Hello, historians, and welcome to today's history lesson.

I'm Mr. Moss, and I'm incredibly passionate about history and I can't wait to teach you today.

With you today, you need to bring your looking eyes, your listening ears, and your thinking brains.

As well as that, someone or something to talk to would be excellent, and having something to write on and write with would also be really helpful.

All right, let's get straight into today's history lesson then.

I can't wait.

Our lesson today will be about factories in Britain during the Victorian times.

Our outcome will be, I can describe how factories change Britain during Victorian times.

Here are the key words for today's learning.

My turn, your turn.

Make sure I can hear you saying these back to me.

Factories, chimneys, and spire.

So let's have a chat about what these words mean.

A factory, large buildings full of machines where people work making things are called factories.

The use of factories increase dramatically during the Victorian period as it overlapped with the Industrial Revolutions.

Chimneys extend out of the roof of a building.

They carry smoke from a fire inside the building and allow it to be released into the sky.

Factories were powered by steam and thus needed chimneys to release smoke.

The steam engines that powered the machines in a factory would often be powered by coal.

This coal would give off smoke, and thus the chimneys would allow the smoke to escape the factory.

And a spire is a tall, narrow, pointed structure usually on top of a church tower.

This is different to a chimney.

It is not being used to release a smoke.

So today we are looking at these factories during Victorian times.

They had a huge impact on Victorian society and living, and we're going to look at this in the first learning cycle, and then we're going to consider what Victorian people thought about the changes that these factories have brought to society in our second learning cycle.

So let's get on and have a look at how did factories change Victorian living.

So here is an image of a factory.

This is an illustration, in fact, in 1857, so during the Victorian era.

While Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom, lots of new buildings called factories were built in cities all around the country.

What strikes me in particular about these factories is their scale, their size.

They're very large buildings, and, in particular, their height.

You can see here they have many windows and they have these chimney stacks, don't they? And from the chimney stack, you can see some billowing smoke.

Inside these factories would've been lots of machines, but also workers working the machines.

The Victorian era was during and overlapped with the Industrial Revolutions.

During this time, machinery overtook hand labour.

Factories were set up to house these machines to produce lots of different materials.

We're gonna be looking at the materials that were produced in this lesson.

Factories were huge buildings then that contain lots of machines for making things.

Here is an illustration of a cotton factory in the city of Manchester.

These factories were set up in large urban areas, in cities, and many people moved from the rural countryside areas to find work there, increasing the size of these cities.

This is actually an image from a factory that was pre Queen Victoria in 1829.

As I said, there is an overlap of the Industrial Revolution between the beginning and end of Queen Victoria's reign.

The first Industrial Revolution had begun before reign, and the second Industrial Revolution began during her reign.

So things that were made in factories in Victorian times included cotton.

The material itself was brought from all across the British Empire, which at this point was a global empire.

Soap, matchsticks, and items made of metal were also produced inside these factories.

They were huge buildings that required many people to work in them.

I wonder who might have worked in these factories then.

Well, factories could be seen for miles around because they were so large compared to the other buildings at the time, and they usually had many tall chimneys.

You can see our chimneys labelled here.

These are the tall, thin, and long things that are extending out of the top of the factory, and you can see the smoke billowing out of them.

At the time then, the cities which housed these factories would've been quite polluted.

The smoke that was released from the factories could've created a smog that covered the cities.

This would not have been very good for the people living in the city.

So I'd like you to look carefully at these pictures.

We have an image of a library during the Victorian era, we have an image of a factory, and we have an image of a shop, all from the Victorian era.

Which of these pictures of Victorian life shows a place where things are made? Select the correct picture now.

Off you go.

Great job, team.

Well A is a library.

We're thinking of a place where things are made and produced, where goods can be produced.

A library is a place where you would go to learn to read.

It's not a place where something is made.

A factory though is a place where things are made.

Remember, in the Victorian era, factories would produce things like cotton, soap, matchsticks, and metal items. They were huge buildings where many workers would go to use machines to create things.

And a shop, a shop is where those goods that were made in factories, like matchsticks and soap, could be sold.

A shop is not where things are made, but where things are sold, where money is exchanged for goods.

So the picture that shows where things were made in the Victorian era are factories.

Factories needed lots of people to work the machines and to help make products, those goods, things like cotton, soap, matchsticks, and metal.

Many people, including men, women, and children, went to work in factories in the Victorian era.

It may surprise you to know that children as young as you would've been working in factories.

We can see from this painting, we can see children, a young girl there at the front, and a woman working in a cotton factory.

These machines were very open and could be incredibly dangerous.

In fact, it was not uncommon for people working these factories to get injured by their limbs being caught in the machines.

As the Victorian era developed, laws became to be introduced that protected people from working in factories, specifically children.

People who lived in the countryside and had very little money, so people that were in the lower class of Victorian society, began to move into the cities to look for factories to work in, and to start what they thought would be a better life, a better life in the sense that there will be work, and money, and a place for their family to live.

This illustration shows hundreds of workers going to a factory in 1868.

You can see the factory in the background, a huge building which would contain those machines that these workers would go and use.

So during the Victorian era, people began to move from the rural countryside areas towards the urban city areas to find work in these new factories.

Why did people move from the countryside to the city in Victorian times? Was it to go to school, to get jobs working in factories, or to go on holiday? Pause the video now and select the correct answer.

Okay, team, well done.

You've clearly been paying lots of attention.

Well, there would've been schools often attached to factories, but that's not the reason why people move from the countryside to the cities.

To get jobs working in factories, yes.

We've learned about this, haven't we? People would move from the countryside to the city because the cities were where the factories were being set up, and this offered work for people.

It was not to go on holiday.

It was to find work in factories.

So what I'd like you to do now is look carefully at this picture for me.

This is a piece of art called "Iron Works, Coalbrook Dale" by William Pickett, who's a very famous artist of the time.

You can see in the background the iron works with their chimneys, and iron works is a place where metal and iron in this instance was forged and turned into a material that could be used for building.

Look carefully at the picture for me.

The man on his horse in the foreground has packed up his life and is heading towards an iron factory.

You can see he has his dog with him.

He's on top of a horse.

And in a sled behind him, he's pulling all of his belongings.

He's leaving the countryside and moving to find work in the iron works.

I wonder what his story could be.

What might happen next? I wonder what his job was.

I wonder what job he's hoping to find.

I wonder why he's moving.

Share your ideas with a learning partner.

Consider what we've looked at so far about how factories changed Victorian society, how they changed where people lived.

Pause the video, share your ideas with your partner now.

Off you go.

Brilliant job, team.

So I heard some incredible answers being given there.

You've really considered the learning from this learning cycle so far.

I heard many answers, but your answer could have included the man left his home in the countryside where he was living before.

He's taken all of his things, his horse, and his dog, and he's hoping to go and find a better life.

He's hoping to go and find work in a factory.

He's going to work in the iron factory in the background to earn money.

He's hoping to find a job there.

He'll have to work hard in his new job.

The work in an iron factory would've been very difficult and potentially dangerous with all of the machinery that was in it.

So we've considered how factories change Victorian living.

The fact that people moved from the countryside to cities to find work in factories.

These factories were huge buildings that contain machines.

So now we're going to look at what the Victorian people at the time thought of these changes.

Did they think they were good changes? Did they think they were bad changes? And we're going to look at some sources of evidence from the time, and infer what we can tell from these sources about how people felt.

So we know a lot about changes that happened during the Victorian times because we have evidence from the time.

And the Victorian era was an incredible era of rapid and radical change.

Some evidence comes from paintings, like those by William Wyld.

Queen Victoria asked William Wyld to paint many pictures of her country for her.

This is a photograph of the painter and illustrator, William Wyld.

We're going to look at one of his paintings now, and we're going to consider what we can tell about factories and the change to Victorian society that they brought about.

Here is one of his most famous paintings.

It is called "Manchester from Kersal Moor." And moor is an open hilly area.

And from this hilly area, we can see some people on the left hand side overlooking the city of Manchester from a distance.

Take a moment.

I wonder what you can see in the distance.

Consider what you just learned about.

We've been considering factories today.

What can you see in the distance? Brilliant looking.

Well, I can see some factories in the distance.

I can see a large urban area, a city.

I can also see what I think might be some spires, things that aren't chimneys, but I can see lots of chimneys as well, which means there must be lots of factories there, which means there's lots of things being produced in this city.

From those chimneys, I can see some smoke billowing out.

Perhaps this is creating some pollution.

How do we know that there are factories in Manchester? Look carefully again at the painting and share your ideas with a learning partner.

I know there are factories in Manchester because.

Off you go and talk to your partner.

Brilliant.

Well, we know that there are factories in Manchester because we can see lots of chimneys.

These chimneys are allowing the smoke that is being caused by the fires that are powering those steam machines within the factories to escape.

Paintings like this one made cities look really nice.

We see the way the light is catching the city.

We have this lovely green area overlooking the city.

It makes the ugly factory chimneys actually from the distance look quite pretty because they are in sunlight next to churches with tall spires.

We can see here the people are looking out at the city in wonder at the changes taking place.

This is supposed to show that this revolution of factories being built and of production is making the changes that were happening at the time look good.

So what I'd like you to do now is look at the painting and find a chimney and a spire.

Remember that a chimney is an extension from the top of a factory that allowed smoke to escape, and that spire is a tall, narrow, pointed structure, usually on top of a church.

Look carefully now.

How many examples of chimneys and spires can you find? Off you go.

Brilliant job.

Here are some of the examples that I found.

I could spot at least three chimneys there, but there are many more allowing the smoke to billow out.

And you can see many spires, which shows that there were many probably churches within the city of Manchester at the time as well.

Remember that William Wyld here was sort of trying to show those chimneys alongside these spires, and to make these modern factories look like a good thing.

Remember, we have these figures looking out over the city in wonder at the change that is occurring.

But not everybody in Victorian society thought that the changes to their cities were good.

Other artists created very different types of pictures of the Victorian cities, like Gustave Dore, who made pictures by engraving them into woods.

And here is an image of Gustave here from 1832.

One of Gustav's pictures is called "Over London By Rail," and you can see it's an engraving here.

It shows a steam train on a track above an area of the city of London.

Look carefully at the picture for me.

What can you see? How does it look? Take some time now to look at the image.

If we compare this to William Wyld's painting, this is a far more up close and personal image of what living in one of these industrial cities would've been like.

London at the time had become incredibly industrial.

William Wyld's painting from a distance made Manchester look almost beautiful, whereas here we have an up close and personal take on the grimy polluted city that is London.

If we look at the picture of our learning partner, what can you see? Look carefully.

Consider who you can see, what types of buildings can see, how the people are gathered together, what things you can see on the buildings, what you can see above them.

Take some time now and share your ideas.

Brilliant, I love to see us thinking like historians.

It's really important that when we take a source like this, we really think deeply about what we can see and what it can tell us about the time.

So here are some of the things that I'd spotted.

I can see some chimneys coming from these buildings, not as large as the chimneys that would be coming out of factories, but still they would increase pollution nonetheless.

we can see the houses here terraced and crammed together.

In the gardens, the very small gardens, we can see some clothes lines.

Interestingly, outside the back of the houses, we can see the outhouses.

These would've been used as toilets during the time.

In each of those backyards or gardens, we can see lots of people crammed together.

Perhaps this shows us that huge and large numbers of people were living together in these cramped and small spaces.

On the other side, we can see yet more houses again crammed together terraced houses.

And above we can see a steam train travelling over the houses.

This would've increased pollution too, and been very noisy.

So pictures like this one showed Victorian cities very differently to the one that William Wyld painted.

There are lots of houses built very close together, crowded with people who were living in very poor, cramped conditions.

These were the same people that would've gone to work in the factories.

Pictures like this one showed that Victorian cities were polluted and dirty.

From a distance, they may have looked almost pretty and beautiful, but overcrowding, dirt, and pollution made lots of the people in these cities very unwell.

These were the lower class people working these low paid jobs in factories.

Some people in Victorian times were happy about the new factories that were being built.

If you were a factory owner and you were making lots of money from the products that you were producing, you would've been very happy, but other people did not like them.

Other people saw the conditions that they created and the pollution that they created, and didn't think that they would be very good for society.

So true or false.

London looks like a very nice city in Gustave Dore's picture "Over London By Rail." Okay, good job, team.

You've clearly been paying lots of attention.

Absolutely.

This statement is false.

The picture makes Victorian London look poor, dirty, and overcrowded.

We looked carefully, didn't we? At those crowded houses with chimneys, the number of people living there, the filth and squalor that people would've lived in, and the fact it was so close to a polluting train line.

So for our practise task now, what I'd like you to do is to look again at both of the pictures showing Victorian cities.

We have William Wyld's view of Manchester from Kersal Moor, and we have Gustave Dore's image of London.

Talk to a learning partner or me.

Compare the two pictures.

What do they tell us about life in cities in Victorian times? Pause the video now.

Consider what we can learn from these sources at the time about what life in Victorian cities at the time was like filled with these factories.

Off you go.

Great job, team.

I'm so impressed.

So you've looked carefully at both of the pictures.

Your answers could have included, in the first picture, the city looks pretty and attractive with sunlight on the tall factory chimneys and the church spires.

But in the second picture, Gustave's picture, the city looks dirty and overcrowded with people and houses.

It doesn't look nice at all.

And so from our learning today, we know that these two images are in line with those two different views of cities and factories during the Victorian era.

Some people thought that they were very good and showed progress.

However, others saw that they created conditions that weren't very good for people and increased pollution.

So today we've been looking at factories in Britain During Victorian times.

Lots of factories were built in cities around the country during the Victorian times.

These factories produced many goods that could be sold.

Many people moved from the countryside to the city to go and find work in factories.

Some people thought the changes in cities were good, but not everyone agreed.

We can use art from the time to show us the different ways that people saw city life in Victorian times.

We've looked at an image that showed the factories in a positive light, and we've looked at an image that showed factories and cities in a negative light as crowded and polluted places that weren't good for people.

Keep up the great history learning and I'll see you again soon.