Lesson video

Hello hello hello, and welcome.

This is geography, and we're learning all about population.

I'm Mr. Hutchinson.

If you haven't already done the quiz, then make sure that you skip back.

do that quiz every week.

It only takes a minute, um, and it's really going to help you to be able to secure the knowledge of this unit, so that it lasts a long long time, those key facts.

It'll make them quick in your brain.

We've been learning all about the subject of population, comparing countries around the world, comparing within the UK, and learning about how we can, uh, discover more about people, where they live, and the different demographics within them.

We're going to continue that work today.

If you haven't already, then make sure that you have completed the previous lessons in this unit, so that you are up to speed with our learning so far.

Everybody else, let's get started.

Today, we're going to look at what sorts of challenges a growing population presents.

So, we've discussed already, that the population of the world is growing, that, that every year, there's more people on the world, in the world, um, and we're going to look at some specific places in this lesson: Places where population has grown very rapidly, and the challenges that that presents.

So our lesson's going to look at two places in particular.

We're going to look at an area called Kibera, in Nairobi, which is in Kenya.

And we're also going to look at New Delhi, which is in India.

At the end of this lesson, we will complete our end-of-lesson quiz to lock in all of that knowledge as usual.

So, the first place that we will explore together: Kibera, in Nairobi, in Kenya.

So let's just locate that.

Where are we talking about? Well, here is the continent of Africa.

Can you spot Kenya there? If you know your African countries, you're you might be able to go straight to it.

So, Kenya, on the East side of Africa, this country here.

This is where we're zooming into.

Large country, diverse country, beautiful country.

I've been really lucky to spend some time in Kenya, and in Nairobi, um, and, amazing country.

Huge diversity, um, lots and lots of difference, even within Nairobi, but, what's on offer in terms of the things that you can see and do in Nairobi are really fantastic.

So, let's have a look at some of those.

Let's have a look at some pictures of what we might see if we were in Nairobi.

So, here's one of the inner city streets.

Capital city of Kenya, a bustling and vibrant city with a rich heritage.

Beautiful parks, skyscrapers, and this is an amazing place.

What we're going to look at, though, is we're going to look at an area about six kilometres away from Nairobi, um, and this area is a place where there's been a huge growth in population and lots of people living in a small area.

So we talked about population density, when lots of people live close together, and this area, um, near to Nairobi is a place where there's huge population density, and challenges that are a result of that.

So, this is Kibera in Nairobi.

I'll make that big so you can have a close look at Kibera, and you can see the difference between other areas of Nairobi, even just a few kilometres away.

The differences between some of the buildings, and some of the standards of living, and in today's lesson, we're going to be exploring a little bit about why that huge population growth presents some of those challenges and that difference within Nairobi.

So, first of all, Kibera, it's sometimes referred to as a "slum," or a "shanty town," um, we have to be quite careful with our language.

There are some geographers who use that when they're writing geography books, or when they're writing papers.

Some people don't really like that terminology.

I think "slum" or "shanty town" is maybe a bit offensive, and so they prefer not to use that sort of word.

We're going to use it here, because it's how they're often referred to, but just bear in mind that not everybody likes that term, "slum" or "shanty town." And, the population is unknown in Kibera.

There have been lots of different attempts by geographers doing real work on the ground, geographers go and visit countries, and visit places so that they can find out about those places, and they use all sorts of different tools, like surveys, and censors, so that they can try and get better knowledge of a particular place.

It was thought that the population of Kibera was over a million, um, but now, geographers have done some more surveys, better surveys, and they think that actually, the population's probably about 170,000.

Maybe more, depending on how you define that area, which we saw was quite a big area.

Depending on what you include in Kibera, about 170,000, maybe up to about 700,000, but we're not completely sure of how many people there are living there.

Within Kibera, though, there are few schools.

There's very few, there's very little formal education.

So, people living in Kibera are not able to get up on a normal day and go along to school for the full day, and then go at the end of a school day.

There might be informal education, informal teaching set up by people in the community, but there are very few schools.

That's not the only challenge it's faced.

Um, most people, uh, living in Kibera, are, uh, living in extreme poverty.

So, poverty, how much money you are getting, and most people living in Kibera get less than one dollar every day, so less than 30 dollars, um, a month.

In the United Kingdom, as a comparison, the average wage is about 20,000 pounds in a year, so thousands of pounds a month, and yet in Kibera, it's only about 30 dollars per month.

So extreme poverty, and not many opportunities to make money for people there that want to make more money, there' not money, there's not many job opportunities for them to be able to do that.

And, the, what we sometimes refer to as the infrastructure, the infra-structure is sort of roads, and hospitals, and water, and electricity, the things that communities tend to have to help everybody, um, that, is, the government has really struggled, in Kenya, has really struggled to provide that within the community in Kibera, which means there's not much access to fresh water, for example, and sewage, so water, dirty water, toilet water, won't necessarily be able to go away in pipes.

There's no pipelines.

It will be more open sewage.

It'll have to run away open, exposed to the air, which obviously presents challenges as well.

So a number of challenges this population, large population, it's grown quickly, and the government has not been able to provide the sorts of services that we might have within our communities, and, uh, are also provided, even within the same city, Nairobi, in other areas of the city, they have all those services, uh, really great schools that children can attend every day, hospitals, pipelines, electricity, all of those sorts of things just a few kilometres away, and yet in Kibera, it's not there.

So, this is a quickly growing population.

Our topic is on population.

This population is growing quickly, the infrastructure is not being able to keep up with it, the government is not being able to keep up with providing this population with everything that they need.

Let's recap.

Um, I'd like you to just write down here, at least three challenges that people living in Kibera face, so pause the video, and answer that question now.

Great work, so we discussed more than three, so you might have written more than three, and if you did, hopefully you wrote full sentences.

We're always writing in nice, full sentences that's a way of communicating well.

I'm going to put up a few that I got, um, and , you, just some key ideas that you can use to add to your full sentences.

So, I would have written a sentence about the overcrowding, that there's lots and lots of people living in a small area.

There's limited access to education, that's another challenge.

The open sewage that we discussed, and alongside that, limited access to clean water for people living there, as well as the extreme poverty that many people in Kibera live in.

Lot's of, uh, lots of challenges there from that really rapidly growing population, and we can see that Kenya, even though it's providing wonderful infrastructure for many of its residents living in the city of Nairobi, unable to do so here in Kibera, due to that big population growth.

Let's look at another location.

So we've looked at Kibera, in Nairobi, in Kenya.

Let's look at another, uh, location and how, again, population, and quickly growing population can present challenges in a particular place.

So we're going to zoom across to New Delhi this time.

So, New Delhi is the capital city of India, and you can see that there's a little red, um, marker there which shows us North of India, that's where New Delhi is, and it's the capital city, and again, just like Nairobi, unfortunately, I haven't had the chance to go to New Delhi yet.

I'd love to go and visit, because it looks like there's so much to see and do.

Amazing culture, amazing history, and rich diversity within that city.

The population of New Delhi's very large.

Probably greater than 28,000,000 now.

It's grown hugely over the last fifty years, so the popula-- can you remember what the population of the UK was? The change of population of the UK? Everybody living in the United Kingdom? Say it.

Well done, 67,000,000.

Great work.

67,000,000 people in the whole of the UK, and 28,000,000 people, so, almost half of the population of the UK living in one city.

New Delhi, in India.

And that population has grown quicker and quicker over the last 50 years.

Now, because there are more people living in that city, it means that there's more cars, more factories, uh, and all of this is creating pollution.

We measure pollution through looking at something called "Carbon Particulates," okay? A particulate is like a little particle, so a Carbon Particulate is a little bit of Carbon, and that's how we measure pollution in the atmosphere, in the air.

And that carbon is released when we burn fossil fuels, when we burn coal, when we burn oil.

That carbon dioxide, that gas, and also those Carbon Particulates, those little bits of carbon, are released into the atmosphere.

And if you're burning a lot of coal, because you've got a lot of factories, or if you're burning petrol because there's lots and lots of cars, then it releases lots of Carbon Dioxide, and lots of Carbon Particulates, and that stays in the atmosphere in the city, which can lead to poor air quality, and air pollution.

And this is the situation in New Delhi at the moment.

And it's a problem that's been getting worse and worse over the last few years.

A challenge that's becoming more and more difficult to address.

Now, there's a measure there that we'll need, so we, we measure distance in metres or kilometres, we measure mass in grammes or kilogrammes, and we measure the air quality, the amount of Carbon Particulates using a measure called "PM," Particulate Matter.

So you can see there, "PM," Particulate Matter, and that's how we know how much particulate matter there is in the atmosphere.

So let's have a look at that because the US Embassy measured particulate matter last year, and they made a graph.

So, have a look at this graph here.

Now, this graph was measured at the US Embassy, and you can see the particulate matter, PM, is measured on a scale that goes up from naught to whatever it goes to at the top, and you can see from this particular graph that the, the particulate, the particulate matter, if it's over 300, then the air is deemed as "hazardous." It is dangerous to be in air that has over 300 of particulate matter, PM.

Over 300 PM is dangerous, it's hazardous.

You shouldn't be breathing in that air, because it's dangerous for you.

Over 150 is related, is classed as "unhealthy." So if it's over 150, it's unhealthy.

If it's over 300, "hazardous", dangerous.

Over 150 though, "unhealthy." You shouldn't be breathing in that sort of air all of the time.

If you're below 50, you're below 50, then the air is categorised as "good." That air is fresh air, good to breath in, healthy.

It's not going to damage your lungs.

But over 150, "unhealthy, over 300, "hazardous." And you can see that, uh, this little scale here, this key here tells you that.

And the days, you've got along the bottom here, So the 24th of October, the PM levels in New Delhi were 174.

That's more than 150, that's unhealthy.

That's why it's in red.

Next day, on the 25th, it was 198.

On the 26th of October, it was 182.

Still over 150.

Still unhealthy.

So, let's have a look at this graph and see if you can analyse it, I've got some questions for you to answer here.

I'll allow you a chance at these three questions looking at the graph and analysing, analysing it.

First, on which days was New Delhi's air quality classified as "unhealthy" for everyone? Okay, look at those, and any days where it was unhealthy, unhealthy or above, write down those days.

On the days that it was measured in October and November here.

What was the worst day of air quality in New Delhi? What was the highest PM levels? And, what were the particular matter, what was the measure, the PM measure on that day? How high did it go? So, look at the graph, and see if you can answer those questions, using nice, full sentences as usual.

Great work.

Let me show you the answers to see if you can, to see if you got the correct answers from analysing this graph.

So, on what days was the air quality classified as "unhealthy" or above, "hazardous?" Every single day, the air quality was classified as either "unhealthy," or "hazardous," above 150 every single day that it was measured by the US Embassy here.

Now the worst day was this biggest bar here on the 4th of November, and, even though over 300 is hazardous, it was 553.

Remember, safe levels, what was safe level, the air quality? What was healthy? Below 50.

It's, here, it's at 553.

So particulate match on this, there's 553.

So you can see that there's a real air quality, and air pollution problem within New Delhi, because that population has got so large, and grown so much so rapidly, that they've stayed within that city, and so, more and more people are creating more and more Carbon Dioxide, and fumes, and different sorts of fossil fuels that makes the air quality lower and lower.

So, why is air quality a problem? Why is air pollution a problem? Well, there are a few reasons.

We could, geographers might classify these as "Health Effects," and "Environmental Effects." So, if there's lots of air pollution, it has an impact on our health, on people's health.

It also has an impact on the environment around us.

And, it does that in lots of different ways.

So, the health effects for example, people breathing in that air are more likely to get respiratory problems. That's problems with your breathing.

Your respiratory system is your breathing system, and so people are likely to get problems with their breathing.

They're also, if you're very young, so, small children, where their lungs haven't properly developed and grown up yet, they're particularly at danger of air pollution.

Same with older people, that are more vulnerable, their lungs are more vulnerable to air pollution.

They are more likely to get sick and infections from the air pollution.

So there's lots of health effects of air pollution.

There's also environmental effects as well though.

That Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere can affect the Ozone, which is the protective layer that goes around the world.

Ozone is a type of gas, and it's a gas that protects our atmosphere.

Now, Carbon Dioxide can remove, can thin, can weaken that Ozone layer, which means that the sun, for example, can get through without having a filter, which makes, which makes, um, uh, causes lots of problems in terms of very high temperatures, because the sun hasn't been filtered and different types of harmful rays getting through to us.

There are other problems that particular matter can get caught in the rain, causing something called "Acid Rain." So, the rain becomes acidic, so as it comes down it's like acid, so it can damage people, but it can also damage plants, for example.

Because, instead of having fresh water from the rain to water them, they're having acid rain, which will damage, and perhaps even kill them, and the, of course, lots of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere drives the climate emergency, climate change, where the world is warming over time because of human actions, because we are burning lots of fossil fuels, and putting lots of Carbon Dioxide into the air across the world.

Um, the climate is becoming warmer and warmer, which is having a big effect on our world, our climate, our weather patterns, our ice caps, in a way that's damaging to wildlife and uh, and us, and our habitats.

So a few different reasons here, that air pollution is such a problem.

Health Effects, and Environmental Effects.

And New Delhi, because of their growing population, their rapidly growing population, really struggling with this air quality and air pollution.

So see if you can remember some of the reasons that pollution, um, and particularly air pollution and, um, air quality is such a problem, and a challenge facing the people of New Delhi.

Pause the video, and write down as many reasons as you can remember.

Excellent work.

Again, I'm just going to show you a few ideas that I would've chalked down, I spoke about more than three, so you could've given more than three.

But you might have discussed, for example, the acid rain damaging plants and the environment, and wildlife.

You might have mentioned that children are more vulnerable to poor air quality and that this drives climate change, and the climate emergency.

That the Ozone becomes damaged, forests and land can be destroyed and damaged, and the elderly are more vulnerable to respiratory illnesses, so illnesses with the lungs, with the lungs and breathing.

Two examples of different places where population has grown rapidly, and for a number of reasons, that has presented a number of different challenges for the people living within those communities.

And so, population as a whole topic has been something we've been trying to understand, so we can understand the world around us, and one of the reasons for that is to see how we can, how we can help, and change, and manage different population, so that we can, um, know about the world, and make the world a better place.

Thank you so much for watching, thank you for getting to the end, and thank you for thinking so hard about population and growing population, and why that might cause challenges.

One thing left to do, which is to complete your end-of-lesson quiz, always need to do that, so make sure that you stick after this to the next page to do that end-of-lesson quiz and lock in all of your new learning.

Been great to see you again.

I will see you for our next lesson on Population, and I can't wait.

Take care.

Bye.