Hi, everyone, my name is Mr. Chandrapala.

And we, today, are going to be looking at allusions in "Lord of the Flies." Literary allusions are so important to understanding text, and understanding how actually writers are influenced by different texts and different conceptions of literature, and actually, how they use them to develop their own messages.

Golding is really thoughtful in how he uses allusions in the text.

So I'm really looking forward to getting into this today.

Let's go.

So we're going to start off by looking at our outcome, which is to explain some of the allusions Golding makes in the novel and why he makes them.

Our keywords for today include that term allusion, which is when a writer makes reference to another story or text.

And we're also gonna be talking a lot about transgressions, which is an act that goes against a rule or law.

We're going to be considering what it means to be virtuous, which means to be innocent and pure of heart.

And finally, the verb, violent, to break or fail to comply with the rule.

So, to start off with allusions in "Lord of the Flies," we're going to initially begin with the "Garden of Eden." An allusion, as we mentioned earlier in the keyword section, is when a writer makes reference to another story or text.

I want you to pause here and think if an allusion is when a writer makes reference to another story or text, what do we think a biblical allusion might be? Pause the video now, discuss that with your partner, maybe jot down the definition and then hit play.

Well done.

A lot of people showing their deduction skills there.

So, a biblical allusion is when a writer makes references or connections to a story from the Bible.

Here, I want you to read the following summary of the "Garden of Eden" story.

So according to Genesis, God placed Adam and Eve, the first man and woman, in the Garden of Eden, a utopian garden which contained everything that they would need to survive and thrive.

What similarities can you already recognise between the "Garden of Eden," the story from Genesis, and the "Lord of the Flies"? Pause the video here.

What can we spot already? Some really interesting ideas there.

Hopefully, we're already beginning to pick up on the fact that actually, that these two characters are placed in an area, this utopia, and they're given the opportunity to make a new world for themselves.

As here, before the plane crash, the island in the novel was uninhabited.

Therefore, the boys are the first human soul to occupy the island, much like Adam and Eve, the first people that God created.

We also have the fact that there are aspects of the island that are utopian, and there's enough food source to sustain the boys, much like the Garden of Eden.

So, if we continue looking at the "Garden of Eden" as a biblical story, we know that God gave Adam and Eve free roam of the garden, but told them not to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

Adam and Eve lived together in blessed harmony, until one day, an evil serpent deceived Eve, who ate forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

She'd then gave some to Adam.

She offered it to him and he took it.

Immediately, the pair recognised the nakedness they had been living in and they felt ashamed.

So they covered themselves up with fig leaves.

When God found out that the pair had disobeyed Him, He was very angry and banished them from His garden forever.

What other similarities do you therefore recognise between this story and "Lord of the Flies"? Pause the video here now and see what connections you can build between the two texts.

Hopefully we're starting to pick up on the similarities now, of the fact that actually, we have that movement from innocence to a state, you know, guilt, shame potentially, similar between Adam and Eve and the boys over the course of their text.

But there are other similarities we may be able to spot.

You may have considered the fact that there is a similarity as Sam points out, in the way that evil lurks within something that is seemingly idyllic.

Or as Jacob points out, that there's a similar loss of innocence in both stories.

Or as Laura says, "There's a transgression in both stories.

The characters violate some kind of rule or boundary." Take one of these examples, and I want you to explain it in more detail.

I want you to give specific examples from both Adam and Eve, the Genesis story, and from "Lord of the Flies" to support your ideas.

Once you've done that, hit play.

So, let's take some feedback.

If we're looking at Laura's idea, where there is a transgression in both stories and the characters violate some kind of rule boundary in both, we could explain that a little bit further.

So in the "Garden of Eden" story, Adam and Eve disobeyed God's orders not to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

The pair disobeyed God and forever damaged their innocence and blissful ignorance is ruined.

Similarly, in "Lord of the Flies," the boys defy social laws and rules, and commit unspeakable atrocities that transgress the boundaries of morality and Christianity.

They metaphorically eat the fruit by committing crimes against God, nature, and civilization.

So what we've done here is we've created that link between the two texts, and were able to show that comparison.

Let's have a quick check for understanding before we move too much further thinking about allusions.

True or false? Transgressing means to break a rule.

Pause the video, select an option, and when you're ready, hit play.

Well done, everyone.

Who said that it is true? Can we justify our answer though? Is it because an example of this is in "Lord of the Flies," when the boys kill a pig to eat? Or is an example of this in "Lord of the Flies," is when the boys kill Simon in Chapter 9? Pause the video again, select which option you think is correct, and when you're ready, hit play.

Well done there, everyone.

It is B, when the boys kill Simon in Chapter 9.

Whilst ethical concerns may exist for some around eating meat or killing animals, it is not a crime against Christianity, and therefore B is the correct answer, because another human, another boy is killed.

The story of Adam and Eve is also known as the story of original sin.

Original sin refers to that idea that in every man, there lurks an evil.

It's the idea that every man is born with evil in his heart as well as good.

Supposedly, man inherited this evil from Adam as part of his punishment for his transgression against God.

Now, my question to you is, how does the idea that evil exists within every man link to "Lord of the Flies"? Pause the video again and see if you can explain how this works.

Talk to the person next to you, maybe jo down some ideas.

When you're ready, hit play.

Some lovely ideas there.

So we can maybe think about the fact that we've discussed in previous sessions, the fact that Jack seems to be.

there's a debate about whether he learns to be savage and becomes increasingly savage because of the situation he is in, or whether he is innately savage.

This fundamentally gets down to this idea of whether evil exists within all of us.

So, we could also say that arguably, when Simon discovers the truth about the beast, he discovers that original sin exists.

There is an innate evil that lives inside each and every man.

Simon learns that this is the true beast that the boys must fear, their own capability to be savage and depraved.

Pause the video now and get that explanation around Simon and the beast into your work.

And then once you've done that, hit play.

Fantastic work there, everyone.

Let's keep moving.

Again, another quick check for understanding.

We've been talking about the "Garden of Eden" and one of the key concepts that we need to be really confident with is what is original sin? So, is original sin option A, the idea that there is only one true sin, murder, option B, the idea that all men are born with sin and evil in their heart, or option C, the idea that men are made sinful by their environments? Pause the video now and select either option A, B or C.

And when you're ready, hit play.

Fantastic work there, everyone.

We know that the answer is B, the idea that all men are born with sin and evil in their hearts.

We're now gonna practise applying our understanding of the "Garden of Eden" allusion.

So, today we've been talking about the "Garden of Eden" and how an evil serpent temps Eve and Adam to commit the original sin and eat from the tree of knowledge.

This is their transgression.

In "Lord of the Flies," we've also covered how the boys transgress social and moral boundaries as well as natural boundaries by violating the natural world.

My question to you though, is to discuss in your partners or to take notes what or who will be the "Lord of the Flies" equivalent of the serpent in the "Garden of Eden"? Who or what causes the boys to transgress? Pause the video now and see if you can identify who is the serpent like figure within "Lord of the Flies"? Once you've done so and you can explain what that causes for that transgression, hit play.

Some really interesting ideas there, everyone.

I'm really fascinated with what you've gone for.

Let's take some feedback.

You might have said that the beast could be the equivalent of the snake in the "Garden of the Eden" story.

Literally, fear of the beast motivates the boys' savage behaviours.

The beast also becomes a tool that Jack uses to gain support.

The beast though is not real.

It's arguably representative of the innate evil and savagery that Golding believed exists within all human beings.

Arguably, the beast inside the boys is what tempts them to transgress.

It is what causes them to violate moral and social boundaries.

So if the boys' savagery is innate, can we blame them for their abhorrent behaviour and actions? Are they truly responsible? Pause the video again here, and see if you can come to a decision on whether they are truly responsible for their actions over the course of their (indistinct).

Really interesting.

Some of you making the argument that they are inherently responsible, but they are forced into a situation where the pressures that they are placed under, forced them into making some really terrible choices.

And this is less common about them, and more actually common about what the removal of rules are in society can look like.

But all of us will come to different decisions.

We're now gonna start talking about "Paradise Lost." So, if I asked you how might the phrase paradise lost applied to "Lord of the Flies," what ideas would you come up with? Pause the video now.

Remember that "Lord of the Flies" opens with that utopian vision of that island.

What would it mean if this utopian, this paradise, is lost? How could we discuss that? Pause the video there and have that discussion.

Take some notes and when you're ready, hit play.

A range of really interesting ideas there, everyone.

So Aisha, when asked about it, argued that by the end of the novel, the island has turned from being a utopian paradise into pure hell.

Well, in what ways has the island become hellish? Pause the video again.

What would we say makes the island hellish? Fascinating ideas there.

So, we could talk about how the fire consumes the island in Chapter 2, and it's arguably symbolic of the fires of hell.

Significantly, this is a fire that the boys are responsible for, and it results in the death of one of the littluns, marking a key transitional point in the journey, from paradise to hell for the boys.

It demonstrates that actually they are on a downward path.

Critics have long speculated that "Lord of the Flies" alludes to another text called "Paradise Lost" by John Milton, published in 1667.

Milton's "Paradise Lost" is a long, epic poem about the fall of mankind and the original sin.

What do we think by the term "fall from grace" could mean here though? Pause the video here, and see if you can work out what that term means.

Some really good guesses there.

Lots of people thinking about what that metaphor "fall from grace" could mean, and thinking about what that concept of grace could even refer to.

So the term "fall from grace" means going from being virtuous, and innocent, and good to being sinful and wicked.

But who crucially has a fall from grace in the "Lord of the Flies"? Pause the video again here.

Who would you say falls from grace? Is it an individual character, a group? Once you've got your answer, hit play.

Some really interesting ideas.

Arguably, all of the characters, except for Simon, have a fall from grace, as they are all implicated in the death of Simon, showing their descent into sin and to depravity.

So, let's just have a quick check for understanding here.

A "fall from grace" means, A, not acting in an authentic way, B, not being someone's favourite person anymore, or C, going from being innocent and good, to evil and wicked? Select out of A, B, or C, which one you think is the correct option.

And when you're ready, hit play.

Really good work there, everyone.

It is option C.

It's going from being innocent and good, to evil and wicked.

And Adam and Eve have a fall from grace, don't they, in Genesis? And funnily enough, John Milton's "Paradise Lost," is just a retelling of that Genesis story, just in an epic poem form.

So Milton's "Paradise Lost," explores the constant battle between God and Satan.

Where do we see this battle between God and Satan or good and evil in the "Lord of the Flies"? Where do we see these two sides going up against each other? How can we find that? Pause the video.

See if you can identify any key moments, and then hit play.

Really interesting choices there.

You could have said moments like characters such as Ralph and Piggy, whose intentions are to uphold civilization and order, constantly have to battle against the savage impulses of the other boys that exist inside them.

"Paradise Lost" also explores themes of free will and disobedience.

Themes we also see in "Lord of the Flies." The title of Golding's book, "Lord of Flies," is arguably also a nod to "Paradise Lost." The "Lord of the Flies" is another name for Beelzebub, one of Satan's followers.

Beelzebub is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments in the Bible.

He supposedly spread lust, false gods, and war.

And Milton used the name for one of his fallen angels in "Paradise Lost." But why do we think Golding called the novel "Lord of the Flies" and made this allusion to Beelzebub? What would be the point of doing that? Pause the video and see if you can work out why.

Once you've done that, hit play.

Some really interesting ideas there, everyone.

Golding has clearly done his reading and he's challenging you, his audience, to think about that as well.

You might have said, as Sam does, "Arguably, in alluding to Beelzebub through the title of the novel, Golding could be demonstrating that this novel is about evil.

It's about the devil that exists inside every man.

Perhaps he's trying to illustrate that this novel is an exploration of innate evil." Alternatively, you could argue as Jacob does, that perhaps in using this title, Golding is signposting that the novel will be about man's fall from grace and his temptation to sin.

Like in "Paradise Lost" and "Lord of the Flies," there's a constant battle between good and evil, God and Satan.

So perhaps that's why he chose to name the book after a devil.

Quick check here because we wanna be able to use this in our essays.

Which is the correct spelling of the alternative name for Satan? Is it A, Belzebub, B, Beelzebub, or C, Belzeebub? Pause the video, see if you can work it out.

And when you have done that, hit play.

So, did you manage to get it? It is option B, Beelzebub.

The alternative name for Satan is Beelzebub.

So if you do want to use that, please do get that note.

So, we're just going to practise our understanding of the allusions made to "Paradise Lost" by discussing the following question.

I want you to consider if the novel is about the battle between good and evil, which side do you think ultimately wins? Think about how the novel ends.

Who prevails, good or evil? And why do you think that's the case? Pause the video, have that discussion, make some notes.

When you're ready, hit play.

Interesting starting points to get to.

I want you to develop your ideas now by using the A, B, C phrases to help you respond to other people's ideas effectively and elevate your discussion.

So you've had almost like a draught way of doing that discussion.

I now want you to use the agree, build, challenge.

So, agree phrases include, "I agree because.

." Or "I share the same viewpoint because.

." Build, "Expanding on this, I would add that.

." Or "Another aspect to consider would be.

." And then challenge, "I see it differently because.

." Or "It's worth questioning whether.

." You're gonna have the same discussion, but this time, the one who is listening, you're gonna use one of those A, B, C phrases, agree, build, challenge phrases, to really extend your partner's thinking.

Afterwards, you'll swap turns and then you'll do the same thing.

So the person who spoke first will use an agree, build, challenge phrase, whilst the person who was listening first, provides their initial ideas.

Pause the video now, have that discussion for that question.

If the novel is about the battle between good and evil, which side do you think wins, do you think good or evil prevails and why, using our agree, build, challenge starters.

Once you've done that, hit play.

Really impressive work there, everyone.

The reason why we include these agree, build, challenge answers or tasks is because we're really trying to get you to listen really carefully.

It's not just enough to listen to me, I'm just someone on the screen, but the people next to you, the people in the room with you, can really extend your thinking and really challenge you that little bit further.

So it's so important that we get those into those good habits with that.

So, we have here Aisha's response.

Aisha said, "I think that evil prevails because the island transforms from an uninhabited utopia to a hellish nightmare, and the boys discard civilization and embrace the savagery that lives with that.

Even though the boys are rescued at the end of the novel, their innocence has been spoiled and they can never return to their state of virtuosity and purity.

They have corrupted their souls forever." At what point though, in the novel, do we realise that the damages are reversible? Pause the video now and see if you can work out at what point the novel suggests that the damage that the boys have done to society is too far gone, that they have truly lost their innocence.

Once you've had that discussion, hit play.

A really interesting range of answers.

Some people are talking about the death of Simon, some people are talking about Jack's manipulative tactics.

We're now though going to focus on our summary as we come to the end of today's lesson.

So we've been looking today at allusions in "Lord of the Flies." And just a reminder, allusions are references to other texts that allow us to create this understanding, we're allowed to develop our understanding of one text by considering how it links to another.

Arguably, through the novel, Golding alludes to the "Garden of Eden" story, Genesis, in the Bible, it's a biblical allusion.

The "Garden of Eden" parable recounts the story of original sin.

The idea that man is born innately sinful.

Golding draws parallels between the boys' transgressions on the island, and Adam and Eve's transgressions at the Genesis.

He does this because arguably, the beast inside man temps man into sinning.

Much like the beast, the serpent in the Genesis, Adam and Eve story, temps Adam and Eve, thereby corrupting their virtuosity, as the beast corrupts the virtuosity of the children.

Golding alludes to Milton's "Paradise Lost" by using a symbolic title, "Lord of the Flies," referring to Beelzebub, Satan, that represents the novel's key theme, which is innate evil.

You've been absolutely fantastic today.

You've been dealing with some really difficult content, so I've been really impressed by the way that you've been listening and working through it.

It's been really challenging, so I'm so, so, so impressed.

Well done, everyone.

Thank you so much for joining me today, and I hope to see you again very soon.

Bye for now.