Hello, my name is Ms. Turekjan.

You've made a great choice to learn geography with me today.

I will be guiding you through every step of today's lesson, and we're going to have a great time learning together.

Are you ready to get started? Great.

Let's start our learning journey.

Welcome to today's lesson from our unit, the Americas, how diverse are their places and landscapes? This lesson is called "Economic Activities of North and South America." You'll be learning to describe economic activities in the Americas, and make comparisons between countries.

Some of the learning is brand new, but I am here to help you.

This links back to previous learning you might have done about the continents of North and South America, and their climates, biomes, and major cities.

I'm really excited to get started.

I hope you are too.

Let's continue with the lesson.

Here are the key words that we'll be using today.

Goods and services, wealth, inequality, and indicator.

We'll be using these key words during our lesson and learning more about them later.

First, let's do my turn, your turn.

Goods and services.

Goods and services.

Wealth.

Wealth.

Inequality.

Inequality.

Indicator.

Indicator.

Well done.

I want you to be using these keywords throughout the lesson.

We'll be thinking more about what these keywords mean.

Here are the definitions of the keywords.

Goods are physical items that people need or buy, for example, food or clothes.

Services are systems that supply a public need, for example, waste collection.

Wealth is having a lot of money, possessions, or resources.

Inequality is when something is not shared evenly between everyone.

An indicator is a sign that shows the level or state of something.

Here are the learning cycles that we'll be working through together today.

First, we will be looking at economic activities of North and South America.

Then we'll be thinking about how we can measure the economy of a country.

And finally, we'll be thinking about how we can measure how well a country is doing.

Let's start with our learning for today.

The economy describes how a country or place creates, uses, exchanges, and shares out wealth.

Economic activities are the activities that contribute to a country's economy, such as the making and selling of different types of goods and services.

Many different goods and services are important industries in North and South America.

Can you think of any products you use or consume which are made or grown in one of these countries? This can be a think, pair, and share discussion with the rest of your class.

Pause the video now and answer this question.

Great, I'm sure you talked about lots of different things which are made or grown in one of these countries.

Things like fruit, coffee, chocolate, electrical products, and many more.

We'll be going through more of them in today's lesson.

So let's have a little check here.

The economy describes, A, how much money a country has, B, how a country or place creates, uses, exchanges, and shares out its wealth, or C, the goods and services a country provides.

Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you say B? That's correct.

The economy describes how a country or place creates, uses, exchanges, and shares out its wealth.

Well done if you got that right, you can give yourselves a thumbs up.

Let's continue with our learning.

Agriculture is a very important economic activity in North and South America.

Different crops grow best in different types of climate.

There are a diverse range of climate zones in North and South America, so many different crops are grown on these continents.

Crops such as wheat, oats, and corn are grown in temperate regions.

The USA is the largest corn producer in the world.

Corn is an important food source for humans and livestock, and it's also important because it's used as a biofuel in industry.

Bananas and pineapples are examples of crops grown in tropical regions.

Many of the bananas that we eat in the UK come from countries in Central and South America, such as Costa Rica and Ecuador.

It's now time for a true or false check.

That means you've got to think really carefully about whether or not this statement is true or false.

A diverse range of crops are grown in North and South America.

Is that true or false? Pause the video now and answer this question.

Did you say true? That's correct.

Now we've got to think about justifying our answer and thinking about why it's true.

Is it true because, A, different crops are suited to the different climates found in North and South America, or B, people eat different food in different countries? Pause the video now and justify your answer.

How did you get on? Did you say A? That's correct.

A diverse range of crops are grown in North and South America because different crops are suited to the different climates found in North and South America.

Well done.

You can give yourselves another thumbs up.

Good job.

Huge parts of North and South America are used for grazing cattle.

The USA, Brazil, and Argentina are among the countries producing the most beef in the world, and you can see where they're located on those maps.

Cattle farming is one of the causes of deforestation of the Amazon rainforest.

A lot of the world's oil and metals such as iron ore, steel, and copper come from North and South America.

Many of the world's largest mines are located here.

Bingham Canyon Mine is a copper mine in the state of Utah in the USA.

It covers an area of 1,900 acres, and is 1,200 metres deep.

Manufacturing is an important economic activity in North and South America.

Manufacturing is the process by which goods or products are made.

These goods include electronics, pharmaceuticals, and cars.

Chile is one of the world's largest producers of lithium.

Lithium is used to make batteries for smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles.

The world's demand for lithium has increased a lot in recent years.

Why do you think the world's demand for lithium has increased? Have a discussion with your partner and pause the video now to answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you talk about the world's demand for lithium increasing because more and more people are buying smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles? That's right.

Good job.

You can give yourselves another thumbs up.

Tourism is another important economic activity in many parts of North and South America.

Torres del Paine is a famous national park in southern Chile.

Many tourists visit this region each year.

Other important economic activities in North and South America include forestry, oil, and gas.

The USA, Canada, and Brazil are among the world's major timber-producing countries.

Venezuela has the largest proven reserves of oil in the world.

It's time for another check here.

Name an economic activity that's important in North and South America.

Think about all the learning that we've done together so far.

Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? You can use some of these pictures to help you with your answers.

So things like agriculture, cattle farming, mining, oil production, producing timber, or manufacturing cars, or pharmaceuticals, and electrical equipment as well.

Good job if you got that right.

Well done.

It's now time for Task A.

So what I would like you to do for each of the countries that's listed in the column on the left-hand side, I'd like you to write an example of an economic activity that's important there.

Then you can choose two more countries in North or South America and complete the bottom two rows of the table.

Have a go at completing Task A.

How did you get on? Here's an example of a completed table.

For Brazil, I've written that an economic activity that's important there is cattle grazing.

For Canada, I've written timber production.

Chile, tourism.

Costa Rica, growing bananas.

USA, growing corn.

Venezuela, oil production.

And then the final two rows, I've chosen to complete with examples from Argentina, which is also cattle grazing, and Barbados for tourism.

Good job.

That was quite tricky, but I'm sure you completed that really well.

So well done.

Give yourselves a thumbs up.

Let's continue with our learning.

So now we're going to think about how we can measure the economy of a country.

People who study the economy are called economists.

Economists use different calculations to compare the economies or wealth of different countries.

One way that economists compare the wealth of countries is by calculating the average annual income per person.

They do that by taking the total amount of money made in the country in a year, and dividing it by the total number of people living there.

The calculation is done in US dollars to make it easier to compare different countries.

So let's have another little check here.

How is the average annual income per person calculated? Is it by, A, multiplying the total amount of money made in the country in a year by the total number of people living there, B, dividing the total number of people living in a country by the total amounts of money made there in a year, or C, dividing the total amount of money made in the country in a year by the total number of people living there? Think about each each of those answers carefully, and choose the correct one.

Pause the video now.

How did you get on with this check? It is quite tricky, but the correct answer is C.

To calculate the annual income per person, you have to divide the total number of money made in the country in a year by the total number of people living there.

And remember, that is just an average that we calculate.

The average income per person is much higher in some countries than others.

What do you think might be reasons for this? Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you talk about the cost of living being higher in some countries than others? So the average income per person must also be higher, so that they can afford to live in those countries.

Good job.

That was quite tricky.

Let's continue with our learning.

Countries can be sorted into groups depending on their average income per person.

They can be grouped into these groups.

So low income is the lowest type of group based on average income per person.

Then there's lower-middle-income, and then higher-middle-income, and then the highest group is called high income.

Which income group do you think the UK is in? Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? The UK is actually in the high-income group.

Well done if you got that right, you can give yourselves another thumbs up.

It's time for another check.

Sort these North and South American countries into their income groups.

Use the table to help you.

So the table's in three columns, lower-middle-income, higher-middle-income, and high income.

And you can look at the average income that's listed next to the countries to help you sort them.

Pause the video now and complete that check.

How did you get on? Did you sort the countries into the columns like this? Bermuda is in the high-income group.

Haiti is in the lower-middle-income group.

And then Brazil is in the higher-middle-income group.

Well done if you did that correctly.

There's lots of maths involved there, but I'm sure you got on really well.

Good job.

It's now time for Task B.

So what I'd like you to do is use the data in the table to sort these North and South American countries into income groups according to their average income per person.

So it's exactly the same as what we've done for the check, but with more countries.

So make sure you look carefully at the average income per person to make sure you put it in the correct column.

Again, we've got lower-middle-income, higher-middle-income, and high income.

Pause the video now and complete Task B.

How did you get on? Did you sort the countries like this? Here's the correct grouping.

So Bolivia, Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua are in the lower-middle-income grouping.

Higher-middle-income grouping includes Argentina, Brazil, Jamaica, and Peru.

And the countries that are in the high income column include Barbados, Bermuda, Chile, and the USA.

Well done for completing that task.

Again, that was really tricky, but you've done so well.

Good job.

I'm going to give you another thumbs up.

It's now time for the final parts of today's lesson.

We're going to be thinking about how we can measure how well a country is doing.

The average income per person helps us to compare the wealth of different countries, but it's only an average.

It doesn't tell us how equally wealth is shared out within a country.

Imagine the wealth of a country is a cake to be shared among all people there.

Do you think everyone in the country would get the same sized slice? Do you think that everyone should earn the same amount of money? Pause the video now and think about these two questions.

You can do them as a think, pair, and share activities.

How did you get on with your answers? Did you think that everybody would earn the same amount of money, or do you think people earn different amounts of money? It's now time for a true or false check.

You've got to think carefully about this statement and decide whether or not it's true or false.

The average income per person tells us how equally wealth is shared out within a country.

Is that true or false? Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you answer false? That's correct.

The answer is false.

Now let's think about justifying why it's false.

We've got two reasons here to help you justify your answer.

The first one, A, average income per person is just an average, it doesn't tell us how much income varies within the country, or B, average income per person describes the range of incomes within a country.

Read those two different answers.

Which one justifies that this statement is false? Pause the video now and choose the correct answer.

Did you answer A? That's correct.

Average income per person is just an average.

It doesn't tell us how much incomes vary within the country.

Good job.

Let's continue with our learning.

Economists use an equality score to compare how equally or unequally countries share out their wealth.

Countries are given a score between zero and 100.

The lower the score, the more equally the country's wealth is shared out amongst all its people.

Some countries share out their wealth more equally than others.

It's time for another check.

What do economists use an equality score for? Is it, A, to compare how equally or unequally country share out their wealth, B, to compare the average income per person of different countries, or C, to compare the total wealth of different countries? Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you answer A? That's right.

Economists use an equality score to compare how equally or unequally countries share out their wealth.

Well done.

Good job.

You can give yourselves another thumbs up.

Inequality isn't just about people having different amounts of money.

How else might people's lives, experiences, and opportunities be unequal? Think about this question as a class.

Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you think about other ways that people's lives, experiences, and opportunities might be unequal? Did you talk about religion, race, gender, ethnicity, class, or whether or not people have a disability? Those are all different reasons why people's lives, experiences, and opportunities might be unequal, and I'm sure you might have thought of a few more as well.

There are many other ways of measuring and comparing how well countries are doing.

What do you think people need to do well in life? Pause the video now and answer that question.

Great, I'm sure you had a good discussion about what people need to do well in life.

There are many different well-being indicators.

Here are some examples.

Average life expectancy, so that's how long people live for.

What percentage of children go to school, so how educated a population is.

What percentage of people have access to electricity or safe drinking water? How equal opportunities are for boys and for girls? How well countries are tackling climate change, and how happy people think they are? The World's Happiness Report ranks countries by how happy people think they are.

A group of people in each country are asked to give their lives a score between zero and 10.

Zero being the worst possible life and 10 being the best possible life.

An average score is then calculated based on all those answers.

So let's have another check here.

Name one of the indicators that can be used to measure the well-being of a country.

Pause the video now and answer this question.

How did you get on? Did you think about all of these indicators that can be used to measure the well-being of a country? So thinking about the average income per person, the average life expectancy, what percentage of children go to school, how many people have access to electricity or safe drinking water, how equal opportunities are for girls and boys, how well countries are tackling climate change, and how happy people think they are.

Good job if you got that right.

Well done.

It's now time for Task C.

Today you're going to play the top Trumps card game.

You're going to play this game in pairs or groups of three.

Here's how to play this game.

The game can be played in pairs or groups of three.

Deal out the cards so each person has an equal number of cards.

Leave out one card if there are three players.

The youngest player chooses one of the indicators to play for that round.

They should call out the name of the indicator and the value on their card.

The other player or players should then call out the value for that indicator on their cards.

The player with the best score wins and takes the cards.

This player then chooses which indicator to play in the next round.

The winner is the first player to get all of the cards.

So let's look at the Top Trump cards data.

The data included on those cards includes average income per person.

This is calculated by dividing the total amount of money made in the country in a year by the total number of people living there.

The highest income per person wins.

The fairness score, this measures how fairly wealth is shared out in the country.

The lowest fairness score wins.

Life expectancy, this measures how long the average person in the country lives.

The highest life expectancy wins.

Gender gap score, this measures how equal opportunities are for men and women.

The highest gender gap score wins.

The happiness score, this is calculated by asking a group of people in the country to give their lives a score between zero and 10.

The highest happiness score wins.

It's now time to play the Top Trumps card game.

Pause the video now and have a go at this game in your pairs or groups of three.

Good job.

I'm sure you had a great time playing that game.

It's now time to have a discussion after you've played the game.

So I want you to talk in your pairs or your groups of three about what differences you notice between the countries, and what you think might be the reasons for those differences.

Pause the video now and answer this question.

Well done.

I'm sure you had a great discussion.

Here are some possible answers that you could have said.

Average income per person was much higher in some countries than others.

In the past, some of these countries were colonised.

That means they were taken over by others.

The colonising countries use the resources in their colonies to become wealthier.

Well done.

I'm sure you had a great discussion after that game.

Good job.

You've been fantastic today.

Let's go through a summary of the learning that we've done together.

There is a diverse range of economic activities in North and South America.

There are many inequalities between the lives of people within and between the different countries of North and South America.

Different indicators can be used to measure how well a country and its people are doing.

Good job.

This was a tricky lesson today, but you've done so well.

You can give yourselves one last thumbs up.

And thank you for joining me today and completing your learning with me.

See you next time for more geography lessons soon.

Bye.