Hello, thank you for joining me today.

I'm Mrs. Butterworth, and I'll be guiding you through the learning.

Now, today's lesson is all about using rhetorical devices effectively.

Now I'm sure you can all identify rhetorical devices, but being able to create them and use them effectively actually, takes a little bit of practise and a little bit of thought.

So, hopefully, by the end of this lesson, you will be able to use and craft some of those rhetorical devices effectively.

So I'm feeling pretty confident that we can achieve that.

Are you? Should we get started? So in this lesson, you'll create credible and effective rhetorical devices.

Now, before we delve in, let's look at those keywords that will pop up throughout the lesson and also help with our understanding.

So these words are credible, authoritative, illustrate, and realistic.

So let's look at the definitions together.

So credible means to be believable, trustworthy, and reliable.

So we're gonna be using this word a lot to describe the rhetorical devices that we are creating because we want them to be credible When we are crafting those devices, we want them to seem believable so that our audiences are persuaded.

Now, authoritative is about having reliable knowledge or expertise which makes you appear trustworthy and believable.

So we are gonna look at how we craft our rhetorical devices to make us seem authoritative.

Now illustrate means to clarify or support a presented argument.

So you may use evidence to illustrate an important point.

And then finally, realistic is about being accurate and truthful.

And, again, this will be a really key word when we're thinking about crafting our rhetorical devices because we want them to be realistic, we want them to be believable.

So we're gonna spend some time in this lesson thinking about how we can ensure that the way we craft our use of devices is realistic, they're credible, and all of those wonderful things.

So the outline of our lesson looks like this.

We're going to start by creating credible statistics and facts, and then we're going to move on to looking at how we can create experts and use direct and indirect quoting in our writing.

So let's get started with those credible statistics and facts.

But first, I wanna think about what is the purpose of using facts and statistics in a persuasive speech.

Now, pause the video, so you got time to discuss or you may just wish to think quietly to yourself.

But pause the video and discuss what is the purpose of using facts and statistics in a persuasive speech.

Off you go.

Some excellent suggestions there about why we use facts and statistics.

So, Jun has said that "A statistic can be used as evidence to prove what you say is true." And that's a really good thing to remember.

Actually, yes, they do work as evidence.

And Aisha makes a good point here.

"As long as they're realistic, they can give credibility to your writing and, therefore, make it persuasive." So we're gonna think about the idea of being realistic today.

When we look at our statistics and facts, we want them to be realistic in order to provide credible evidence to our writing.

And then, finally, Lucas says, "They can give your speech an authoritative tone, but they must be probable and not overly exaggerated," which, again, is an excellent thing to remember and what we'll be focusing on today.

We want them to be realistic and credible in order to act as effective and authoritative evidence.

So here is a fact from a speech arguing for gender equality.

So let's look at the fact.

Historically, men have been the least likely to ask for help with mental health issues.

And this continues today with suicide being the biggest killer of men between 20 to 49 years of age.

Now I just want us to have a look at what makes this successful because if we look at this structure, it is something that you can replicate in your own writing.

So you'll see how it starts here by explaining how it is a historical problem.

So historically, men have been the least likely to help with mental, ask for help with mental health issues.

So it's linking it to the past and making it a historical problem.

It's not exaggerating it, but it is showing that it is a long-standing problem by showing that it's a historical problem.

So that's quite clever.

And it then goes to explain how it is a concurrent problem.

So it develops that further.

So this continues today.

So it hasn't just expressed a really short fact.

It's talked about it historically and it's compared it to the present day.

So it's developing that fact further.

It's making the fact work really hard and then it combines the sentences to show that ongoing problem.

So it uses and to make that sentence developed and really elevate that problem, elevate the fact.

So thinking about the structure of the fact we just looked at, there are some phrases that you can use to present credible and developed fact.

So facts, and these phrases are historically for centuries currently, and more recently.

So you can almost use them in pairs and I'll show you what I mean by that.

So let's take historically and more recently, we can put these together to create this credible and developed fact.

Historically, women were overlooked in sports.

More recently, women have been smashing records, breaking barriers, and rewriting the narrative of what's possible in sports, proving that their prowess knows no bounds.

So similar as the last example that we looked at.

It describes how it's a historical problem but then looks how it's developed in the current day.

So more recently.

So you can start to see how that works.

And, again, it doesn't sound exaggerated, but it does emphasise the issues and explores them.

And I think that's a really good difference there.

You don't want to over-exaggerate, but you do want to emphasise.

And then, I'm going to have a go at using for centuries and currently.

So let's look again at how those two phrases can help you create a credible and developed fact.

So for centuries, women have been campaigning for equal rights.

Currently, the pay gap stands at a 7% difference, which suggests there is still work to be done.

So, again, explains why it's a historical problem and then looks at the present day to make that comparison, to show that development.

Okay, so true or false.

Facts should be exaggerated to develop your argument.

Is that true or false? What do you think? False, yeah, absolutely.

They shouldn't be exaggerated to develop your argument.

Now justify your answer by picking A or B.

Well done to everyone that said A, facts and statistics should be realistic to give credibility to your writing.

And I think this is a really key point here, and I've said it quite a few times already, this lesson, we want to emphasise and illuminate.

We don't want to over-exaggerate, so we want our facts to really show the issue, but we don't want to over-exaggerate because then they lose credibility and they don't sound realistic.

Okay, so we have a paragraph here from Emma Watson's "HeForShe" Speech.

And I'd like you to look at, and discuss what rhetorical devices she uses to support her viewpoint.

Let's just read it together first, and then you can discuss that.

So, "Because the reality is that if we do nothing, it will take 75 years, or for me to be nearly 100 before women can expect to be paid the same as men for the same work.

15.

5 million girls will be married in the next 16 years as children.

And at current rates, it won't be until 2086 before all rural African girls will be able to receive a secondary education." So I'd like you to discuss now what rhetorical device does she use to support her viewpoint? Pause the video, and off you go.

Well done, so everyone that noticed that she uses statistics, we've got those numbers there.

And what they do is they illustrate her argument by providing tangible evidence.

So really clear and specific evidence and used effectively.

Statistics make your writing sound credible and authoritative, and they can also elicit quite strong reactions from your audience.

So in these statistics, they're probably quite shocking for the audience to hear.

They might make them feel sad or angry, so they can really provoke quite powerful.

So let's unpick what is successful about Emma Watson's use of statistics? So number one.

The numbers are realistic, okay? The statistics are shocking, absolutely, but they aren't overly exaggerated.

So if Watson had said or written something like, "It will take 7 billion years," the speech would lose its credibility because 7 billion years is a ridiculous number.

If you think billions of years ago, (chuckles) there wasn't even life on Earth.

So the idea that 7 billion years ago doesn't really work as a statistic, which is why she uses realistic numbers in order to give her speech credibility.

She also uses them sparingly.

So the second thing she does is she uses them sparingly.

So Watson doesn't overuse this device.

In fact, this is the only time in the speech where she references statistics and it's right towards the end because if you use them too frequently, they can become overwhelming and lose their impact on the audience.

So they need to be chosen.

They need to be chosen carefully and positioned carefully within your writing.

And Watson embeds the statistics within a sentence.

They aren't just isolated, which makes them more tangible.

So she says things like, "Because the reality is if we do nothing, it will take 75 years, or for me to be nearly 100 before women can expect to be paid the same as men." So you can see it's almost becomes part of the sentence.

It just sits in with that sentence.

Okay, I'd now like you to think about which of these is false, A, B, or C.

So when using statistics, okay, a tricky question, and the answer is C.

So when using statistics, you should use them as much as possible.

So we were looking for the false answer and this is the false answer.

You shouldn't use them as much as possible.

They should be used sparingly.

So once or twice, and positioned carefully within your writing.

So let's look, Lucas here decides he wants to use a statistic in his writing.

So let's look at his statistic.

"Let me share a surprising fact with you.

It will take over a billion years before gender equality is a reality.

A billion years before we are given the same opportunities and allowed the same dreams and goals." So how can you help Lucas improve his statistic? Pause a video so you can come up with your answer.

Off you go.

Great.

So lots of you picking up on similar things to what I've got here.

So what he's done well is he's embedded a statistic within his sentence and he's used it to illustrate his point.

So it's actually a really good and effective sentence, isn't it? So a billion years before we are all given the same opportunities and allowed the same dreams and goals.

So he's embedded them in his sentences and they really do illustrate the point.

However, what he needs to do better is the statistic needs to be a realistic number, okay? So he's using a billion years, which is really exaggerated and not credible.

So he could perhaps use Watson's number of 75 so he could borrow something from Watson's speech or use a number that's closer to that.

So it will take over 75 years before or 100 years before, which is just much more realistic and less exaggerated.

Okay, so now it is your turn.

So what I would like you to do is I would like you to pick one of these statements.

So let's read the statements together.

"Women make up only 24% of stem employment.

This has to change.

Girls can be gamers too." Two, "The lionesses prove that women hold an equal place in sports." And, "A shocking fact, not a single country has achieved gender equality.

It should be a race to be the first." So I'd like you to pick one of those statements and then I would like you to write a credible fact and statistic to develop it.

So you'll need one of each, a fact and a statistic to match your chosen statement.

You've got some sentence starters there to help you with the writing of your facts and we've looked at some fantastic examples.

So make sure you draw on those to make your facts and statistics really effective and credible.

Okay, so is everybody ready to go? Have you got everything you need? Fantastic, okay, pause the video, and I look forward to seeing what you come up with.

Off you go.

Okay, brilliant.

Some really thoughtful writing there.

I like how you've really started to consider that use of numbers 'cause it is quite hard to create realistic numbers, but lots of you coming up with that, so that's great.

So, Jun has put at this statement, "A shocking fact, not a single country has achieved gender equality.

It should be a race to be the first." And he's written a fact and a statistic to go with it.

So here is the fact.

"For centuries, women have been undervalued.

Most recently, it is still the same." And his statistic.

"Globally, gender inequality is a major cause and effect of hunger and poverty.

It is estimated that 60% of chronically hungry people are women and girls." Now I would like us to give Jun a what-went-well and an even-better-if.

So just take a moment to think to yourself, what would you say to Jun? What would you say went well and what would you be your even better if? If so, just think about it for a moment.

Okay, so this is the what-went-well and even better if that Jun received.

So the what-went-well is the statistic is realistic and embedded within the sentence and emphasises the point being made.

So that 60% of chronically hungry people is a fantastic use of a credible statistic.

Now, even-better-if is on his fact.

Now the fact sounds more like an opinion and is underdeveloped.

So for centuries, women have been undervalued more recently, it is still the same, it's not really developed enough or specific enough.

So it needs to be linked to the statement, okay? So the statement that he picked and be factually true for it to be even better if.

Okay, so have a look at your own work and can you give your own work a what-went-well and an even-better-if.

Pause the video, so you've got time to do that.

Off you go.

So we are already at the second part of the lesson, so fantastic work everyone, let's keep it going.

So now we are going to be looking at something I really enjoy doing.

So we're going to be looking at how we can create experts to use in our persuasive writing and how we can use direct and indirect quoting within our speeches or persuasive writing.

So, as I said, another way to add credibility to your writing is to use experts.

And I'd like you to discuss what types of people could be considered experts.

What do you think? Pause the video, so you've got time to discuss these.

Think to yourself or even jot a few ideas down.

Pause the video, and off you go.

Ooh, some interesting ideas there.

Let's share some of them.

So who might be considered experts for a speech? So scientists, yes, absolutely.

Political leaders, doctors, so that could be an academic doctor or a medical doctor.

Academics, religious leaders, philosophers, and famous speakers.

These are all people that we might consider experts or you could even think about subject experts too.

So when writing persuasive speeches, referencing experts can help give your writing credibility.

So an interesting way to do this, so once you have created an expert is to use direct or indirect quotations and both can be used effectively to develop an argument.

Now a direct quote is where you use the exact words from an original source.

So this can be spoken or written and it needs speech marks to show the words are from another source.

So this is where you quote exactly from another text or another source.

Okay, so an example is, as Emma Watson reminded us, "Both men and women should should feel free to be strong." So you can see that I have directly quoted from Emma Watson's speech and the speech marks there show that that is from the original source, which is her speech.

Now, an indirect quote you can sort of think of like paraphrasing.

So you use your own words to paraphrase or express ideas from another source, but you can still identify the expert that you are quoting.

So for example, here, Emma Watson emphasised that everyone, regardless of gender, should feel empowered to be strong.

So you can see here with those examples from the Emma Watson speech, they both kind of say the same thing, whereas one use a direct quotation and the other uses an indirect quotation.

And you can use both of these in your persuasive speeches to go with your created experts.

So in a he, in her he for she speech, Emma Watson actually uses direct quotation herself.

So she says that English statesman Edmund Burke said, "All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for enough good men and women to do nothing." Now I'd like you to discuss what effect does this have.

So why would Watson choose to directly quote this quotation from Edmund Burke? I'd like you to pause a video so you've got time to discuss or just think about your ideas.

Off you go.

Okay, so, yes, a tricky question, isn't it? Why she would've picked Edmund Burke? So it might help to know that Edmund Burke is a very famous philosopher.

So I think she chooses and he was writing many, many, many centuries ago, and I think she chooses this quotation from him to emphasise the universality and timelessness of the message.

So it's almost like this was said hundreds of years ago, yet it still applies today.

So I think that idea of universality and timelessness is really emphasised through her choice of this philosopher.

And it also adds authority and credibility to the speech and it adds interest as well.

So it's a really interesting way just to add some variety into your writing.

So directly quoting means using the exact words from an original source and quoting it word for word.

Is this true or false? That's right, it is true.

Now you need to pick A or B.

Okay, well done, so everyone that said A, direct quotes always use speech marks.

So you put the speech marks around the words that you have quoted.

Exactly.

So Nora has a little problem here.

She says, "I really want to use direct and indirect quotations, but I don't know who to quote or reference?" And this is actually a really good question.

So there are some ways that we can get round this.

So the first thing that you could do is you could think of all the speeches and pieces of writing that you have looked at.

Are there any standout lines? And this can be from anything that you may have looked at.

It could be from fiction, it could be a speech, but you may have some standout lines that could potentially link to what you are writing about in your persuasive speeches.

So the examples that I've come up with are Martin Luther King.

So when Martin Luther King explained, "I have a Dream," so I've directly quoted him here, or in the powerful words of Greta Thunberg, "Our house is on fire." So with that direct quotation there, and then, I've also used the Emma Watson speech.

So in "HeForShe," Emma Watson, made us all aware of the limitations of and issues around gender stereotypes and expectations.

So in that last example, I'm using that indirect quotation there to reference what Emma Watson is talking about.

And you could even do that with the other two examples as well.

So you could say, you know, Martin Luther King told the world about equality.

You could try and find a way to indirect quote there.

The other thing that you can do, and this is potentially a little bit more interesting, is you could create your own expert and their quotations.

So you can invent an expert, but this must be realistic and credible.

So you need to think carefully about the names and new ID, and the ideas you choose.

You don't want 'em to be too ridiculous, silly, or overly-exaggerated.

So if you're creating your own expert in quotations, it needs to be realistic.

So these sentence starters can help.

So you could say, "Professor Something from Something, or Doctor in certain name at the University of, or another name, a leading expert in, so you can use these sentence starters to help you to create your own expert.

So I'm gonna show you an example there now.

Dr.

Butterworth points to the statistic that only 24% of stem graduates are women.

"Enough is enough," she says, "We need to all be responsible in breaking down these barriers." So you can see I've created my own expert, Dr.

Butterworth points to the statistic, and I've directly quoted my made-up doctor.

"So enough is enough and we need to all be responsible." So you can see how you can even invent experts and their quotations to make it look really realistic in your writing.

Okay, true or false time.

When quoting indirectly, you must replicate what the expert said word for word.

Is that true or false? Tricky.

That's right, it's false.

So when quoting indirectly, you don't need to replicate what the expert said.

You are paraphrasing.

Now pick A or B.

Excellent, yes, when you quote indirectly, you should use your own words to paraphrase the key ideas and messages.

When you are quoting directly, that's when you do your word-for-word quotations.

Okay, so we're on our second practise task.

So for this, you'll need to use the same statement that you used in task A.

So your first practise tasks, you'll need that statement again, and you're gonna add to it by creating two short paragraphs that use experts and use a quotation.

So your first paragraph, we'll use a direct quotation, and your second paragraph will use an indirect quotation.

So they only need to be short, but they must use a direct quotation.

And the second one, an indirect quotation.

You may wish if you want to make it a bit more challenging, you may wish to incorporate your facts and statistics from task A into these as well.

So maybe use your expert to quote those statistics that you created.

That's entirely up to you.

I'm gonna leave you with some sentence starters to help you create your experts.

And I cannot wait to see who you create, who you use, and those quotations that you make up.

Okay, pause the video, and off you go.

Okay, so well done everyone.

Now I just want us to check our work and just have a little moment of reflection.

So here is Jun's direct quotation.

What has he forgotten to include? Let's have a look.

I have a dream, declared Martin Luther King, presenting his vision for equality and justice for all.

Let's remember these powerful words as we continue to fight for equality.

So it's a fantastic example of using an expert and a direct quotation, but what has JUn forgotten to do? Who's spied it? Yes, that's right.

Jun has forgotten his speech marks.

So he adds them in to show where he has directly quoted.

"I have a dream," great.

So just make sure that you've got your speech marks in your direct quotation.

And what Jun has done in his indirect quotation is he's really cleverly used his statistic from task A and created an expert.

So he's put that all together, and let's look at that example.

"So Professor Halliday, a leading expert on global economics, reveals that gender inequality is a major cause of hunger and poverty.

It is estimated that 60% of chronically hungry people are women and girls.

So it is a really great thing that Jun's done here because he's created that statistic earlier and now he's combined it with an expert that he has made up to make his writing sound even more impressive and credible.

So, again, this is a really excellent example of how to create an expert and an indirect quotation because what Jun is doing is that he's paraphrasing the professor's key message.

Well, we have done it and I think we have achieved everything we have set out to you today.

So, hopefully, you feel much more confident in crafting those credible and realistic use of rhetorical devices, and I'm looking forward to seeing lots of them popping up in future pieces of writing.

So let's just remind ourselves of all of the things we have learned today.

We know that statistics and facts can be used to make your speeches sound authoritative.

We know that statistics and facts need to be realistic in order to add credibility to your writing.

Statistics, and in fact, all rhetorical devices should not be overused or they risk losing their impact.

Creating and using experts in your persuasive writing can add interest and help to support your argument.

And finally, using both direct and indirect quotations can help to develop your argument.

So, again, excellent work today, everyone, and I can't wait to do it all again soon.

So until the next time, goodbye, and I look forward to seeing you then.