Hello, my name is Mrs. Tipping, and I'm really looking forward to learning with you today all about significant turning points, and in particular, looking at the question, how did experiences differ during World War II? So shall we get started? Let's go.

By the end of today's lesson, you will be able to describe how nursing saw great change during the Second World War.

Before we start, I would like to introduce you to some keywords.

We'll be using these keywords during the lesson, so it might be a good idea to write these words down.

The keywords we'll be using today are: plastic surgery, Nigeria.

I'm going to say those again and I'd like you to repeat them after me.

Plastic surgery, Nigeria.

Good job.

Now let's think in more detail about what these keywords mean.

Here are the definitions for each of our keywords.

Surgery that involves the reconstruction or repair of the body is called plastic surgery.

Nigeria is a country in West Africa, and at the time of the Second World War was part of the British Empire.

Pause the video here to make a note of these keywords.

And when you are ready to continue, press play.

These are the learning cycles that we will be working through together in today's lesson.

Nurses in Britain, Queen Victoria Hospital, Nurses on the front lines.

In the first learning cycle, we will explore Nurses in Britain.

In 1939, only women could train to be nurses in Britain.

Nursing was an incredibly important job because antibiotics were not available to give to patients, and so good nurses were essential for patient survival.

Training lasted for three years and the pay was very low.

In the first year of training, nurses learned about the human body and hygiene and had to pass exams. They also had to practise skills like dusting, scrubbing mattresses, washing bedsheets, and preparing special diets for patients.

Work was very hard with long hours and most only had one day off a month.

At the beginning of the war, nurses received extra training to treat wounds and burns to prepare for bombing raids.

The Blitz, which was the bombing of British cities, began in September, 1940 and continued for eight months.

Volunteer nurses from organisations like the Red Cross treated small injuries at first aid stations in the streets, but victims with serious injuries filled the hospital wards.

Doctors and nurses had to work very fast for hours on end with no breaks.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Why did nurses receive extra training in 1939? To become doctors? To learn to cook? To prepare for bombing raids? What do you think? If you said that it was to prepare for bombing raids you are absolutely right, well done.

There was a huge demand for blood to help treat civilians affected by the Blitz and for soldiers on the battlefields.

An American, Charles Drew had discovered new methods to store and transport blood, and the British government put him in charge of a campaign called Blood For Britain, US civilians donated blood for the British, and posters encouraged British civilians to donate too.

Nurses were needed to assist with the blood donation, the storage, and the transportation of it, and in giving it to patients on the battlefields.

Let's take a moment to pause here.

Who discovered new methods to store and transport blood during World War II? Charles Darwin, Charles Drew, or Charles Dickens? Hmm.

What do you think? Pause the video here, have a quick discussion with your partner and when you are ready to continue, press play.

What did you think? If you said Charles Drew, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

Even before World War II, many women from places like the Caribbean and African countries would come to Britain to train to be a nurse.

One of these was Princess Omo-Oba Adenrele Ademola.

She was a Nigerian princess and she was the daughter of an important king in the south of Nigeria.

She came to Britain aged 22 and as a nurse at Guys Hospital in London.

Princess Ademola became a qualified nurse in 1941 and worked in hospitals across London during World War II.

A silent film called "Nurse Ademola" was made to show her training as a nurse in Britain.

The film is thought to have inspired many women in the other countries to train as a nurse.

And during the war, many women from other nations came to help with nursing in Britain.

You can see a photo there of Princess Ademola in a train carriage.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Princess Ademola was a nurse and a princess of which African country? Kenya, Ghana, or Nigeria? Pause the video here, and when you are ready to continue, press play.

What did you think? If you said Nigeria, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

Now this brings us to our first learning task.

Can you decide if each statement in the table is true or false? And I'd like you to then correct the false statements.

So first of all, decide if each of these statements here is true or false.

In 1939, only women could be nurses In Britain.

Antibiotics were used for patients in 1939.

Lots of nurses in Britain were volunteers.

British civilians donated blood for American civilians.

Princess Ademola trained to be a nurse in Nigeria.

So put a tick or a cross to decide if it's true or false.

Give yourself enough time and then when you are ready, have a go at correcting the false statements.

So pause the video here, and when you are ready to continue, press play.

How did you get on? Shall we take a look at which are true or false? So it is true that in 1939, only women could be nurses in Britain.

It is false that antibiotics were used for patients in 1939.

It is true that lots of nurses in Britain were volunteers.

It is false that British civilians donated blood for American civilians.

And it is also false that Princess Ademola trained to be a nurse in Nigeria.

So let's have a look at those three false statements.

How we should correct them? So antibiotics were not used for patients in 1939, so we've added an extra word in there.

It was American civilians that donated blood for British civilians.

And Princess Ademola trained to be a nurse in Britain.

Well done for completing that learning task.

We're now ready to move on to the second part of this lesson.

We are going to explore Queen Victoria's Hospital.

Many soldiers returned to Britain with life-changing injuries, and this led to lots of new methods of treating injuries like skin burns that doctors still use today.

During World War II, Archibald McIndoe, a surgeon at Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead operated on over 600 soldiers from many countries.

The soldiers had serious facial injuries, mostly from burns.

McIndoe developed new methods of plastic surgery to treat the injuries and was able to improve survival rates.

He realised that men who crashed at sea recovered quicker and so used saline, a salt water mixture to clean injuries.

None of this would've been possible without the nurses who worked at the hospital as they assisted in the surgery and recovery of the soldiers, supporting them with difficulties with their mental health and helped them learn to live with their injuries.

For example, Sister Mary Meally, a nurse from Ireland, ran the burns ward.

You can see a photo of her there.

Let's take a moment to pause.

Can you complete Jacob's statement? Surgery that involves the reconstruction or repair of the body is called what? What is missing from Jacob's statement? Pause the video here, have a quick discussion with your partner, and when you are ready to continue, press play.

What did you think? If you said plastic surgery, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

The hospital and the nursing staff became famous for successful plastic surgery all over the world, and many famous people visited the hospital, including the Queen of England.

At the time, medical artists were also very important because photos of surgery had lots of shadows and were not very clear.

Instead, drawings recorded the new methods of plastic surgery for other surgeons to learn from.

Mollie joined the hospital in 1941 and was an excellent and speedy medical artist who completed more than 300 drawings.

Her drawings were very important for other nurses and medical staff to see exactly what had been done in the operating theatre.

You can see a photo of Mollie there.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Medical artists like Mollie helped others to learn new medical techniques.

Is that true or false? What do you think? If you said that's true, you are absolutely right.

Now let's take a look at two statements here.

Which of these two would help to justify your answer? Her drawings were very detailed and helped others learn the new methods of plastic surgery.

Her drawings were very detailed and helped others learn the new methods of making the beds.

Pause the video here, have a discussion with your partner.

Which of these two statements helps to justify your answer? And press play when you are ready to continue.

What did you think? If you said her drawings were very detailed and helped others learn the new methods of plastic surgery, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

This brings us to our second learning task.

Read Alex and Izzy's statements below.

So Alex says, "Surgeons like Archibald McIndoe helped to change medicine by developing plastic surgery.

He did this all by himself." Izzy says, "Surgeons like Archibald McIndoe developed plastic surgery with the help of nurses and medical artists at Queen Victoria Hospital." I'd like you to write two or three sentences to explain who you agree with and why.

So pause the video here.

Make sure you have a pen and some paper, and give yourself enough time to complete this task.

And when you are ready to continue, press play.

How did you get on? Shall we look at an example? So your answer could have included something like this.

"I agree with Izzy.

Surgeons like Archibald McIndoe helped to change medicine by developing plastic surgery.

But he could not have done this without the help of nurses like Mary Meally and medical artists like Mollie.

For example, Mollie's drawings helped others learn the new methods of plastic surgery.

Well done for completing that learning task.

We're now going to move on to the final part of our lesson.

We're going to explore Nurses on the front lines.

All wartime nurses belong to Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service as they did during World War I and were nicknamed QAs.

From 1941, for the first time, nurses wore rank badges like the rest of the British Army and could be promoted.

As World War II was a global war, nurses had to serve all over the world and worked closer to battle lines than ever before.

This allowed them to help save soldiers' lives more quickly.

Just like the soldiers, they had to face all kinds of dangers on the front lines, and some Army nurses had to use weapons for protection.

Let's take a moment to pause and check our understanding.

Choose the correct word to complete this sentence.

Wartime nurses belong to Queen Imperial Military Nursing Service.

So which of these words goes in that gap? Elizabeth's, Charlotte's, Alexandra's? Pause the video here and when you are ready to continue, press play.

What did you think? If you said Alexandra's, you are absolutely right.

Well done.

At the start of the war in 1939, QA nurses were sent to France with the British Army.

When France was captured by Nazi Germany in May, 1940, British troops and QA nurses helped destroy medical equipment before escaping from the area so the enemy could not take it.

The brave men and women did this while German aircraft were firing overhead.

The Allied Forces were not able to return to France until D-Day, the 6th of June, 1944, QA nurses were the first women to arrive at the beach in Normandy to help set up a hospital that could treat 600 patients.

More nurses followed to help the Allied Forces take France back from Nazi Germany.

By the end of the war, there were 12,000 nurses in the armed services.

Let's take a moment to pause here.

Select all the changes to nursing that happened during World War II.

Nurses assisted with plastic surgery.

Nurses went closer to the front lines.

Nurses had training to treat bombing injuries.

Nurses helped with blood donations.

Pause the video here, have a discussion with your partner, and when you are ready to continue, press play.

What did you think? If you said nurses assisted with plastic surgery, nurses went closer to the front lines.

Nurses had training to treat bombing injuries, and nurses helped with blood donations, you are absolutely right.

All of these things were changes to nursing that happened during World War II.

This now brings us to our final learning task.

I'd like you to write one paragraph to describe how nursing changed during the Second World War.

You could use these words to help you: front lines, blood donation, bombing, plastic surgery.

So pause the video here.

Give yourself enough time to write one paragraph to describe how nursing changed during the Second World War.

And when you are ready to continue, press play.

How did that go? Shall we take a look at an example? Your answer might look a little bit like this: "Nursing changed a lot during the Second World War.

For example, nurses went closer to the front lines than ever before.

Additionally, they had training to treat injuries from bombing, helped with blood donation and the development of plastic surgery.

Nurses were essential in helping the Allied Forces win World War II." Well done for completing that learning task.

Before we finish this lesson, let's summarise what we've learned about the experiences of nurses during the Second World War.

The treatment of soldiers' injuries by doctors and nurses during World War II helped new medical techniques to succeed.

Many West African and Caribbean women travelled to Britain to train as nurses before and during World War II.

One of those nurses was Princess Ademola, the daughter of an important Nigerian King.

At Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, a team of doctors and nurses developed new plastic surgery techniques.

Sister Mary Meally ran the burns ward, and Mollie was a medical artist at Queen Victoria Hospital.

Thank you for joining me in this lesson today, and I look forward to seeing you in the next one.

See you then.