Hello, my name is Mrs. Tipping, and I am really looking forward to learning with you today all about the Anglo-Saxons.

And we're going to explore the question, how do we know about life in Anglo-Saxon England? So shall we get started? Let's go.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to describe the different sources of evidence that historians have used to uncover life in Anglo-Saxon Britain.

Now, before we start, I would like to introduce you to some key words.

We'll be using these key words during the lesson, so it might be a good idea to write these words down.

The keywords we'll be using today are modern, enquiry, infer, insight.

I'm going to say those again and I would like to repeat them after me.

Modern, enquiry, infer, insight.

Good job, now let's think in more detail about what these keywords mean.

Here are the definitions for each of those keywords.

When something is described as modern, it means it relates to the present time, not the past.

An enquiry is a search for information or truth by asking questions.

To infer something means to make conclusions based on evidence and reasoning.

Insight is an accurate or deep understanding of something.

Pause the video here to make a note of these keywords.

And when you are ready to continue, press play.

These are the learning cycles that we'll be working through together in today's lesson.

Enquiry and inferences, uncovering Anglo-Saxon life.

In the first learning cycle, we will explore enquiry and inferences.

Now, modern historians are like detectives.

They use different types of historical sources to ask questions about the past.

Asking these questions marks the beginning of a historical enquiry.

And each type of historical source used in an enquiry can result in different historians all asking different questions.

So let's take a moment to pause here.

Is this statement true or false? Historians can only use one source during an enquiry.

Is that true or false? What do you think? If you said that that is false, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

Now looking at these two statements.

Now looking at these two statements, which helps to justify your answer.

Historians can use multiple sources, but can only ask one question about each source.

Historians can use multiple sources and ask different questions about sources.

Hmm, I wonder.

Pause the video here and have a discussion with your partner which of these two statements helps to justify your answer.

And press play when you are ready to continue.

What did you think? If you said, historians can use multiple sources and ask different questions about sources? You are absolutely right.

Well done.

An example, when examining the Sutton Hoo helmet, one historian might ask questions about what it was used for or why it was important, whereas another historian might ask what it is made from or when it was made.

Historical enquiries are very exciting as they can lead to all sorts of amazing discoveries about what life was like long ago.

One way that modern historians can answer enquiry questions is by making inferences.

This means to make an educated guess based on evidence.

Let's take a moment here to pause and check our understanding.

Can you match the key words to their correct definitions? So we have enquiry, infer, modern and the definitions to make conclusions based on evidence and reasoning.

A search for information or truth by asking questions, something that relates to the present time, not the past.

Take a moment here.

Pause the video and have a go at matching the keywords to their correct definitions and press play when you are ready to continue.

How did that go? Shall we take a look at the answers? So an enquiry is a search for information or truth by asking questions.

To infer means to make conclusions based on evidence and reasoning.

And modern is something that relates to the present time, not the past.

Well done if you matched those correctly.

So historians can make inferences.

That's how they answer enquiry questions.

So for instance, when looking at the Sutton Hoo helmet, historians can make inferences about the helmet and its owner by using evidence from the source itself, like the materials used or the decorations it has, as well as evidence from other sources from the same time period.

Different historians will come up with different answers to enquiry questions, and they do not have to agree with each other.

However, what is important is that historians back up their answers with evidence.

For instance, some historians may infer that the Sutton Hoo helmet was used in battle and it was buried in the grave because the owner was a great warrior.

They may give this answer because other weapons were also found in the grave alongside the helmet.

On the other hand, a different historian may infer that the helmet was not used in battle and was instead only made as decoration to represent the grave owner was a warrior.

They might give this answer because the helmets had lots of decoration on and was made from bronze, which was not similar to other Anglo-Saxon helmets at the time.

So you can see we have two different historians with two different inferences on this artefact.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Historians do not always agree on what they can infer from a source.

Is that true or false? What do you think? If you said that that's true, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

Now looking at these two statements which would help to justify your answer, historians can infer different things from the same artefact depending on what evidence they use.

Historians cannot tell anything from an artefact from a long time ago as it will be too damaged.

Pause the video here and have a discussion with your partner.

Which of these two statements helps to justify your answer and press play when you are ready to continue.

What did you think? If you said, historians can infer different things from the same artefact depending on what evidence they use, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

Now here's another true or false question.

Some historians have inferred that the Sutton Hoo helmet was used in battle and was buried alongside a great warrior.

Is that statement true or false? What do you think? If you said that that is true, that's correct.

Well done.

Now looking at these two statements which would help to justify your answer, the helmet had lots of decoration on and was made from bronze.

Other weapons were also found in the grave alongside the helmet.

So pause the video here, have a discussion with your partner, and think about which of these two statements helps to justify your answer and press play when you are ready to continue.

How did you get on? If you said that other weapons were also found in the grave alongside the helmet, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

This brings us to our first learning task, Aisha's statement about the Sutton Hoo helmet below is correct.

Explain to your partner why she is correct using evidence to support your answer.

Try to use these words in your answer.

Inferences, other weapons, detailed designs, bronze.

Aisha says historians have made different inferences about the Sutton Hoo helmet.

Some historians think it was used in battle.

Other historians think it was just a decoration and used as a symbol to show the owner was a good warrior.

So pause the video here and have a discussion with your partner and explain to them why Aisha is correct using evidence to support your answer, and press play when you are ready to continue.

How did that go? Shall we take a look at an example? So your answer could include, Aisha's statement is correct because the historians have used different evidence to support their inferences.

Some historians used the evidence that other weapons were also found in the grave.

Other historians used the evidence that the helmet has lots of detailed designs and is made from bronze.

Well done for completing that learning task.

We're now ready to move on to the second part of this lesson.

We are going to explore uncovering Anglo-Saxon life.

Throughout an enquiry about the Anglo-Saxons, modern historians piece together clues from various sources to build a better picture of Anglo-Saxon life.

By examining artefacts and written records, they can uncover an infer more about the Anglo-Saxons.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Where does most of our modern knowledge and insight about the Anglo-Saxons come from? Writing, artefacts, stories and myths.

Pause the video here and have a think about the answer to this question and press play when you are ready to continue.

If you said most of our knowledge comes from artefacts, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

The sources that give historians insight into the Anglo-Saxon period are mostly artefacts like weapons, jewellery, coins, and pottery.

Weapons and items used in fighting and war, such as the Sutton Hoo helmet and sword.

Give an insight into the importance of warfare in Anglo-Saxon society.

Similarly, coins provide insight into Anglo-Saxon trade as the discovered coins tell historians that the Anglo-Saxons used money for trading.

Historians can also use the same sources to give different insights.

For example, a lot of beautiful and detailed jewellery was found at the Sutton Hoo site.

The craftsmanship and materials used in this jewellery given insight into the skills of Anglo-Saxon craftspeople.

However, the jewellery also gives insight into Anglo-Saxon trade as some of the jewellery at Sutton Hoo contained garnets, a red coloured jewel, which did not come from Britain, which suggests that the Anglo-Saxons must have traded with people in other parts of the world.

Can you see that photo of an Anglo-Saxon pendant there with those red garnets? Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Which of the following provides insight into Anglo-Saxon trade, Anglo-Saxon coins, Anglo-Saxon jewellery, or the Sutton Hoo helmet? So pause the video here, have a discussion with your partner and press play when you are ready to continue.

What did you think? If you said Anglo-Saxon coins and Anglo-Saxon jewellery, you are absolutely right, well done.

Now, historians can also use written sources in their enquiries.

However, there are only a few written sources from the Anglo-Saxon period as not many Anglo-Saxons could read or write.

Additionally, a lot of Anglo-Saxon written sources have been destroyed over time.

Luckily, some written sources did survive, like the manuscripts written by Bede, an Anglo-Saxon monk.

These manuscripts give historians insights into Anglo-Saxon religion.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Who was Bede? A fierce warrior king who was buried at Sutton Hoo.

A monk who wrote religious manuscripts.

A modern archaeologist who discovered Sutton Hoo.

Pause the video here, have a think who was Bede and press play when you are ready to continue.

What did you think? If you said a monk who wrote religious manuscripts, you are absolutely right, well done.

Now historians can combine different sources together like puzzle pieces to gain even more insights.

For example, by combining Bede's religious manuscripts with the Franks Casket, Historians can learn more about Anglo-Saxon religion.

Bede's manuscript tell historians insights about the Anglo-Saxons' conversion, their change to Christianity and the different ways in which they worshipped.

The Franks casket gives historians insights into how the Anglo-Saxons continue to mix their old Pagan beliefs with their new Christian ones as it contained imagery from both religions.

Burial sites and grave goods are another example of different sources historians can combine.

From these artefacts, historians can infer how the Anglo-Saxons lived, worshipped and what they thought was important.

Together these different sources help historians answer their enquiries and get closer to solving the puzzle about what Anglo-Saxon life was like.

Let's take a moment to pause here.

Which of the following provides insight into Anglo-Saxon religion? The Franks Casket, Anglo-Saxon jewellery, Bede's writing.

Pause the video here and when you're ready to continue, press play.

What did you think? If you said the Franks casket and Bede's writing, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

This brings us to our final learning task.

I'd like you to complete the sentences to show what historians can infer from different sources about the Anglo-Saxons.

So here are some sentence starters for you to continue.

Historians can infer from the Sutton Hoo helmet that.

Historians can infer from Bede's religious manuscripts that.

Historians can infer from the beautiful jewellery found at Sutton Hoo that.

Historians can infer from burial sites and grave goods that.

So complete the sentences to show what historians can infer from those different sources about the Anglo-Saxons.

So what do they tell us? Pause the video here.

Give yourself enough time to complete those sentences and when you are ready to continue, press play.

How did that go? Shall we take a look at some examples? So your answers could include, historians can infer from the Sutton Hoo helmet that warfare was important in Anglo-Saxon society and they were skilled fighters.

Historians can infer from Bede's religious manuscripts that the Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity and that there were different ways in which they were worshipped.

Historians can infer from the beautiful jewellery found at Sutton Hoo that the Anglo-Saxons were skilled craftspeople and they traded with other places in the world.

Historians can infer from burial sites and grave goods that the Anglo-Saxons were buried with items that were important to them.

Well done for completing that learning task.

Before we finish this lesson, let's summarise what we've learned about, what we know about life in Anglo-Saxon England.

Historians ask questions about sources to create enquiries.

Historians often infer things in order to answer their questions and enquiries.

Historians do not always agree with one another as they use different evidence for their inferences.

Most of the insights historians have about the Anglo-Saxons come from artefacts with some knowledge coming from written sources.

By combining different sources, historians can gain a better understanding of Anglo-Saxon life.

Thank you for joining me in this unit of learning all about Anglo-Saxons in England.

I hope you've enjoyed it.

I certainly did.

I hope to see you in the next unit of learning.

See you then.