Hello and welcome.

My name is Ms. Harrison.

I'm so excited to be learning with you today.

Today's lesson is called Rural to Urban Migration in India.

Grab everything you might need for today's lesson and let's begin our learning.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to describe reasons why people migrate from rural areas to cities in India and identify benefits and challenges of this migration.

Before we can begin this learning, we need to define the keywords that we'll be using throughout today's lesson.

The keywords are migration, push factor, pull factor, economy, and cultural diversity.

Migration.

This is moving from one place to another with the intention to stay there.

Push factor, a reason promoting people to leave the place they live, such as lack of jobs, hazards, conflict.

Pull factor, a reason attracting people to a new place, such as more jobs, better living conditions, better services.

Economy, the way money in a particular area is made and spent.

Cultural diversity, the variety of cultural and ethnic groups within a society.

Now that we've defined these keywords, we can begin our learning.

The first question we're going to explore in today's lesson is why might people move to cities in India? Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for various reasons, such as seeking better job opportunities, improve living conditions, or safety.

It can be permanent, where people move and settle into a new place, or temporary, where people move for a short time and then return home.

Migration can happen with the same country, known as internal migration, or across international borders, called international migration.

People might migrate for reasons like economic opportunities, escaping political instability, or reacting to environmental changes such as natural disasters or climate change.

Overall, migration plays a big role in shaping populations and economies as people move to places where they believe they can improve their lives.

People migrate for a variety of reasons, often driven by the desire for better opportunities or living conditions.

Common reasons include finding work, pursuing education, reuniting with family, accessing better services, and improving living environments, or seeking safety from conflicts or natural disasters.

Migration allows individuals to improve their quality of life, whether by moving to a new city, country, or region.

Andeep said, "My family moved to be closer to my grandparents." Aisha said, "We moved because my mother got a new job in another part of India." In India, many people move from rural areas to urban cities to find better job opportunities, education, and improved living conditions.

This migration trend is common not just in India but in many countries around the world.

People are attracted to cities because they offer advantages, like better services, healthcare, and infrastructure that are often unavailable in rural areas.

As more people move towards towns and cities, these urban areas grow, offering more opportunities for work, better access to schools and hospitals, and an overall improved standard of living.

Why might people move from rural to urban areas? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

People move for all sorts of reasons, but they mainly move to gain better opportunities for work, better access to schools, hospitals, and overall improved standard of living.

Well done.

True or false, all migrants are forced to move.

Pause the video here whilst you decide if this statement is true or false, and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why this statement is false.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why this statement is false is because there are different reasons which can lead to someone migrating.

These might be related to work, education, family, better services, living environment, or safety.

Well done on this task.

The share of people living in urban and rural areas in India is shown on this map.

Between 1960 and 2022, the percentage of people living in rural areas has decreased.

Between 1960 and 2022, the percentage of people living in urban areas has increased.

There are many large and fast growing cities in India.

These include Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and New Delhi.

People migrate from one place to another for different reasons.

Let's look at some push factors.

Lack of jobs and low wages, low quality of services, for example, water, electricity, and sanitation, floods and droughts can destroy crops, limited education opportunities.

Let's look at some pull factors.

More job opportunities, to join family and friends, better housing and living conditions, and better education and healthcare.

Can you think of other reasons? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

In many rural areas of India, agriculture is the main source of livelihood.

However, as farming machinery becomes more common, there is less need for manual labour, causing many agricultural workers to look for job opportunities in cities.

Along with this, climate change has made rainfall less predictable, making it harder for farmers to grow crops and resulting in lower incomes.

This combination of fewer farming jobs and challenges of unpredictable weather pushes more people to migrate from rural to urban cities where they hope to find more stable and better paying jobs.

Pull factors that make people move to cities in India include improved job prospects and higher incomes, friends and family who are already are living in the city and can provide support in finding jobs and places to live, higher quality of education and healthcare, and higher quality of services such as water, electricity, and sanitation.

Bengaluru, also known as Bangalore, is a city located in the southern part of India.

Over the past few decades, it has become one of the fastest growing cities in the country.

A big reason for its rapid growth is its booming industries, especially in the information technology sector.

The city has earned its name the Silicon Valley of India because it is home to many large tech companies and startups, which creates a huge demand for skilled workers.

Bengaluru offers many job opportunities, especially for people with skills in computers, software development, and engineering.

The city also offers higher salaries compared to many other parts of India.

This attracts people from smaller towns and villages, as well as those from other cities, who move to Bengaluru in search of better job prospects and a chance to improve their quality of life.

Many migrants come looking for better living standards, including access to good healthcare, education, and modern facilities.

As more people from different regions move to this area, they bring new ideas, skills, and cultures, making the city more diverse and exciting.

This migration has played a big part in Bengaluru's growth, both in terms of population and economic development.

This city is now considered one of the most important economic hubs in India, with a thriving economy driven by technology, manufacturing, and education.

When people migrate to a city like Bengaluru, they often have friends or family already living there who can help them to find jobs and secure housing.

This support network makes the transition easier and less stressful.

Cities also offer better access to essential services like clean water, reliable electricity, and sanitation, which can greatly improve the quality of life for newcomers.

These advantages, along with the hope for better job opportunities and living conditions, make urban areas like Bengaluru attractive destinations for people seeking a better life.

True or false, pull factors are reasons people leave a place, such as drought or lack of job opportunities.

Pause the video here whilst you decide if this statement is true or false and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

This statement is false.

I would now like you to explain why this statement is false.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

The reason why this statement is false is because pull factors are reasons people move to a place, such as better jobs or services.

Push factors are reasons people leave a place.

Well done if you managed to explain that correctly.

I would like you to sort the statements into push and pull factors and write push or pull in the second column of the table.

The factors we're going to look at are India depends on monsoon rains, but these can lead to floods or fail, leading to drought which might damage or destroy crops.

Friends and family already living in cities like Mumbai and Bengaluru can provide support to find jobs and places to live.

Higher quality of education and healthcare in cities like Mumbai.

Lower quality of services such as water, electricity, sanitation in poorer and more remote of the north-west India.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

I would now like you to do the same with these push and pull factors.

Pause the video here whilst you have a read of them and press play when you're ready to continue.

Brilliant work.

Let's check our answers.

India depends on monsoon rains, but these can lead to floods or fail.

This is a push factor.

Friends and family already living in cities like Mumbai and Bengaluru can provide support.

This is a pull.

Higher quality of education and healthcare is a pull.

Lower quality of services, such as water, electricity, and sanitation, is a push.

Increased use of machinery means fewer manual workers are needed on farms is a push.

Higher quality of services such as water, electricity, and sanitation is a pull.

Improved job prospects and higher incomes is a pull.

And lower quality of education and healthcare is a push.

Well done if you managed to identify those correctly.

We're now going to explore our second question of today's lesson.

What are the impacts of rural to urban migration? Rural to urban migration has benefits and challenges for both rural and urban areas.

These include, migrants may send more money to help their families, and a negative, there are fewer people to work on farms. In urban areas, more people working in the cities grows the economy.

And the negative, more people can lead to pressure on housing and services.

What do you think other impacts might be? Pause the video here whilst you have a think and press play when you're ready to continue.

Fantastic.

Rural to urban migration in India brings both benefits and challenges to cities, with the movement of people having a significant impact on urban areas.

One of the main benefits to rural to urban migration is the boost it gives to the economy.

As more people move to cities in such of work, they contribute to the urban workforce, driving economic growth and development.

Many migrants take up jobs in key sectors like construction, manufacturing, retail, and services, all of which help cities thrive.

In addition, migrants often bring valuable skills, knowledge, and experience that enrich the workforce.

For example, skilled workers from rural areas may find better opportunities in urban centres, improving overall quality of the labour in the city.

Another benefit is the increase in cultural diversity.

People from different parts of the country and even from other countries bring their own traditions, languages, and customs to the city.

This creates a vibrant and dynamic urban environment, where people from diverse backgrounds can exchange ideas, learn from each other, and celebrate a variety of festivals and cultural practises.

This multicultural atmosphere helps shape the city's identity and makes it more interesting and exciting to live in.

However, the increase of people from rural areas also present several challenges for cities.

One of the main issue is overcrowding.

As more people into the city, the population grows rapidly, which puts pressure on housing availability.

This often leads to a shortage of affordable housing, forcing people to live in overcrowded areas or informal settlements.

Overcrowding also places significant strain on essential services.

Public services like education, healthcare, and transportation are often overwhelmed by growing populations.

Schools, hospitals, and public transport systems may struggle to accommodate the increased number of people, leading to longer waiting times, poorer quality of services, and increased traffic congestion.

Another challenge is the potential of social tension between longtime residents and newcomers.

As cities grow, the dynamics of urban life change and people may find it difficult to adjust.

Longtime residents may feel that their neighbourhoods are becoming crowded, unfamiliar, or even less safe as more migrants settle.

This can lead to misunderstandings or even conflicts between different groups, especially if there are differences in languages, culture, or socioeconomic statuses.

In some cases, migrants may also face discrimination or exploitation as they may be seen as taking away jobs or resources from local people.

This can create social divides, making it harder for the city to foster harmony and inclusivity.

Bengaluru has experienced significant population growth over the years.

In the year 2000, the city's population was about 5.

6 million, but by 2024, it is estimated that it's reached a remarkable 14 million.

This rapid population increase is largely due to the migration of people from other parts of India and even further countries in search of better opportunities.

Over 40% of Bengaluru's residents are migrants, meaning that a large portion of the city's population has moved there from different regions.

This influx of people has played a crucial role in the city's development, not just in terms of numbers, but also its economic success and cultural vibrancy.

The diversity of people from various states and backgrounds has contributed to the city's rich culture, making it a melting pot of traditions, languages, and food festivals.

Economically, this migration has been a driving force behind Bengaluru's transformation into the wealthiest cities in India.

The arrival of skilled workers, particularly in the fields of technology and manufacturing, has helped establish Bengaluru as global hub for information technology.

It's known as the Silicon Valley of India.

The city is home to numerous tech companies, startups, and research institutions that attract talent from across the country and the world.

This booming IT industry has significantly contributed to the city's economic growth, creating millions of jobs and fostering innovation.

This rapid population growth in Bengaluru has also led to challenges.

These include shortages of affordable housing, making it difficult for many residents to find suitable accommodation, and severe traffic congestion which causes delays and makes commuting a daily struggle for many people.

These issues highlight the pressure that rapid urbanisation can place on a city's infrastructure and services.

Rural to urban migration brings both positive and negative impact to rural areas.

One of the benefits of rural to urban migration is that with fewer people left behind in these areas, families can more easily manage resources like food, money, and land.

With fewer mouths to feed, families may have more time and energy to take care of their daily needs.

Additionally, the remaining land in rural areas becomes more available for farming, allowing those who stay behind to grow crops and use the land efficiently.

Another advantage is that migrants, especially young people who move to cities for better opportunities, often send money back to their families in the villages.

This remittance, or financial support, helps improve the quality of life for their loved ones, allowing them to pay for things like school fees, healthcare, and other essential needs.

In this way, migration can help boost the economy in rural areas even though many people have moved away.

However, rural to urban migration also brings several challenges.

One of the biggest problems is the loss of young people, especially young males who often migrate to cities.

This creates a shortage of workers in rural areas, particularly in agriculture, which can lead to less food production.

The ageing population that remains behind may find it difficult to manage farms, leading to a decline in local economies.

Furthermore, when people leave their homes to find work in cities, it can cause families to become separated.

This can be very emotional and create social strain as families may only communicate through phone calls or occasional visits.

Communities can also feel less connected, and long-term migration may lead to a loss of local traditions and culture as younger generations who move away might not return or stay connected to their rural roots.

Overall, while rural to urban migration provides some benefits, it also brings significant challenges, particularly the loss of younger generations and the emotional toll on families.

Both rural and urban areas need to find ways to address these issues for the long term wellbeing of the population.

In India, rapid migration from rural to urban areas is causing an increase in the number of ghost villages and towns.

These are areas where most of the population, especially young people, have moved to cities, leaving behind only a few people or no one at all.

The migration's happening because many people from rural areas are seeking better opportunities, better living conditions, and more access to services in the city.

As a result, rural areas are being abandoned and the population in these villages and towns is declining.

This leaves behind empty houses, abandoned shops, and unused roads or infrastructure, such as schools and health centres.

With fewer young people staying in these rural places, the community becomes weaker and it becomes harder for local businesses to survive.

This shift also causes other problems, like reduced agricultural production since fewer people are available to work on farms. With fewer young workers, older generations are left to take care of crops and livestock, which can be very difficult.

Additionally, because many people from these areas move to cities, there is often a strain on city resources, such as housing, transportation, and healthcare, as the cities become overcrowded.

Which of the following are positive impacts of rural to urban migration in urban areas in India? You can select two answers.

Is it a, growing the economy, b, overcrowding, c, people share knowledge and skills, d, pressures on services such as education, healthcare, and transport.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Well done.

The answers are, a, grows the economy, and c, people share knowledge and skills.

Well done if you identified those correctly.

Which of the following are negative impacts of rural to urban migration in rural areas in India? Select two answers.

Is it a, families and communities are split up, b, families have fewer people to feed, c, fewer people available to work in rural areas, and d, migrants might need to send money home to help their families and communities.

Pause here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Excellent.

The answers are a, families and communities are split up, and c, fewer people available to work in rural areas.

Fantastic work on this.

I would now like you to complete the table by adding examples of challenges and benefits of rural to urban migration in India.

I would like you to try and include at least two impacts in each box of the table.

Pause the video here whilst you attempt this task and press play when you're ready to continue.

Brilliant work.

Let's check our answers.

For rural areas, the benefits are families have fewer people to feed, more land and resources to share out among the remaining people, and migrants might need to send money home to help their families and communities.

The challenges are fewer young people, many rural to urban migrants are young males, fewer remaining people available to work, and families and communities are split up.

Urban areas, the benefits are more people working in the city helps to grow its economy, people moving to the city can share their knowledge and skills with others, increase cultural diversity of the population.

Challenges.

Overcrowding, housing shortages, pressures on services such as education, healthcare, and transport, and tensions between older and newer residents.

Fantastic work on this task.

You've done brilliantly.

We've now come to the end of our learning in rural to urban migration in India.

You've done fantastically.

But before we end this lesson, let's summarise everything we've learned today.

Each year, thousands of people migrate from rural areas to cities in India, driven by the desire for better opportunities and higher quality of life.

These individuals often seek improved job prospects, access to better education, healthcare, and other essential services that are more readily available in urban environments.

As more people move in cities, the migration brings several benefits.

The influx of workers helps to drive economic growth as more people contribute to industries and services in urban areas.

Additionally, this migration increases the cultural diversity of cities, enriching the local culture and making it more dynamic and vibrant.

However, there are also challenges associated with rapid rural to urban migration.

Overcrowding in cities put pressure on housing, resulting in shortages and the growth of informal settlements.

Public services such as transportation, healthcare, and education can become overstretched, leading to lower standards of living for many urban residents.

Additionally, the increasing population can lead to environmental concerns, such as pollution and the depletion of natural resources.

While migration offers numerous opportunities, managing the associated challenges is crucial for sustainable urban development.

Well done in today's lesson.

You've done brilliantly.

And I look forward to learning with you again very soon.