Hello, and welcome to today's lesson.

My name is Ms. Watson, and I'm delighted that you have decided to join me today.

We're going to be reading Chapter Four of "Lord of the Flies." Now it's an exciting chapter, quite a disturbing chapter, because now we see things starting to go wrong.

So let's get started.

And the outcome of today's lesson is that you'll be able to explain and explore the key events in Chapter Four of "Lord of the Flies." We are going to begin by thinking about the keywords.

They are morality, and that word relates to the standards, not laws, of good or bad behaviour, fairness and honesty.

And you are going to see the boy's morality change in this chapter.

Now, if you undermine something or someone, you make them feel less confident, less powerful or less likely to succeed and it's often quite a gradual process.

If you are sincere, you are not pretending, you are not lying, you are being honest.

Accountable.

That means being responsible for what you do and it means that you can give a satisfactory reason for it.

You can give a good account of it.

Can you see that the word account is in accountable.

And if you model something, you do something in a way that can be used as an example for others.

If you'd like a little bit of time to familiarise yourself with the keywords, use that time now, pause the video and rejoin the lesson when you are ready.

Our lesson today has two learning cycles.

We are going to start by looking at how and why the boys' behaviour changes.

And then we're going to focus in on Ralph and Jack and explore the way they argue.

So we're gonna start the lesson with you doing some independent reading.

You're going to read just the beginning of Chapter Four.

You need a copy of the book and I'd like you to ensure that you are using the "Faber and Faber," Main edition, 3rd of March 1997.

I'd like you to read from the beginning of the chapter, it starts on page 60, to the end of the second paragraph on page 61 that ends with the word often.

And as you read, I'd like you to consider these questions.

What moods are created by the description of the weather? And why are the boys having trouble adjusting and why is this significant? You'll see that they are having trouble adjusting to life on the island.

And what might that suggest about how and why their behaviour changes? So pause the video.

Off you go.

Happy reading.

Welcome back.

I hope you enjoyed reading that part of the chapter.

Didn't you really feel the heat that is being described there and how uncomfortable it is that blazing sun on the island? I always feel like I'm in there really actually on the island experiencing that discomfort when I read that chapter.

So I'd like to share with you what the Oak pupil said in response to the questions about that part of the chapter.

Now, Izzy thought that the mood of the island seems threatening.

She says that Golding says the temperature is like a blow and things are strange at midday.

And in the evening, the darkness menaced, it threatened them.

And Alex points out that it's very hard for the boys to adapt to the tropical climate.

And the little boy, Percival, in particular, he's deeply distressed and he makes this really good point that Percival's distress is like the open version of the distress they all feel.

Maybe the older boys are too embarrassed to cry openly like that, but Perceval is expressing the distress that they all feel.

I think that's a great point there, Alex.

Were your ideas similar? Compare your ideas with theirs.

Do you agree? If you would like a little time to add to your discussion, then you can use that now.

You can pause the video while you do that and then we'll move on.

Now, I'd like you to do some more independent reading.

Go back to page 61 and I want you to read from the third paragraph on page 61 to the second paragraph on page 65, it ends with the word off.

And as you read, I'd like you to look out for references to sandcastles and references to stones.

So pause the video while you read.

Off you go.

Happy reading.

So welcome back.

Excellent focus on your reading.

Now, I would like you to have a bit of a discussion.

And this is the question, what do the references to sandcastles and stones tell us about the boys' behaviour? Remember, we're looking at how and why the boys' behaviour changes.

So you now need to pause the video while you have that discussion.

And if you are working by yourself, that's okay.

Just pause the video and make some notes.

Off you go.

Welcome back.

I'd like to share some ideas with you.

Just for you to compare and see whether they are similar to the things you said.

And you might have said something like this.

That the littluns building sandcastles is an example of them trying to recreate their familiar world.

And the sandcastles are destroyed by older boys.

And what's happening here, is that without adults and rules, the older boys start behaving really unkindly.

And Roger really wants to hit Henry with the stones, but he doesn't.

And it's as if there is an invisible ring of the old morality protecting him, protecting Henry from his behaviour.

But you do start to wonder if this ring of morality is going to break down.

Were your ideas similar or different? Any ideas from here that you would like to include and add to any of your notes, please feel free to do that.

Let's have a check for understanding.

Which of the following summarise the boys' lives on the island? Is it A, they are struggling to cope with their new environment? Is it B, the weather seems hostile to the boys' attempts to survive? Is it C, some of the boys build sandcastles and older boys destroy them.

Or D, the boys play at old games like sandcastle building.

Have a think.

Make your choice.

Did you say A? Yes, that is the best summary.

Points B, C and D are true, but they are referring to key points, interesting points, but they are not a summary of how the boys are now living on the island.

Let's move on.

Now, after reading the first half of Chapter Four, Jacob said that, "Golding is showing us how the boys try to clinging onto the values of their old lives, but their attempts are undermined." And I'd like you to discuss that point.

To what extent do you agree with Jacob's thinking? And as you discuss it, I'd like you to consider key moments in the text who is behaving badly? What stops their bad behaviour? And how likely it is that their behaviour will worsen.

? Now you will need to pause the video to have that discussion.

If you're working by yourself, that's fine.

Just pause the video and make some notes.

Off you go.

Welcome back.

What a great discussion you had there.

I would like to share with you what the Oak pupil said.

Izzy said, "That the boys feel as if the island is like an enemy undermining their attempts to lead safe ordered lives." Getting in the way of it, bringing it down bit by bit.

"They find the heat threatening at times and the darkness makes them restless.

They are not equipped to live there." Now Alex points out, "That the worst behaviour actually comes from the boys themselves.

Roger and Maurice deliberately destroy the sandcastles.

So it is the boys who are undermining the old morality." And his prediction that is that it is very likely that things will get worse.

I'd like you to compare your ideas with theirs.

Do you agree? Do you think Izzy is more right to say that it's the island that is undermining them? Or is it the boys themselves? You can pause the video while you add to your discussion and when you are ready, we can move on.

So great learning today.

We've already looked at how the boys' behaviour changes, and now we're going to focus on Ralph and Jack.

I want you now to read to the end of Chapter Four.

You're going to start from the word Roger on page 65 and read to the end of the chapter which is on page 80.

And as you read, I want you to consider what does Jack finally succeed in doing? And why is Ralph angry? Pause the video while you read.

Off you go.

Welcome back.

Well done for such good focus while you were reading.

Before we move on, I want to be clear that we understand exactly what happens in Chapter Four.

So below, one to five, they are the events of Chapter Four and they're in the wrong order.

So I would like you to read over them and then have a think about what is the right order.

Pause the video while you do that, and then I will reveal the answers.

So did you get the order correct? The first thing that happens in Chapter Four is that Jack camouflages his face with colours in order to go hunting for pigs.

And Piggy suggests making a sundial, which would allow them to tell the time.

You can see how differently Jack and Piggy are working and are trying to adapt, and find a place for themselves on the island.

Jack wants to hunt, Piggy wants to organise things.

And Ralph sees a ship out at sea and is really angry that the hunters have let the fire go out.

Remember how important it is that there is smoke always rising up from the island in the chance that a ship will see them and come and rescue them.

Now the hunters have killed a pig and they are feasting.

And everybody eats the meat, even Ralph and Piggy who are angry about the fire going out, eats the meat.

And Jack gets to be the hero of the hunt and he's really enjoying being the hero of the hunt.

And Ralph calls an emergency meeting.

It's really important, he thinks that they talk about what has happened.

So well done, if you've got the right order.

Let's move on.

Now, when we debate controversial topics, it's really important that the discussion is purposeful and respectful.

And topics like morality, and judging and making evaluations about how people behave, and who is at fault, and what is going wrong.

They're controversial topics because people have different views.

So before we start the next discussion, I want you to actually have a discussion about discussions.

And I want you to debate this question.

How can we make sure that discussions are purposeful and respectful? What behaviours do we need to display to make sure that happens? Pause the video while you have that discussion.

If you're working by yourself, just make some notes.

Welcome back.

I hope you enjoy that discussion.

And I'm going to share with you some of the things that the Oak pupil said.

They made a list that looked like this.

They said it's really important that you listen actively and show that you value other people's views by making eye contact and nodding.

And that you need to acknowledge different viewpoints.

And be open to considering other ideas and changing your mind.

That's really, really important.

We have discussions in order to rethink.

To think, and rethink, and refine our thoughts.

Speak one at a time and don't interrupt.

And that way everyone has a chance to express their thoughts.

Support your arguments with evidence.

Refer to the text, in this case, "The Lord of the Flies," or the context.

What you know about the writer, William Golding, and the time in which he was writing.

And disagree respectfully.

We sometimes say criticise the idea, not the person.

And ask questions.

Seeking clarification helps to deepens everyone's understanding.

Were your ideas similar? And is there anything you would like to add to that list? When you are ready, we'll move on.

Let's have a check for understanding.

Here are the words.

Turn, changing, listening, questions, criticise and evidence.

And there are six sentences with a blank in which you put one of those words.

You're going to need to pause the video while you do that, so do that now, have a think about which word goes in which sentence.

Off you go.

Okay, you ready? I'm going to reveal the answers.

So it goes like this.

Asking questions that helps everyone think and learn.

Active listening involves making eye contact.

Three.

Criticise the idea, not the person.

And you should be open to changing your mind if presented with a stronger argument.

And you need evidence to support your arguments.

And that means the last one is wait for your turn so everyone gets to share their ideas.

Well done if you've got all those right.

Let's move on.

Now towards the end of Chapter Four, Jack apologises to Ralph for letting the fire go out.

And Ralph's response is described as ungracious.

That means he didn't really accept the apology.

He was dismissive of the apology.

And I want you to have this discussion.

Should Ralph have accepted Jack's apology? Here are some points to consider while you have that discussion.

Why did Jack apologise? Is his apology sincere? Sincere means, did he mean it? Was he being honest? Can his apology be taken seriously? Ralph is the elected leader.

And the question is, should a good leader forgive or punish? And an apology, is an apology enough to make up for Jack's mistake? And given their new circumstances, do they actually need to find new ways of handling conflicts? Pause the video while you have a discussion or if you're on your own, pause the video and make some notes in response to those questions.

Off you go.

Welcome back.

There was so much to say, wasn't there in response to those questions? Now I want to share with you what the Oak pupil said.

And you will see that their ideas are very different.

So Izzy said that, "Jack's apology is insincere.

He only says it to make the boys admire him." To make himself look good.

Sofia thought that Ralph needs to hold Jack accountable.

Jack needs to be responsible for the mistake he's made, and an apology is an easy way out.

Far too easy, she says.

And Sam thought the apology was actually irrelevant because Jack's mistake is huge and potentially fatal.

Alex thought that because Ralph is the leader, he actually needs to model good behaviour and that good behaviour includes forgiveness.

I'd like you to compare your discussion with theirs, where your ideas as varied.

You can add any of theirs to yours, and if you disagree with them, that's fine.

I'd like you to reflect on that discussion, on your participation in that discussion.

Discussion is vital for English, it's vital for other subjects, and actually it's vital for life.

So I'd like you to really think carefully about your participation in the discussion.

Use these sentence starters.

I contributed to the discussion by.

Listening to the discussion made me reflect on.

And the most interesting idea I heard was.

You need to pause the video while you do that.

And then when you've done that, return for the end of the lesson.

Off you go.

Before we say goodbye, I'd like to summarise what you have been learning today.

You have been learning that in Chapter Four, the boys' behaviour changes as they become less and less respectful of their old values.

You've been learning that the island's climate seems hostile towards them.

You've learned this really key plot point, which is that a ship was seen on the horizon, but the hunters also the choir, have let the signal fire go out.

And you've learned that the Jack and his hunters kill a pig and the boys feast on the meat.

And you've learned that Ralph is angry that they miss the opportunity of being rescued and says that they need to have a meeting.

It's been a great pleasure teaching you today.

Thank you for your hard work and your focus.

I wish you a brilliant rest of the day, and look forward to seeing you in another lesson about "Lord of the Flies." Bye for now.