Hello, my name is Mrs. Tipping, and I'm really looking forward to learning with you today all about Britain's settlement by Anglo-Saxons: what changed after the Romans left? So shall we get started? Let's go.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to describe the different groups that lived in the British Isles at the end of Roman rule in Britain.

So before we start, shall we have a look at some keywords? We're going to be using these keywords during the lesson, so it might be a good idea to write these words down.

The keywords we'll be using today are Hadrian's Wall, frontier, Romano-British, and Romanization.

I'm going to say those again, and I'd like you to repeat them after me.

Hadrian's Wall, frontier, Romano-British, Romanization.

Well done for repeating those.

So let's think in more detail about what these keywords mean.

Here are some definitions for our keywords.

Hadrian's Wall was a long wall the Romans built in the north of England to defend it from Celtic tribes.

A frontier is the edge of a place where people live or the border of a state or an empire's land.

Romano-British culture is a mix of Roman and old British ways of living, and Romanization is when people started living and acting like the Romans did.

So pause the video here to make a note of the keywords, and when you're ready to continue, press play.

These are the learning cycles that we'll be working through together in today's lesson.

There are three learning cycles: the last attacks on Roman Britain, the departure of the Romans, and Romano-British culture.

We're going to explore firstly the last attacks on Roman Britain.

In the year 367 CE, Britain experienced a fierce challenge.

Two Celtic tribes, the Scots, who came from Ireland, and the Picts, who came from Scotland, combined forces to attack Roman Britain.

Imagine the chaos as two mighty Celtic armies attempted to fight against a Roman army that continued getting smaller and smaller.

Roman troops were being called to fight in other places in the Roman Empire, and so they had to leave Britain, but despite their efforts and the changing size of the Roman army, the Scots and Picts did not succeed and were defeated in battle by the Romans.

The Romans managed to keep control of Britain because they had much better weapons and tactics than the Scots and Picts.

These two Celtic tribes had not fought against the Romans together before, so they were nowhere near as experienced or skilled enough to win.

However, this challenge was one of the last attacks on Roman Britain as their rule did not last for much longer.

Let's take a moment to think.

The Picts and Scots came from Rome to attack Britain.

Is that true or false? Hmm.

Take a moment to think about that.

If you said that's false, that's absolutely correct.

Well done.

How would we justify our answer, I wonder? If we were to justify our answer, would we say the Picts came from England and the Scots came from Scotland, or the Picts came from Scotland and the Scots came from Ireland? Talk to your partner.

What do you think? Which one helps to justify our answer? If you said that the Picts came from Scotland and the Scots came from Ireland, you're absolutely right.

Well done, and I know it can be a bit confusing because Scots and Scotland, they're quite similar, aren't they? So well done if you got that right.

Here's another question.

The Romans defeated the Picts and the Scots in 367 CE.

Is that true or false? Hmm.

Have a moment to think.

That was indeed true.

Well done if you got that correct.

So if we were to justify our answer, the Romans defeated them even though the armies of the Picts and the Scots fought together.

The Romans defeated them because the Picts and the Scots fought separately.

Have a discussion with your partner.

Can you remember? What do you think? Were the Scots and Picts fighting together or were they fighting separately? How would we justify our answer that the Romans defeated the Picts and Scots? If you said the Romans defeated them even though the armies of the Picts and Scots fought together, that's absolutely right.

Well done.

That brings us to our first learning task for this lesson.

You need to grab a pen and some paper, so be sure to be ready with those, and I'd like you to write a sentence to explain why the Romans were able to defeat the Picts and Scots, even though they had two armies and the Romans only had one.

So pause the video and take as much time as you need to write that sentence, and when you're ready, press play to continue.

How did that go? Well, let's take a look at a sentence you could have written.

It could have been something like this.

The Romans were able to defeat the Picts and the Scots because they had better weapons and tactics and the two tribes had not fought together against the Romans before.

Well done for completing that learning task and if you got a sentence something similar to that.

Let's move on to the second part of this lesson.

Let's look at the departure of the Romans.

Hadrian's Wall was a magnificent structure built by the Romans that was over 70 miles long.

You can see in the image there some of the remains of Hadrian's Wall.

The wall was built to protect the Romans' northern frontier, the furthest point north that the Roman Empire stretched in Britain.

It marked the border between Roman-controlled Britain and the land of the Celtic tribes further north, but as with all great empires, change was inevitable.

The outposts and watchtowers that were once busy were soon quiet as the last Roman soldiers left Britain and Hadrian's Wall in 401 CE, 200 years after it had been built.

The Roman soldiers had continued to leave Britain because of arguments between Roman rulers about how the Roman Empire should be run and because of attacks from other tribes in Europe.

This left Britain at a very important moment in history.

What would happen now the Romans were gone? Let's pause and check our understanding.

What was Hadrian's Wall built to defend? Was it built to defend the Roman city of London, the northern frontier of Roman Britain, or the home of an important Roman called Hadrian? So if you'd like to have a discussion with your partner, maybe pause the video for a moment.

Which was the reason that Hadrian's Wall was built? What was it built to defend? If you selected the northern frontier of Roman Britain, that's absolutely right.

Well done.

Let's look at this second question.

Why did the Roman soldiers leave Hadrian's Wall? Was it because they were defeated in battle by the Picts and Scots, they were needed elsewhere in the Roman Empire, or they thought the wall would be enough to stop attackers? Hmm, I wonder.

Have a little think.

Well, the Romans left Hadrian's Wall because they were needed elsewhere in the Roman Empire.

Well done if you remembered that.

This brings us to our second learning task.

I'd like you to pause the video here to give yourself enough time to complete the sentences using the words below.

So you could write the sentences out in full on a piece of paper or you could talk to your partner about which words go where and read those sentences out loud to your partner.

So we have "The Romans built, to protect its northern.

The Roman soldiers left, in 401 CE because they were, elsewhere." And the words below we've got are Ireland, needed, defeated, Hadrian's Wall, and frontier.

Pause the video now, and when you're ready to continue, press play.

Okay, let's take a look at what those missing gaps should have in them.

"The Romans built Hadrian's Wall to protect its northern frontier.

The Roman soldiers left Hadrian's Wall in 401 CE because they were needed elsewhere." Well done if you managed to find the correct words to fill those gaps.

This brings us to the final section of our lesson.

We're going to look at Romano-British culture.

Even with most of the Romans gone, their influence on Britain stayed.

When the Romans had arrived in Britain, much of south-east England and the Midlands experienced Romanization, which meant the people living there started following some Roman traditions.

These areas developed a unique Romano-British culture, a mix of the local Celtic and Roman traditions.

There are lots of examples of Roman culture that still remain today.

The Roman baths, like the ones in the English city of Bath, were not just places for staying clean but were also places to meet with friends and relax.

The language the Romans used was called Latin, and it had mixed with local languages in Britain.

This led to the use of many words we still use today in English.

The mix of cultures can also be seen in Romano-British mosaics, which mix the Roman style of art with local designs and stories.

Even the houses in Britain changed.

Wealthy Romans lived in Roman-style villas which were built with materials from Britain, and some even had a Roman version of central heating called a hypocaust.

Life in Roman Britain was not exactly like life in Rome or the rest of the Roman Empire because although some parts of Britain took on Romano-British culture, others kept their Celtic traditions.

For example, places like Wales, the north and the south-west of England were less Roman and more Celtic.

The main tribe in Scotland, the Celtic Picts, also had their own culture.

They were known for their unique symbols and strong fighting skills.

Not everywhere in Britain experienced Romanization, and the island was home to lots of different groups and cultures.

While the Romano-British culture was present in south-east England and in the Midlands, in Scotland, Ireland and south-west England, the tribes there had their own culture.

The Picts were the main tribe in Scotland, known for their unique symbols and strong fighting skills.

The main tribe in Ireland were the Scots.

They were seafarers who used their boats for trading or raiding.

In south-west England, the main tribe was the Dumnonii, who who were skilled in farming and mining.

Let's take a moment to pause.

That was a lot of information about the different tribes and about Romanization.

Let's look at this statement.

Wales was less influenced by Romanization than other areas.

Was that true or false? Take a moment to think.

That was indeed true.

Wales was less influenced by Romanization than other areas.

How do we justify our answer? Well, Romano-British culture was found in south-west Britain and in Scotland, or Romano-British culture was found in south-east Britain and in the Midlands.

Which of those two sentences justifies our answer? Talk to your partner, and when you're ready, let's have a look at what the answer may be.

If you said that Romano-British culture was found in south-east Britain and in the Midlands, you are correct.

Well done.

Let's take a look at this second question.

Scotland had a Romano-British culture.

Is that true or false? Scotland had a Romano-British culture.

Hmm.

That is false.

How can we justify our answer? Hmm.

The Celtic Scots controlled parts of Scotland, or the Celtic Picts controlled parts of Scotland? Have a discussion with your partner.

Which do you think of these sentences helps to justify our answer? If you remembered that it's the Celtic Picts that controlled parts of Scotland, well done.

We have now reached the final learning task of this lesson.

So I would like you to pause the video here to give yourself enough time to add labels to the map of Britain to show which areas had Romano-British culture and which areas had Celtic culture.

Now, if you'd like to, you could draw a rough image of the map if you'd like, but you don't have to and it doesn't need to be perfect, or you could just write out the keywords on the map and draw an arrow to label each of them.

So we have Scotland, Midlands, Wales, South-East, and South-West.

Those are the words that you need to label to show whether they had Romano-British culture or Celtic culture.

So pause the video now, and when you're ready, press play to continue.

How did that go? Let's have a look, shall we? So Scotland still had Celtic culture, in the Midlands, there was a Romano-British culture, in the South-East, a Romano-British culture, in Wales, a Celtic culture, and in the South-West, a Celtic culture.

How interesting that that Celtic culture is up towards the top, the north of the map, and towards the south of the map, and then we have that middle and South-East there with the Romano-British culture.

Well done for completing that learning task.

Before we finish this lesson, let's summarise what we have learned about Britain at the end of Roman rule.

In 367 CE, the Scots and Picts came together to attack the Romans, but were defeated.

In 401 CE, the last Roman legionaries left Hadrian's Wall.

Much of south-east England and the Midlands had a Romano-British culture, but Wales and the north and south-west of England had less Romanization.

Scotland was mostly controlled by the Picts and had a Celtic culture.

Thank you for joining me in this lesson today, and I really look forward to seeing you for the next lesson.

See you next time.