Hello and welcome.

My name is Ms. Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called Challenges in Mumbai.

Grab everything you might need for today's learning and let's begin.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to identify some of the challenges facing Mumbai and describe some ways in which the lives of people living there are unequal.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to define the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords are: services, pollution, informal settlement, inequality, and poverty.

Services, this is a system that supplies a public need.

For example, waste collection, pollution.

This is anything that makes the environment dirty or unhealthy.

Informal settlement.

These are areas of makeshift housing where the people who live there don't own the land or have access to services like clean water, power, or sanitation.

Inequality, this is when something is not shared evenly between everyone.

Poverty, not having enough money to afford basic human needs such as food, clothing, or somewhere to live.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we are going to explore in today's lesson is, what challenges does Mumbai face? Mumbai's rapid growth and its global status have created a wide range of opportunities for people from all over India and beyond.

As India's financial hub, Mumbai plays a central role in the country's economy providing numerous jobs, opportunities in banking, business, and technology.

And even in entertainment industry, particularly Bollywood.

The city's diverse and growing industries also support small businesses and informal work, helping to create jobs for people with different skill sets.

Aisha has said, "Mumbai also faces several challenges that impact people and the environment." What do you think these challenges are? Pause the video here whilst do you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Let's check our answers.

Mumbai faces different challenges.

For example, strains on housing and services, unfair employment conditions and pay, pollution and overcrowded transport networks.

Let's look at strains on housing and services.

Mumbai is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, which has led to a significant rise in property prices.

As a result, affordable housing has become scarce, making it difficult for many low income residents to find a decent place to live.

To survive, many people are forced to live in informal settlements, which are unplanned communities that often spring up on unused or undeveloped land.

These settlements are sometimes located in hazardous areas, such as near railway tracks or on land prone to flooding, putting residents at risk.

One of the biggest issues in these settlements is a lack of proper infrastructure.

Many informal settlements do not have access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, or electricity.

Without these essentials, daily life can be difficult and unhealthy, leading to poor living conditions for many people.

Additionally, the people living in these areas often do not have legal rights to their homes, meaning they are vulnerable to eviction.

Local authorities may decide to clear their areas for development and because the residents do not own the land, they have little power fight back.

Despite these challenges, informal settlements remain home to millions of people who have migrated to Mumbai and such of work and opportunities.

For many, these settlements are the only place they can afford to live while trying to build a better future.

While life in these settlements can be tough, their reflection of Mumbai's rapid growth and the demand for housing in a city that continues to attract people from all walks of life.

Dharavi is one of the largest informal settlements in the world and one of the most densely populated places on the planet.

Located in Mumbai, it is home to around one million people living in tightly packed conditions.

Despite its challenges, Dharavi has a strong community and a thriving informal economy with many small businesses and workshops providing jobs and income for residents.

Izzy has said, "More than one people live in an area of just over 2.

39 square kilometres." Dharavi is one of the most densely populated places on the planet.

Dharavi is one of the most crowded and bustling areas in Mumbai, with limited space and high-levels of pollution.

The areas home to thousands of people living in close quarters, often in fragile homes made from scrap materials like metal sheets, plastic, and wood.

These homes are poorly insulated, which can make living conditions uncomfortable, especially during extreme weather.

Access to basic essentials such as clean water and proper sanitation is a daily struggle for many people in Dharavi.

The lack of reliable water supply and proper sewage systems increases the risk of diseases, creating serious health challenges for the community.

Overcrowding only adds to these issues, making it difficult for residents to maintain a healthy and safe living environment.

Despite the many challenges it faces, Dharavi is known for its strong sense of community and deep social connections.

Many residents live in close proximity to their families and friends, creating a network of support where people help one another.

This close-knit environment is built on trust and cooperation, with neighbours often coming together to share resources, look after each other's children, or offer assistance during tough times.

The social ties in Dharavi play a big role in fostering a sense of belonging and resilience among its residents.

In a place where daily life can be difficult due to overcrowding, limited resource, and poor living conditions, these connections help people stay hopeful and find strength in each other.

The community is united by shared experience.

And despite their struggles, many residents find comfort in knowing that they are not alone.

The support network and the shared sense of purpose contributes to making Dharavi one of the happiest settlements in India.

While it may not have the resources of wealthier neighbourhoods, the emotional and social support that people offer one another creates a unique atmosphere where happiness, incentive, togetherness thrive.

It is the spirit of community that helps Dharavi remain resilient even in the face of adversity.

With a population of over one million, Dharavi function almost like a city within city, buzzing with activity in life, it is home to a wide range of informal shops, markets, community centres, schools, and places of worship, all of which contribute to a vibrant and dynamic atmosphere.

People from all walks of life can be found in Dharavi, engaging in daily activities and socialising with neighbours, which helps create a strong sense of community.

Dharavi also supports a variety of industries that provide employment opportunities for many residents.

Some of the key industries in the area include leather making, recycling, pottery, and textiles.

These small scale businesses are an important part of the local economy with many people working in workshops or running their own small businesses to support their families.

For example, Dharavi is known for producing high-quality leather goods, which are sold both locally and exported to other parts of India and the world.

Despite the many challenges the community faces, these industries help drive the local economy and provide livelihoods for the people living in Dharavi.

The skills and hard work of its residents keep these businesses running, even under difficult conditions.

In many ways, Dharavi's industries are a testament to the resilience and resourcefulness of its people contributing to the overall growth and strength of the community.

What's our informal settlements? I would like you to pause the video here and have a think.

Press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Excellent.

Sam said, "Informal settlements are unplanned housing." Lucas said, "Informal settlements are often built at the edges of large cities." They're both correct.

Well done if you came up with those ideas.

Let's now look at unfair employment.

Each year, thousands of people migrate to Mumbai in search of employment opportunities, hoping to improve their lives and support their families.

However, job openings in the city are often limited to certain sectors, such as technology, finance, or manufacturing, and many of these roles require specific skills or qualifications.

This creates challenges for people without the necessary educational training, leaving them with fewer options.

As a result, many newcomers end up working in the informal job sector where the workers often temporary or unregulated.

Jobs in the sector typically involve lower wages and workers rarely have job security or access to benefits like healthcare and retirement savings or paid leave.

Without these protections, many workers are vulnerable to unfair pay, poor working conditions and exploitation.

Additionally, because informal sector lacks legal safeguards, these workers might find it harder to stand up for their rights or seek better opportunities.

This leaves many people struggling to make living and uncertain about their future in the city.

The informal job sector is a key source of employment for many people in Mumbai and across the globe.

One example is Dhobi Ghat.

Believed to be the world's largest outdoor laundry where people known as dhobis wash laundry by hand often instead of using machines.

While this work provides income, many dhobis face long hours, difficult working conditions and low wages, making it a tough way to earn a living.

Let's now look at overcrowded transport.

Mumbai's high population density results in severe overcrowding, especially on its transport system.

The city experiences heavy congestion in the centre with rush hour on the railways can be particularly dangerous as large crowds pushed aboard the trains, creating safety risks for commuters.

Air and water pollution are major issues in Mumbai and they're caused by factors such as industrial activity, poor waste management, traffic congestion, and the city's large population.

The pollution particularly in the air poses serious health risks to residents and harms the environment, affecting the quality of life for many people in the city.

True or false.

Everyone who works in Mumbai is paid fairly and has job security and benefits.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why the statement is false.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Brilliant.

The reason why this statement is false is because many people in Mumbai only find work in the informal job sector.

This often means they aren't paid fairly and lack job security and benefits.

I would like you to complete the text to describe some of the challenges that Mumbai faces.

You can use the word bank below to help you.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to check your answers.

Fantastic.

Well done, let's check our answers.

Your text should read like this.

Mumbai is one of the most densely populated cities in the world.

The city faces different challenges such as strains in housing and services, pollution and overcrowded transport.

Many people live in informal settlements in poor quality housing and face challenges in accessing services such as clean water and sanitation.

Mumbai's transport system is a very busy, which can make it dangerous and congested.

There are also high levels of pollution caused by industry traffic and inadequate waste management.

Well done if you managed to answer that question correctly.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson.

How are people's lives unequal? What similarities and differences do you think there might be between the lives of people living in these houses and these high rise apartments? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Brilliant.

Let's look at our answers.

Lucas said, "It looks like there is a high population density in both types of housing." Aisha said, "The apartments are built of concrete.

These houses at the front are made of other materials as well as metal and plastic sheets." Sam said, "I think there might be differences in how much money people have." What similarities and differences do you think there might be? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Inequality happens when resources or opportunities are not shared equally among people.

It's like comparing how big a slice of cake one person gets.

Compared to someone else's, where one person might have a much larger piece than others.

Izzy said, "People's lives can be unequal in many different ways," and she's right.

Let's take a look at the ways they can be unequal.

It can be due to how much money people have, quality of housing, access to good education, access to healthcare, how people are treated, how much of a say people have in decisions that affect them, access to clean water and sanitation, and job opportunities.

Izzy and Sam are having a discussion.

Who is correct? Sam said, "There are many differences in inequalities between people's lives." Izzy said, "Inequality is just about the difference in how much money people have." Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The answer is Sam.

Can you give an example of a way in which people's lives might be unequal? Pause video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, well done.

There are inequalities between countries.

This map shows the average income per person for different countries.

Do you notice any patterns? What parts of the world have higher income per person than others? Pause video here whilst you take a closer look and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

Countries like America have extremely high incomes, whereas countries within Asia and an Africa have significantly lower incomes.

Well done if you managed to identify that correctly.

Inequality is not just a problem between different countries, but also within individual countries where wealth and resources are not shared equally among all people.

Some individuals or groups may have much more money, property or opportunities, while others struggle to meet their basic needs.

To measure this inequality, economists use a tool called the Gini coefficient, which gives a value between zero and one.

A value of zero means everyone has exactly the same amount of wealth or income.

While a value closer to one means that one person or a small group controls most of the wealth or others have very little.

In reality, no country has a Gini coefficient of zero as there is always some level of inequality.

Even in wealthy cities like Mumbai, London, and other cities in the UK There are high levels of inequality.

In these cities, some people live in luxury homes, have high paying jobs and access to the best services, while others struggle with poverty, poor housing, and unlimited opportunities.

For example, in Mumbai, towering skyscrapers and expensive apartments exist alongside informal settlements, highlighting the sharp divide between rich and poor.

This shows that inequality is a global issue affecting both developed and developing countries.

Governments and organisations work to reduce inequality through policies such as better education, fair wages, and social welfare programmes.

But achieving a more equal society remains a challenge worldwide.

There are different reasons for these inequalities such as where you live, gender, ethnicity, level of education, age, sexual orientation, ability, and religion.

I would like you to choose one of these causes and think about why it causes inequality.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

All of these cause inequality.

Let's take a closer look at some of these.

Level of education.

Someone who has access to a well-rounded education is going to have more opportunities available to them with their jobs, making sure they're able to articulate themselves well, whereas someone with no access or poor access to education will not have those same opportunities.

The same with age.

People who are younger may be favoured for jobs compared to people who are older and that's not always very fair.

Mumbai has significant inequality with a thriving economy that has generated considerable wealth for some people.

However, many others in the city live in extreme poverty, unable to afford basic necessities like food, clothing, or shelter.

This stark contrast highlights a deep economic divide where a small portion of the population benefits from the city's growth while many others struggle to meet their basic needs.

Izzy has said, "Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires of any city in India and is the billionaire capital of Asia." Aisha has said, "It's estimated that around 1.

2 million people in Mumbai earn less than 20 rupees a day," 20 rupees equals about 18P.

How does this make you feel? Do you think this inequality is fair? You may have different perspectives on this.

Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Well done on this.

True or false.

There are inequalities between and within countries.

Pause the video here once you decide if this statement is true or false and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic, this statement is true.

I would now like you to explain why this is true.

Pause here and press play to continue.

Excellent.

The reason why this statement is true is because, although there can be differences between countries, there are also inequalities within countries and places.

There isn't any country in the world where the lives of people are completely equal.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

I would like you to complete the spider diagram to show some of the ways in which people's lives are unequal.

I would like you to choose one of these inequalities and explain a possible cause of this inequality.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Great work.

Let's check our answers.

Your spider diagram might look like this.

Causes of inequality, quality of housing, access to good education, access to healthcare, how people are treated, how much for say people having decisions that affect them, access to clean water and sanitation, job opportunities, how much money people have.

Well done if you managed to complete the spider diagram.

I then asked you to choose one of these inequalities and explain a possible cause of this equality.

Your answer might have included some of the following points.

A possible cause of unequal job opportunities is unequal access to education.

Some jobs require high levels of education or specific skills and qualifications, and some people might not have the opportunity to access these.

If you can, try and think about possible reasons for other inequalities.

Lucas has said, "Perhaps you could find out about the ways in which people are trying to make out world countries and communities more equal." Well done on this task.

You've done absolutely brilliantly.

We've now come to the end of our learning in Challenges in Mumbai and you've done fantastically.

Before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything we've learned in today's lesson.

Mumbai experiences significant levels of inequality with a large gap between the wealthy and those struggling to survive.

It's estimated that around 1.

2 million people in the city earn less than 20 rupee a day, which is just under 20 pence, making it incredibly difficult for them to afford even basic necessities.

The contrast is striking as the city's booming economy has created immense wealth for a small portion of its population, while millions face extreme poverty.

The city's transport system is one of the busiest in the world with overcrowded trains and roads, making daily commuting a challenge for many.

Despite these hardships, many people in Mumbai live in informal settlements which are often unplanned and built in unused land.

Interestingly, these settlements, though lacking basic infrastructure and services, are some of the happiest in India.

The strong sense of community, close family ties, and shared resilience help people support one another and make the best of their situation.

However, the inequality remains a major issue with a growing divide between the rich and the poor.

Well done in today's lesson.

You've done fantastically.

I look forward to learning with you again very soon.