Hello, my name's Miss Gilyeat and I'm going to be your geography teacher for today.

Today, we are going to be learning about "Supermarkets and global supply chain," which is the third lesson of the global trade topic.

We've got loads of interesting things to learn about, so let's get going.

Our lesson outcome for today is that you can understand that most of the supermarkets in the UK are global companies and you can describe how they get their food from global supply chains.

We have got four keywords for today's lesson.

First of all, I'm gonna say the keyword and I'd like you to repeat it back to me.

The first one is global company.

Supply chain.

Raw material.

And processing.

So a global company is a company, which operates in many different countries in the world.

A supply chain is all of the stages involved in producing goods, transporting them, and selling them to customers.

Raw materials are things that can be grown or dug out of the ground and processed or used in the manufacture of goods.

And processing means taking changes to a food's natural state.

An example is cooking beans and a tomato sauce and preserving them into tins.

These keywords will be highlighted in bowl throughout the lesson, so you can always refer back to them.

So we've got two key learning cycles for today.

Our first one is we're gonna look at where do we get most of our food from? And second, we are gonna learn where do supermarkets get their food from? So let's crack on with the first learning cycle.

Where do we get most of our food from? Now, 60 years ago, most people used to do their food shopping from lots of different shops and that they did in their local town or local village or city.

So for example, they'd go to the butcher's for meat.

They might go to the greengrocer's for fruit and vegetables.

The grocer's for tins, milk and cheese.

The bakery for bread.

And the hardware shop for things for the house.

You still do get some of these shops around and oh, quite a lot of them in smaller areas.

But now there has been a shift in where people do most of their shopping.

Now most people in the UK buy their food and weekly goods from supermarkets where they can buy all the things they need for the week in just one shop.

Now, as you may know, supermarkets are often very big, so they can fill in with lots of different types of things and also a large quantity of those things.

The first supermarket in the UK opened in 1948.

Let's check our understanding.

When did the first supermarket open in the UK? Was it a, in 1990, b, in 1948, or c, in 1807? The answer's b in 1948.

In the UK there are lots of different supermarkets.

Can you think of any of the different supermarkets that you've seen out or about, or which ones have you been to? Have a chat with the person you sat next to.

We've got a picture of one here, Sainsbury, if you've been to that one.

That's one of my favourite ones actually.

So some of the main supermarkets in the UK are Tesco.

There are ASDA.

Sainsbury's.

Morrisons.

Waitrose.

LIDL.

ALDI.

M&S Food.

And Booths.

Now actually there's some other ones as well that you might have heard of, such as Iceland that do more frozen food.

But these are the main ones.

In the UK, most of our supermarkets are British.

Some of the supermarkets in the UK are owned by companies from other countries in the world though.

So even though, you might have a supermarket in the UK, such as ASDA, actually ASDA is owned by Walmart, which is an American company.

There are other examples as well.

So for example, LIDL isn't actually a British company, but they do have their, some of their shops in the UK.

Some of these supermarkets are called global companies, and that means that they operate in more than just one country.

Okay? So for example, Tesco.

Now that is a British company, but it operates in other countries of the world as well.

So it operates in the Republic of Ireland, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia, okay? So because it's got shops in other countries, mostly in Europe, that actually means that yeah, it's a global company.

It's worldwide.

There are 4,942 Tesco stores globally.

That is a lot of Tesco's.

Can you imagine how much food there is in total in all of those shop.

And the company is worth over 20 billion pounds that is a lot of money.

Let's check our understanding.

True or false? Tesco is an example of a global company.

That is true.

Can you justify your answer? So Tesco is an example of a global company because it operates in more than one country in the world.

We're moving on to our first task for today's lesson.

So for Task A, one, I want you to be able to explain how people's food shopping habits are different now compared to 60 years ago.

Task A, two is to tell your geography buddy what a global company is, and give an example.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Let's check that we've got the answers correct.

So for my answer here, you didn't have to write this word for word, but hopefully, you've got some of the most important pieces of information.

60 years ago, people used to get their food for the week from lots of different local shops.

For example, they would go to the butcher's to get meat and they would go to the bakery to get bread.

Now people get most of their food from one shop where they can get all the items they need for the week.

For example, in the UK, a lot of people do their weekly shop in Tesco's.

And for the second task, hopefully, you said something similar to this, to your geography buddy.

A global company is a company that operates in different countries in the world.

Tesco is an example of a global company.

Can you think of any other global companies? So where might you have been on holiday, for example, where you've seen a company that you notice in the UK or you might have even seen it on a TV show or a film, which isn't a British film.

So you know, a classic example is McDonald's.

McDonald's are all around the world.

So that's a really good example of a global company.

We're now moving on to our second learning cycle, which is looking at where do supermarkets get their food from.

All the food and goods we find in the supermarket have had their own special journey from where they were grown or made to ending up in the supermarket.

This journey is called a supply chain.

A global supply chain is where this journey is across different countries around the world.

Okay, so if you think, for example, when you go to the shop to Tesco's, for example, and you buy a loaf of bread.

At one point, the wheat in that bread grown in a farm.

Now that has been processed or changed, it's been moved, it's been transported, and eventually, it's ended up in the shop.

Now that wheat might have been grown in the UK, so it still entered a supply chain, but if some of that supply chain has ended up in a different country, so whether it's been grown in a different country or it's been processed or manufactured in a different country, that is called a global supply chain.

So the item has moved across country borders.

Supermarkets have very complex global supply chains.

Many of the foods and goods in the supermarkets have come from all around the world.

Now, it might be the case that one item of food that you have bought has got different supply chains within it.

So there are lots of different things, which have come from different parts of the world to just create that one item of food.

They can be very, very complex.

Let's check our understanding.

So what is a supply chain? Is it a, a shelf in the supermarket with lots of different goods? Is it b, the journey that food and goods take from the raw materials to the shop? Or is it c, a place where raw materials are processed into a good.

Pause the video and have a go.

So the answer's b, the journey that food and goods take from the raw materials to the shop.

Different goods and food items will have different journeys.

Most items will have similar stages to the journey then.

Okay, so not every supply chain is unique, but it will tend to have these common steps.

So the first one is sourcing the raw material.

So that's getting the natural thing outta the ground.

So for example, digging potatoes out the ground, or if we're thinking about.

Yeah, if we're thinking about other things, it might be extracting oil out the ground.

Okay, so it's the sourcing that the raw or the natural material.

Secondly, those raw materials will then be processed.

That means that they're changed.

Something has happened to them.

So they're not in their original state.

They're then often packaged into something, which can be transported.

And then they are transported to the supermarkets or the all the shops.

So again, not every item will have exactly the same stages, but these are the common themes.

You source the raw material, you process it, you package it, and you transport it.

However, for example, some things don't need to be processed.

So when we go to the shop to buy bananas, those bananas are bananas.

They've not been changed, they've not been altered.

They are what they are.

And a lot of the items have don't have much packaging on them.

They'll just be packaged in bid bulk to be able to carry a large amount at a time.

Again, a lot of fruit and vegetables don't have much packaging, but they might have a sticker on them or something like that.

But some items will have lots of packaging, especially ones that are not perishable.

So for example, I don't know, biscuits or a tin of soup that needs to make sure that can keep without spoiling or going rotten for a long period of time.

So the packaging process there needs to be quite robust to keep the food, to stop the food going off.

So there we go.

We've got some strawberries, I think there, or some lettuce being grown, there it has been transported and then eventually, it will end up in the supermarket where we can buy it.

So we're gonna look at an example of a global supply chain of a loaf of bread now.

So a farm grows and harvests wheat, that wheat is then processed.

So the plant turns wheat into flour, okay? You might have heard of flour mills.

So it's when they ground it all down and make it really, really small.

The factory then bakes that flour into bread.

Now, when they bake the flour into bread, there will be other items added into the mixture too.

And that will have had its own supply chain.

Okay such as yeast, sugar, maybe a bit of salt, and sometimes things like preservatives, et cetera.

They can be put into loads of bread as well.

So lots of different supply chains coming together there for the creation of the loaf of bread.

And then eventually, the loaf of bread is sold in the supermarket.

As I said earlier, some things that we buy, such as fruit and vegetables do not require any processing.

So they will just be sold as they're picked from the surface of the earth.

They're natural.

Many food items found in the supermarket have lots of different raw materials from many different countries around the world.

Okay, so as I said earlier, you might have one part of the mixture from from the UK.

You might have another from Spain, another from Turkey.

These will then be processed in a factory before being transported into a supermarket.

So an example of a chocolate bar and how that might have a global supply chain.

You might have cocoa from Brazil and that's a really common place where cocoa has grown.

Sugar from India.

Again, the UK imports quite a lot of sugar because we don't really grow it ourselves here.

And one the main suppliers is from Brazil.

And milk from the UK.

All of those are key ingredients into a chocolate bar, but they've all come from different countries.

When those materials are transported across the world, it is important that the food items do not spoil and that means that they don't go off, so they don't go mouldy, they don't go rotten, so that we can still eat them.

But to do that, that means often that those materials, or sorry, those products have to be refrigerated as they are transported.

So sometimes you'll have special containers, which are able to keep it a small, a cooler temperature.

All the same for lorries.

Now, this one issue with that is that it can be quite expensive to do.

It can be tricky to keep the mode of transport at a cool temperature.

It can also be quite expensive, especially in hot countries or in the summer months where you're having to use more energy to keep the item cooler.

Food miles measure the distance between where a food is grown or to where it is, sorry, to where it is eaten.

Okay, and this includes all of the ingredients within one product.

Okay, so we're thinking now about where that material has or where that food has come from and how far it has travelled to get to where we eat it.

But it's not just looking at one ingredients, it's looking at all of the ingredients.

Now when these items travel, they often travel either by in lorry, in cargo ships and aeroplanes and even trains.

So there are lots of different modes of transport for that food to travel.

So the food miles is just a distance that they have.

Now, unfortunately, large food miles are not good for the environment, okay? And that is because those modes of transport, such as cars, lorries, trains, when they burn fossil fuels, which is the fuel that they use to be able to move that releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

When those greenhouse gases go into the atmosphere, it cannot cause global warming.

So the planet is getting hotter.

You might have heard about that on the news or on social media.

So yeah, food miles.

So items of food travelling from across the world is not good for the environment because it releases more greenhouse gases.

And that's why you might have heard people trying to promote eating locally or growing your own.

Because if you are eating food, which has grown close to where you live or you are even growing your own food, then that doesn't produce as much greenhouse gases.

Let's check our understanding.

So true or false? Food the has a lot of food miles is worse for the environment.

That is true.

And can you justify your understanding? Food the has a lot of food miles is worse for the environment because the transporting the food releases greenhouse gases, which adds to global warming.

What we're going to do now is you are going to do a task.

So I'd like you to research the supply chain of a pint of milk, okay? So you are going to create a flow diagram, which is a step-by-step diagram with arrows in between to show the different stages of the, to show that of the supply chain of a pint of milk.

So from when it's a raw material to when it ends up in the supermarket, okay? So pause the video and have a go.

Task B, two is in the UK we use milk produced locally, but we also import milk from other countries, mostly from countries within Europe.

So that are close to us, okay? Most of our imported milk comes from Ireland, France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium, okay? What I would like you to do is locate these countries on the map and use an atlas or a digital map to measure the distance the milk travels to us from these different countries.

So if you've got an atlas in the classroom, that'd be a really good idea.

You might have to use the scale bar at the bottom.

If you've not got access to an atlas, it might be a good idea to use the internet.

So you could use Google Maps or just the search engine and search the distances between those different places.

So pause the video and have a go.

Once you've done that, I'd like you to rank these countries from the least to the most food miles.

So see where has travelled the furthest or which milk has travelled the furthest to the milk that's travelled the least far.

Okay, let's check our understanding and check we've got the correct answers.

So cows are milked in a dairy farm.

The milk is then pasteurised.

The pasteurised milk is bottled.

And the bottles are transported to see the markets.

That's the supply chain of milk.

So if we look at my map here, you can see the lines come up to show the movement of the milk between the countries.

You've got Ireland to the UK, France to the UK Germany, Belgium and Poland.

Now, Belgium has travelled 321 kilometres.

France, 342.

Ireland, 465 kilometres.

Germany, 935 kilometres.

Poland has travelled the furthest with 1,452 kilometres.

So the milk there from Poland has had the worst food miles.

Okay, that's travelled a really, really long way to get to the UK.

You'd think that we should just use the milk that we can get in the UK, wouldn't you? Here's a summary for today's lesson.

Supermarkets have become the main way that people shop for food.

Many supermarkets in the UK are global companies, which means they operate in different countries around the world.

Supermarkets sell many different goods and food items, all of which have their own complex supply chains.

Now, that's it for today's lesson.

There's been lots of tricky concepts there, so I hope you've done and well, I'm sure you will have done well.

Yeah, and I'm looking forward to teaching you next time.

Bye!.