Lesson video

Hello, my name is Miss Gilyeat, and I'm going to be your geography teacher for today.

In today's lesson, we are going to be learning about the challenges of globalisation, which is the final lesson of the globalisation topic.

We've got loads of interesting things to learn about, so let's get going.

So your lesson outcome for today is that you can explain the challenges associated with globalisation.

Now, we've got five keywords for today's lesson.

So the first keyword is global warming, which is the increase in earth's average temperature over a long period of time.

The second one is TNC.

So transnational corporations are large businesses that operate in many different countries globally.

Greenhouse gas emissions, so the release of gases into the earth's atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to climate change.

Culture is a way of life, customs, and behaviours that a group of people share.

And the final key word is fossil fuels, which is the natural energy sources that were formed over millions of years, and they include coal, oil, and gas.

Okay, so these five key words will be highlighters involved throughout the lesson.

We've got three learning cycles.

So first of all, we're gonna think about how globalisation can affect the environment.

Then we're gonna look at how it can affect business.

And finally, we are going to look how globalisation can affect culture.

So to start off with, let's start to think about how globalisation can have an impact on the environment.

Now, globalisation can have a negative impact on the environment at a global and a local scale.

Okay? So I want you to think, what do we mean by a local and global scale? Okay, we've got two answers here, one from Aisha and one from Jacob.

So Aisha says, "Local means an area which the people who live there are familiar with and encounter in their everyday lives." Okay? So Aisha is absolutely spot on there, well done.

And Jacob says, "Global scale is referring to the whole world.

So in this case, how globalisation is impacting on our entire planet." Now, global trade and international tourism has led to more fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas being burned.

Okay? So we burn these fossil fuels to create energy for things like transport, for heating our homes, for making things, for productions.

There's lots of different reasons why we burn those fossil fuels.

However, when we burn those fossil fuels, it releases greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.

Okay? So if we have a look at the slide here, we've got a graph which shows how the greenhouse gas emissions have increased from 1960 to 2020.

Okay? So there's been just a fairly rapid increase in the amount.

And that if we have a look at the y-axis, the way that we measure CO2 emissions in the atmosphere is parts per million.

Okay, so from in 1960, there was approximately 320 parts per million of CO2, whereas by 2020, there was 420 parts per million.

So that is a very large increase in the amount of that CO2 that we are seeing in the atmosphere.

Now that is leading to global warming because the greenhouse gases trap more heat from the sun.

Okay? Now, so global warming is the long-term increase in the earth's average temperature due to the emissions of greenhouse gases.

Okay? Now, there is a whole other topic on the science of this, but the basics that you need to know for this lesson is that when there's more CO2 in the atmosphere, more heat is trapped in from the sun and that leads to temperatures going up.

Now, those increase in temperatures are having different impacts in different parts of the world, and there are thousands and thousands of different impacts that the world is seeing because of global warming.

But we're gonna have a look at some of the main ones.

Okay, so we are seeing rising sea levels.

The main reason for this is because the ice caps are melting, which is meaning more of that ice, which was trapped on land is now entering the ocean.

So we're seeing more water in the sea.

So people that live in coastal areas, especially where the land is very low lying, are at risk of flooding.

We're seeing extreme heat and droughts.

Okay, so some parts of the world are becoming a lot hotter and a lot drier, which is having a big impact where people are able to live, how they are going to get water.

And farmers are being a lot affected by this quite a lot as well.

A loss in biodiversity, so that means that the different variety in plants and animals is going down in many areas of the world.

And we are also seeing more intense weather events.

Okay? So in general, global warming is a negative thing for our planet.

We're seeing lots of different negative impacts because of it.

Okay, let's check our understanding.

So global warming is leading to.

And can you tick all that apply? So we are seeing rising sea levels, extreme heat, and loss of biodiversity.

Now, we are seeing an increased population, but that's not because of global warming.

Okay.

So those are some of the major kind of global impacts, if you like, from globalisation.

But now we're gonna think of some of the more local things that we see.

Okay? So local impacts of globalisation can be air pollution, soil pollution, and water pollution.

So these are things which can happen in a local area.

Now, this is often happening in lower income countries where TNCs, so remember TNC is a transnational corporation, so a multinational company where they outsource factories and production, okay? And often in these lower income countries, the environmental laws are less strict.

So a company may start to outsource its production to a lower income country.

One, because labour can be cheaper so they don't have to pay their workers as much.

But also if the environmental laws in that country are less strict, it means that the company can cut corners and therefore it basically means they don't have to pay as much money, okay? 'Cause if you're chopping corners, you're being more efficient and therefore it costs less, okay? However, if a company is cutting corners, okay, it can lead to these types of pollution.

So an example of an environmental impact of a TNC in India.

There was a soft drinks company, which was located in Kerala, which is in Southern India.

And the soft drink company was having a negative impact on the environment.

So large amounts of water were being used by this company.

Now, that actually meant that within the area, there were water shortages because there wasn't enough water to meet the demands of the local people because the soft drinks company were using it all.

Alongside this wastewater from the factories containing harmful chemicals, contaminated the local water sources, so not only were they taking the water away that was needed for the local area, but they were also contaminating the water that was there, which meant that people couldn't really use the water sources which were available.

This had an impact on the people.

So farmers were struggling to water their crops, and also the contaminated water was leading to health problems in people.

Okay, so there is a negative impact of a TNC on a local area.

Let's check our understanding.

So how did a soft drinks company have an impact on the local environment? So Jacob lives in Kerala, how might he decide to answer the question? So Jacob has put this, "The company contaminated and depleted local water supplies.

This led to farmers struggling and people having health issues." Not good for Jacob.

Okay, so we're onto our first task for the lesson.

So it says there, globalisation can lead to global and local environmental impacts.

I want you to give two of each.

And then for the second question, I want you to explain which you think is worse and why.

Pause the video and have a go at that task.

Okay, let's have a look at our answers there.

So for local impacts, you could have put air pollution and water pollution.

You could have also put soil pollution for that.

Global impacts, so we're seeing global warming, which is showing rising sea levels, but you might have also put extreme heat, loss of biodiversity, more intense and extreme weather events.

Okay, so those will all be fine for that one.

Now, I've put my opinion for this, but you don't have to say which.

You didn't have to obviously agree with me.

Now, I think that the global impacts are worse because these will affect more people.

Also, global impacts can be harder to reverse than local ones.

So thinking about my answer, you might want to reflect on yours.

And, Steve, if you still agree with what you have put.

Okay, so we are moving on to our second learning cycle, which is thinking about how globalisation can affect businesses.

Now remember, this is the challenges of globalisation lessons.

So we are generally thinking about the negative impacts on these things, okay? So if you want, there are positives for globalisation on business as well, but that's in lesson 11.

Okay, so globalisation can have a negative effect on local businesses.

Local businesses may struggle to compete with large TNCs, and this can happen for different reasons.

A TNC, so that's a transnational corporation, may be able to sell cheaper goods, especially if it's outsourced to its production to a lower income country.

It may be able to sell a wider variety of goods.

It may be able to spend more money on advertising and therefore reach a wider market and have more brand recognition.

Okay, so those can make it much, much harder for smaller local businesses to compete because a TNC, in general, will have more money, will be able to sell more, build to advertise more.

Now, unfortunately, that can lead to local businesses shutting down.

Okay, so if a business can't compete anymore, it might have to say we're not earning enough money, so we're going to have to shut down.

I want you to have a think.

If a local business did shut down, what problems could that create? So it could lead to people losing their jobs, which can put people in poverty because they don't have enough money to live.

It can lead to very quiet high streets.

Now, often TNCs, because they're big companies and big stores, they sometimes locate themselves outside of a city centre.

And you have the more smaller shops within a high street.

But if a lot of those smaller businesses shut down, that can mean that the high streets can become very quiet.

And if a quiet high.

Or if there is an area of the high street which is quiet, it can lead to a place looking a bit rundown and not very nice, which can put more people off from going there.

Okay? So if we have a look at the slide here, we can see that quite a few of those businesses have shut down and the area is starting to look a little bit rundown.

So an example of this.

So in Shepton Mallet, which is a town in Somerset, the arrival of a new supermarket led to mixed opinions amongst the residents.

Okay? So let's have a read of them.

So one person has put, "The new supermarket has created new jobs, and it is easier to get all the things I need in one shop." So that's for the new supermarket.

However, this is another person's opinion, "More people are going to the new supermarket.

This has led to the closure of longstanding independent grocers and butchers.

And that has changed the character of the town." Okay? So those nice little shops have shut down, okay? And therefore maybe people aren't going to the high street, which can make an area feel not as nice as it used to.

Okay, let's check our understanding.

So true or false? Globalisation can negatively impact on local businesses.

That is true.

And can you tell me why? So local businesses may struggle to compete with TNCs.

This can lead to them shutting down.

Okay, so well done if you've got that correct.

Okay, so for task B, what I would like you to do is state your opinion of a new supermarket in your local town from two different perspectives.

And I want you to explain why you feel that way.

So the first person I would like you to yourself in their shoes is a shop owner in your local town.

So imagine if you are a shop owner, a new supermarket is coming in, what do you think about it? Okay? And then want you to put yourself in the perspective of a young adult looking for work.

Okay? A new supermarket is coming in, so you're gonna be happy about it or not? Okay? So what do you think? Have a go at those speech bubbles.

Okay, now I've put my answers for these, but by no means did you have to write what I have put.

I am very worried about the opening of the new supermarket.

I am worried that more people are going to go there as it may be easier and cheaper than going to my shop.

This may mean that I will struggle to compete and may lose business.

I'm worried that if my business doesn't make enough money, I'm not going to be able to pay all of my bills.

Okay, so that's a shop owner in your local town.

And I can imagine that if a new supermarket was coming in that local shop owners would be very concerned about that.

Now, we've got the opinion of a young adult looking for work.

I'm looking forward to the new supermarket opening.

First, I'm looking forward to having a wider variety of food to buy.

I am also hoping I may be able to get a job.

I have heard the new supermarket will have over 100 jobs going.

This would be great if I could get a job there as I'm struggling to find work at the moment.

Okay? So that's a more positive view of the new supermarket.

What did your answers look like compared to mine? Okay, so we're onto our final learning cycle for today, is we are thinking about how can globalisation affect culture? Okay? Now, before we look at that, we're gonna make sure that we understand what culture means.

So I want you to pause the video and discuss with your partner, what do you think culture includes? Okay, let's have a look.

So culture can include lots of things, including food, the arts, language, religion, social structures, education, clothing, and different traditions.

Okay? So there's loads of different things that culture encompasses, but it's basically about how we live our lives, what we interact with, what we do.

Now, globalisation can lead to a loss of cultural identity as global influences dominate through media, technology, and TNCs.

Okay? So everybody's got their identity, so how they identify themselves.

Now, within that, it is very likely to be different cultures.

So what religion they believe in? Or what language they speak? What foods they have? Now, globalisation can lead to the erosion of some of these things.

Okay, so we're gonna look at how it can do that.

Now, in general, it tends to be western cultures which are dominating.

So it's the spreading of Western cultures around the world, which is leading to an erosion of other cultures.

Now, what we mean by western culture, it refers to the values, traditions, and practises that originated in Europe.

However, now it's also associated with societies of North America.

So that's the USA and Canada and parts of Oceania, so mostly Australia and New Zealand.

Okay, let's check our understanding.

So what does culture include? And you can tick all that apply.

Okay, so culture includes religion, food, fashion, but not geology.

Geology is a natural factor.

So we're gonna look at some examples of Western cultures which are spreading.

So first of all, language.

So English, French, and Spanish have become global languages.

And this has led to reduction in other languages spoken worldwide.

So especially through the process of colonisation where European countries went and took over in other parts of the world, that also led to the spread of that language.

Now, very sadly, over time, this has caused a reduction in some of the original languages in those countries spoken.

Another example is food.

So global fast food chains such as McDonald's and Starbucks have spreading, offering similar menus, and as a result, traditional diets are being influenced.

Okay, so we see these companies in different parts of the world.

So yes, we all love to.

Well, we don't all, but a lot of people like to go to McDonald's for a burger.

And that is the same in lots of countries around the world.

But that means the more people that buy food from those TNCs, the less food that they're going to eat at their own traditional culture.

Okay? So another example is music and popular culture.

So the use of platforms such as Spotify and YouTube has led to more people listening to Western pop music such as Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran.

Okay? So again, we are listening to similar artists from all around the world.

That may mean that we don't listen to as much of our traditional music, or there's less traditional music, which is being listened to.

And finally, fashion.

So fashion TNCs such as H&M, Zara, and Nike promote a uniform style, okay? So we could buy items of clothing or the exact same items of clothing in different countries around the world.

And that means that people are doing that.

So you might see someone in a completely different country wearing exactly the same outfit.

This means that people are wearing similar clothes all around the world.

Okay? Now that can lead to cities looking more similar, okay? If people are wearing similar clothes, we go into a city and everyone's wearing.

Well, not exactly the same clothes, that would be very strange, but similar clothes, okay? And that can lead to cities beginning to look similar.

Now, geographers call the loss of cultural identities in cities placelessness, okay? So it means that a city and a totally different country can look very, very similar to another one.

Okay? So for example, the buildings can look similar, they're often quite high rise buildings like skyscrapers.

Shops and businesses can be similar, so you'll have the same sort of TMCs such as McDonald's, Zara, H&M, Starbucks.

The fast food restaurants are the same and people are wearing similar clothes.

Okay, so let's check our understanding.

True or false? Globalisation can lead to cities looking at the same.

That is true.

Can you tell me why? As Western culture spread, this has led to cities having similar buildings, shops, and restaurants.

So well done if you got that correct.

Okay, we're onto our final task for the lesson.

So what I'd like to do here is state how globalisation has led to a loss of cultural identity in these areas.

, so food, language, and clothing.

Pause the video and have a go at that task.

Okay.

Now, your second question for this is I'd like to use these photographs.

You've got one of New York in the United States on the left and you've got Tokyo on the right in Japan.

So using the photographs, you are going to explain how globalisation can lead to cities looking similar.

See if you can pick bits of evidence from the photographs to include in your answer.

Okay, let's have a look at mine for this.

So my answer for food could have been the spread of fast food chains such as McDonald's and Starbucks have led to people eating similar food around the world.

Language, English, for example, is now spoken all around the world, which has led to a lower diversity in languages spoken.

And people all over the world are wearing clothing brands such as H&M and Zara.

So well done if got those correct.

And for the second question, I've put here, the photographs show New York and Tokyo, even though these cities are in completely different continents, they have many similarities.

Globalisation has led to many cities having similar buildings, shops, restaurants, and even people wearing similar clothes.

Geographers call this placelessness.

So it might be worth pausing the video and seeing if you can add any extra detail to your own answer.

Okay, we have got a summary for today's lesson, and it's been quite a big one.

So globalisation can increase global warming.

Globalisation can lead to environmental impacts on a local scale, including soil, water, and air pollution.

Local businesses are often out competed by TNCs, leading them to close down.

Globalisation can lead to a loss in cultural diversity and globalisation has been blamed for creating a more uniform culture around the world, creating cities which look the same.

Now, well done for today's lesson.

You've done a great job.

Now that's also the final lesson of the globalisation topic.

So you did an absolutely brilliant work because there's quite a lot of tricky topics and kind of theories to get your head around, so good work.

That's it for me, and I'll see you next time.

Bye.