was just the way in which people obtained the knowledge that concerned her.

So, they're very much touching on this idea that it's not science she's worried about, it's the way in which people pursue scientific advancement.

And lastly, you might have written Mary Shelley was concerned about scientific advancements so, of course, she created her egotistical protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, to warn her readers of the dangers of pursuing science unethically.

And massive well done if your responses resemble anything like what is on screen, fantastic work.

So, onto our second part of the lesson now, where we're going to think about what we've learned about the Scientific Revolution in learning cycle one, and we're going to apply it to "Frankenstein" and see whether we can work out what Shelley is warning us against specifically and look for evidence of that warning in the text.

So, Aisha states, "What do you think is the scariest part of 'Frankenstein'?" And I'm gonna throw that question out to the audience, to you, and I'd like to know, well, what do you find the most terrifying thing about the novel? So, pause the video while you discuss that with the people around you.

Off you go.

Fantastic discussions.

And as always, a real diverse range of opinions.

Some of you finding the creature the most terrifying, and some of you finding Frankenstein's ambition the most terrifying.

Either way, excellent discussions and thank you for your contributions.

Now, Andeep said, "For me, the most terrifying thing about 'Frankenstein' is the fact that it could actually happen.

Even though the creature is supernatural, he's the product of science experiments that have actually been undertaken." And Aisha replies, "Bringing a human being to life?" And Andeep replies, "Well, the experiments with electricity, galvanization.

Scientists were animating frog bodies using galvanization in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Shelley has just imagined the experiment a few steps ahead and shown us what might have happened next." And Aisha replies, "But people surely wouldn't actually try and bring a dead person back to life?" And Andeep replies, "I think that's the point Shelley's making though.

Where does it stop? I think that through the novel, she's raising concerns about the rapid advancement of science, especially when ethics have not been considered." And Aisha replies, "As in she's asking how far people will push science?" And Andeep replies, "Well, yeah, she's raising concerns about scientific advancement when it is not paired with individual moral responsibility." And what Andeep means by that is when the individuals who are practising the scientific experimentation do not have moral interests in mind, do not care about the consequences of those experiments beyond what they can learn from them scientifically.

And Andeep finishes by saying, "Victor Frankenstein is fixated on the glory of achievement without considering what it will mean to have a new species be dependent on him." And I can't emphasise enough how much I love this response from Andeep 'cause I think it really nicely summarises Mary Shelley's concerns, but also society's concerns at the time because society was watching these scientists experiment with science and reanimate frogs and make their legs twitch with galvanization.

And a lot of people were kind of watching this and thinking, "Right, that's great, but where does this end?" And a lot of people were imagining the horror that would ensue if scientists then turn their attention to dead bodies and the like.

And I think that that's kind of what this novel is a reflection of, and it's a reflection of kind of what people's concerns were, and that was this idea that scientists might push the limits of science to a point where they made real lasting damage on the Earth, or humanity, or society.

So, I think Shelley's really raising concerns here about science becoming limitless and people not respecting the boundaries of nature.

So, thank you to Andeep and thank you to Aisha for their fantastic contributions, some really sophisticated ideas raised there.

So, we're now going to have a look at how Shirley's concerns appear in the novel.

So, we're going to read this extract together.

I'll read it and you follow along.

"When I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands, I hesitated a long time concerning the manner in which I should employ it.

Although I possessed the capacity of bestowing animation, yet to prepare a frame for the reception of it, with all its intricacies of fibres, muscles, and veins still remained a work of inconceivable difficulty and labour.

I doubted at first whether I should attempt the creation of a being like myself, or one of simpler organisation; but my imagination was too much exalted by my first success to permit me to doubt of my ability to give life to an animal as complex and wonderful as man." So, as I'm sure you've picked up, this extract is from before Victor animates the creature, and it's him explaining kind of his thought process behind the experiment and his concerns and anxieties surrounding the experiment.

So, what we're going to do now is answer some questions based on this extract.

So, first of all, what question does Victor ponder here? What's he thinking about? What is he debating in his own mind? And secondly, how do you feel about Victor here? And I've highlighted a section in green that you could focus your response on.

So, what I'm gonna do now is invite you to pause the video while you consider the two questions now.

Thank you, let's come back together and share some responses.

Now, the response I heard to the first question that I really liked was this idea that Victor is actually debating what kind of creature to make, and he's a bit concerned that he might not be able to create another human being.

So, he's wondering whether he should try and create something a little bit more simple, something less complex, something less large.

So, here he's kind of accepting the challenges of what he's about to do.

He's almost having doubts about whether or not he can achieve it because it's such a large task.

And in terms of how we feel about Victor here, I personally really dislike him in this extract because I think it's very obvious that he understands the risks and the dangers of what he's doing, and he ignores it out of what he says is exaltation, so basically excitement.

He says, "My imagination was too much exalted by my first success to permit me to doubt of my ability." So, you're saying I was too excited.

You know, I was so successful in my first experiment that I just felt like I could do it.

And for me it's very arrogant and it's very selfish and foolish, and he acknowledges that it will be difficult and that it's not without its consequences, and it's not without its challenges, and yet he's still like, "Yeah, I'm gonna do it." So, for me, Victor is quite arrogant in this extract, and I'm not personally a fan of him here, and I could hear many of you saying something very similar.

So, let's read the next part of the extract.

"The materials at present within my command hardly appeared adequate to so arduous and undertaking, but I doubted not that I should ultimately succeed.

I prepared myself for a multitude of reverses.

My operations might be incessantly baffled, and at last my work be imperfect, yet when I considered the improvement which every day takes place in science and mechanics, I was encouraged to hope my present attempts would at least lay the foundations of future success.

Nor could I consider the magnitude and the complexity of my plan as any argument of its impracticability.

It was with these feelings that I began the creation of a human being." Again, a very interesting extract, and I'd like to think, well, where does Shelley reference the advancements in science in this extract? And how is Victor presented as arrogant here? So, I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you answer those two questions.

Great work and some great answers there, well done.

So, you might have said that Shelley references the scientific advancements taking place every day here.

So, Victor actually even states himself that he's impressed by how quickly science is evolving.

And in terms of how Victor's presented as arrogant, well, Shelley presents Victor as arrogant because he keeps referring to his plan as being of great magnitude and complexity.

And he's basically boasting about how complicated as ambitions are.

But he says, "I doubted not that I should ultimately succeed," so clearly Victor thinks that he is bright enough, smart enough, committed enough to make this experiment work, even though it's so difficult.

So, Victor's really kind of blowing his own trumpet here and making out as if he's like a scientific pioneer and that he's attempting something that nobody else will ever try and attempt again, and it's just really arrogant and I really don't like Victor here, I'm not gonna lie.

But well done for your responses, great work.

Let's carry on reading.

"No one can conceive the variety of feelings which bore me onwards, like a hurricane, in the first enthusiasm of success.

Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world.

A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me.

No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs.

Pursuing these reflections, I thought that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter, I might in process of time, although I now found it impossible, renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption." So, here I'd like you to consider, well, what might Shelley's use of this fantastic simile, like a hurricane, tell us about Victor? And I'd like you to consider the impact that hurricanes have on populations.

That's your little hint from me for today.

And secondly, where do we see Victor playing God here? So, I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you consider those two questions on screen.

Off you go.

Fantastic discussions, and I'm really delighted actually to see that so many of you find Victor as irresponsible and arrogant as I do.

So, in terms of what Shelley's use of the simile, like a hurricane, might tell us, well, it shows us victor's kind of destructive nature.

And the fact that even though he's trying to create something new, he's actually just being really destructive.

And in the same way that a hurricane tears through a community, Victor is tearing through nature, is tearing through morality to create something that really is just going to be really devastating and destructive much like a hurricane.

And it's this idea, it kind of foreshadows the fact that the creature has such a devastating impact on Victor's close friends and family.

He destroys so many people that Victor loves in the way that a hurricane would destroy the lives of the community that it rips through.

So, here, Shelley's literally foreshadowing the devastating impact that this decision that Victor makes to make the creature will have on his life.

And in terms of where we see Victor playing God here, well, he's kind of saying, "Well, you know, I'd be the creator and all these creatures that I create will thank me for bestowing life upon them because I would be their master, I would be like God to them." And he's actually positioning himself as God here and saying that he wants to learn how to make life so that he can learn how to bring things back from the dead, which is a terrifying thing to want to do.

So, well done if you've got those answers, and I'm glad that many of you feel the same way that I do about Victor.

So, let's check for understanding.

True or false, Shelley's simile like a hurricane foreshadows the devastation and destruction that Victor's experiment brings him and others? Is that true or false? I'm gonna invite you now to pause the video while you make your answer selection.

Off you go.

And well done if you correctly identified that that is in fact true.

What I'm going to ask you to do now is justify your answer using one of the two answer options below.

You'll need to pause the video while you read the answer options and decide which you think is the correct justification for that statement being true.

Off you go.

And a massive well done if you correctly selected A.

The simile also shows Victor's lack of thought and care in creating the creature because he gets swept away almost like a hurricane by the prospect of glory.

So, he doesn't care about the consequences, he just envisages all this glory that he's going to get for being this amazing scientist, and that is very much what spurs and drives him onwards.

So, well done if he chose answer A, you're right.

Let's carry on reading.

"One secret which I had alone possessed, was the hope to which I dedicated myself; and the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places.

Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured the living animal to animate the lifeless clay? The dissecting room and the slaughterhouse furnished many of my materials; and often did my human nature turn with loathing from my occupation, whilst, still urged on by an eagerness which perpetually increased, I brought my work near to a conclusion." Oh dear, Victor, it's not looking good, is it? Right, let's have another discussion.

So, what does the phrase, "I pursued nature to her hiding-places," suggest about how Victor carried out his experiment? And how is Victor presented as selfish and foolish here? I'm gonna invite you now to pause the video while you answer those two questions with the people around you or independently if you would prefer.

Off you go.

Fantastic discussions.

And again, I can see many of you getting very enraged, and I love to see it because I feel the same way that you do.

So, let's see what you might have said.

So, first of all, this phrase, "I pursued nature to her hiding places," shows just how relentless and immoral victor was in his experimentation.

He knew fully well that he was violating nature in undertaking this experiment, but he pursued knowledge anyway.

And actually the personification of nature here presents Victor as almost like a predator and nature as a victim.

Okay, so it shows how much he's dominating nature and how aggressive he was in his experimentation, and that shows how immoral and inconsiderate he was as well.

And secondly, this phrase here, "Often did my human nature turn with loathing from my occupation," shows how foolish and selfish victor was.

And he actually admits that there were moments when he was really disgusted with what he was doing.

Okay, that word loathing means hatred, and occupation, his job.

So, he was hating the job that he was doing, but he carried it on anyway.

And this shows that he knew it was immoral and wrong, but he chose to ignore his feelings of disgust and persist anyway.

And that to me is just so wrong because I think Victor understood the dangers of what he was doing and just opted to ignore them.

And that for me makes him a really dislikable protagonist and very, very egotistical protagonist that is typical of the gothic genre.

So, well done if you've got those ideas, great work.

So, back to discussion now, and I'd like you to think, well, based on what we've just read, what does Victor represent in "Frankenstein"? And what does the creature teach us about morality in "Frankenstein"? So, I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you consider those two questions.

Off you go.

Again, some really fantastic and insightful discussions there, some very perceptive responses given.

Here's what you might have said.

So, Jun points out, that, "Shelley uses her protagonist Victor, to illustrate the dangers of scientific advancement in the absence of moral consideration.

Shelley characterises him as irresponsible and negligent to show the dangers of being too ambitious with science." So, here, Jun is saying that all that stuff we learned about in learning cycle one about people being worried about the over advancement of science and people being worried that moral and social boundaries were not being adhered to, that is what Victor represents, that is the reason that Victor is in this novel, okay, so that people can learn from his mistakes before it's too late.

And Jacob adds, "Shelley uses the creature to show us the consequences of a lack of morality in science.

The creature suffers hugely because of Victor's selfish ambition and ruthless quest for knowledge." And I really that first sentence of Jacobs here, that actually the creature is representative of the consequences of the lack of morality, and the misery that he suffers shows us why it's not the right thing to do to reanimate dead things or to create life where it's not naturally being created.

So, thank you to Jun and Jacob for their fantastic ideas.

So, onto our second task of the lesson, and Aisha's got a fun fact of the day for you.

She says, "Did you know that 'Frankenstein's alternative title is 'The Modern Prometheus'?" Did you know that? And Jacob replies, "Who was Prometheus?" And here, we learned that Prometheus was a titan, and he was given permission by Zeus, who was king of the Greek gods, to create living things.

Prometheus created people out of mud.

He stole fire from the gods to give to the humans that he had created, but the humans used it to wage war and create weapons.

When Zeus discovered Prometheus's crime, he punished him severely.

And just to give you an idea of what that punishment was 'cause it was particularly unpleasant, it was actually that Prometheus was tied to a rock and an eagle at the same time every single day would come and pack out his liver and eat it.

And then the liver would grow back overnight and the eagle would be back the next day.

So, as you can see, a really, really unpleasant punishment.

However, did it make Prometheus repentant? No, it didn't because Prometheus never regretted his actions.

I think it would make me regret my actions, but I'm not Prometheus, so we're all good.

And what I'd like you to do with this information is use it to answer some questions.

And the first question is, what similarities and/or differences, so you could do similarities and differences or similarities or differences, do we see between the story of Prometheus and the story of Victor Frankenstein? And secondly, what might Shelley have been warning us against by giving the novel the title "The Modern Prometheus"? Why would she give it that title? She's obviously drawing some comparisons, but you're going to tell me what the comparisons are and why she's drawing them.

So, I'm going to invite you now to pause the video while you answer the questions on screen.

Off you go.

Fantastic work, really well done, and some very detailed responses there.

So, here's what you might have written.

First of all, in terms of similarities and differences that we see between the two stories, well, both Frankenstein and the tale of Prometheus both tell the story of egotistical and irresponsible creators who play God in some way.

Prometheus steals fire from the gods to empower his creations whilst Victor Frankenstein positions himself as God.

Now, both the creature and Prometheus' people use the powers that they've been given destructively, and that's unfortunate in both cases.

Neither the creature nor the people can be controlled by their creators, and that is such an error that both of them make.

They create these people or creatures that they really have no control over because we actually can't control other people.

So, neither Prometheus nor Frankenstein have any amount of control over their creations, and that's dangerous.

Now, a key difference between the stories is that actually Victor Frankenstein does regret his actions, whereas as we discussed before, Prometheus, despite the fact that he gets his liver pecked out every single day, doesn't actually show any remorse for his crimes against Zeus.

Resilient, let's call him resilient.

But yes, Victor Frankenstein is remorseful, Prometheus isn't remorseful.

So, well done if you got that.

And secondly, in terms of what Shelley might have been warning us against by giving the novel the title "The Modern Prometheus", well, she might be warning us against transgressing against God or nature in the name of progress.

By using the title "The Modern Prometheus", Shelley draws parallels between Victor and Prometheus to illustrate that both of these characters are recklessly ambitious and irresponsible.

So, they're both way too ambitious for their own good, and they both violate moral boundaries to achieve progress.

Prometheus wants civil progress and Frankenstein is more concerned with scientific progress.

But either way, they both violate social boundaries and moral boundaries in the name of progress.

Now, many readers have actually interpreted Frankenstein as a cautionary response to the Scientific Revolution.

And Shelley warns us about the use of science in the absence of morality.

So, I think that there is some truth in this idea that perhaps Shelley was writing "Frankenstein" as a response to the Scientific Revolution and trying to raise concerns about the lack of morality that was starting to emerge in scientific experimentation and kind of reiterating the need for people to consider what the limits of science are morally.

So, well done if you've got any of those answers, and if there's anything on screen that you want in your notes, please feel free to pause the video and write it down.

So, to summarise the learning from today.

So, first of all, the Scientific Revolution was a series of really significant events that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries that led to a shift in people's beliefs about nature.

Now, some religious people were very fearful of scientific discoveries because many of them contradicted religious beliefs about God being a creator.

Shelley's novel isn't necessarily opposed to scientific progress or discovery, but it focuses on the what happens or the consequences when science isn't paired with individual moral responsibility.

Shelley characterises Victor as irresponsible and negligent to show the dangers of being too ambitious with science.

Lastly, the novel's original title "The Modern Prometheus" allows Shelley to draw parallels between Victor and Prometheus to illustrate that both are recklessly ambitious and irresponsible.

So, thank you for coming to today's lesson.

You know how passionate I am about "Frankenstein", and it's been lovely to share ideas with you.

I'm really looking forward to seeing you next time, and I hope you have a lovely rest of your day.

See you later, bye.