Hi there, I'm Mr. Roberts and thanks for joining me for today's history lesson where my job will be to guide you through our history resources.

I'll be making sure that by the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to securely meet our lesson objective.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to recall Britain's role in the scramble for Africa.

There are three key terms which we need to make sure we're comfortable with before embarking on our learning journey today.

Partition refers to dividing something often a country into parts.

Arbitrary is a word used to mean something that is decided or done without any clear reason, logic or fairness.

And effective occupation is the principle that European countries could control parts of Africa if they could establish that they already exerted influence there.

Our lesson on the scramble for Africa is separated into three parts.

And the first learning phase is dedicated to examining the background to the scramble for Africa.

European engagement with Africa before the 19th century was largely defined by the Transatlantic Slave Trade, which saw millions of Africans forcibly taken to the Americas.

However, during the 19th century, a shift occurred as explorers and missionaries ventured into Africa and returned with stories of the continent's wealth and resources such as gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber and coffee.

These stories captured the imagination of European societies, igniting European ideas about African exploration and potential colonisation.

In addition, the continent's strategic geographical position became increasingly apparent as sea trade routes to Asia grew in importance.

As industrialization swept through Europe in the 19th century, nations with imperial history such as France, Germany and Belgium began to challenge Britain's longstanding imperial dominance.

Africa became a prime target for these countries seeking to strengthen their own economic or imperial positions.

As European nations competed for position on the global stage, control over African territories contributed to a nation's sense of strength and status, and thus, the scramble for Africa have begun.

Let's make sure we've secured some key information now.

What was the main driving force behind European engagement with Africa in the 19th century? A, cultural exchange and missionary work.

B, economic interests and imperial expansion, or C, diplomatic relations and mutual cooperation.

Pause the video while you decide on the answer and then press play when you are ready to resume.

Welcome back and well done if you said B.

The main driving force behind European engagement with Africa in the 19th century were economic interests and imperial expansion.

I'd now like you to match the motivations for British colonisation with their corresponding descriptions on the screen.

Pause the video while you work out the correct answers and then press play to check your answers against mine.

Welcome back.

And well done, if you correctly matched exploration and colonisation with discovering new lands and establishing settlements.

Economic exploitation and imperial expansion with profiting from Africa's resources and expanding control and challenged Britain's imperial dominance in competing with Britain for global influence and power.

Next, I'd like you to answer the following question.

Using your learning so far, explain why there was a change in how European nations viewed Africa during the 19th century.

Write one paragraph for your answer, pause the video while you answer this question and then press play when you are ready for some feedback in the form of a model answer.

Welcome back.

I asked you to explain why there was a change in how European nations viewed Africa during the 19th century.

Everyone would've written something slightly different in answering this question.

But well done if you were able to include any of the following in your answer.

In the 19th century, Europe's focus on Africa changed.

Prior to the 19th century, European nations had viewed Africa primarily as the source of enslaved individuals who they could transport to the Americas to be sold as part of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

However, during the 19th century, stories of Africa's wealth and its strategic location in trade routes sparked European interest.

During this time of industrialization, countries like France, Germany and Belgium aimed to challenge Britain's power leading to a race or scramble to control African territories.

Well done for your hard work there.

And now it's time to move on to the second learning phase in our lesson today where we'll examining the details of the scramble for Africa.

In 1875, the British government purchased shares of the Suez Canal from the Khedive of Egypt, the ruler of Egypt at the time.

This move granted the British considerable influence over the strategic waterway of the Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, greatly reducing travel time between Europe and Asia.

As a result, Britain exercised indirect control over Egypt, which extended well into the 20th century with Britain maintaining a significant presence in Egyptian affairs up to the 1950s.

Now, let's make sure we've secured some more key information.

In what year did Britain buy shares in the Suez Canal? A, 1775 B, 1875 or C 1975? Pause the video while you decide on the correct answer and then press play when you are ready for the answer to be revealed.

Welcome back, and well done if you identified the correct answer as B.

Britain bought shares in the Suez Canal in 1875.

As other European powers also embarked on this frenzied scramble to establish African colonies, France, Belgium, Germany, Britain, Portugal, Italy and Spain met at the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885.

This meeting became a crucial turning point in Africa's history.

Convened by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

The Berlin Conference brought together European leaders to formally partition Africa.

African leaders were not consulted or represented at this conference and their interests and territorial boundaries were completely disregarded.

So before we move on again, let's just check the following.

True or false? African leaders were included in the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885.

Pause the video while you decide on the correct answer and then press play when you are ready once again for the answer to be revealed.

Hello again and well done if you identified the correct answer as false.

So let's justify that answer now.

Which of the following is true? A, African leaders were not included and borders were drawn in an arbitrary way to partition Africa.

Or B, African leaders were not included, but borders were drawn by considering existing African ethnic or cultural divisions.

Once again pause the video while you come to a decision on the correct justification and then press play to continue with our lesson.

Welcome back and well done if you said the correct answer was A.

It is true to say that African leaders were not included in the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885.

And borders were drawn in an arbitrary way to partition Africa by European powers.

As the world's leading imperial power at the time, Britain naturally emerged as a dominant player in the scramble for Africa, aggressively expanding its influence and the number of its colonies through a combination of military conquest and cunning politics.

Britain acquired significant territories including Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt and northern and southern Rhodesia spanning what is now Zimbabwe and Zambia.

By the turn of the 20th century, Britain had control over approximately one third of land in all of Africa from Egypt in the north to South Africa in the south.

This helped Britain play a crucial role in securing key trade route and strategic positions across the continent.

Let's make sure we've secured some more key information.

Which country controlled about one third of the African continent by the turn of the 20th century? A, France.

B, Belgium or C Britain.

Pause the video while you decide on the answer and then press play when you are ready to resume.

Welcome back and well done if you said, C.

Britain was the country that controlled around one third of the African continent by the turn of the 20th century.

Next, I'd like you to write an account of the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885.

I'd like you to consider the following in your answer, the purpose of the Berlin Conference, its participants decisions that were made there and the impact of the meeting.

Once again, pause this video while you write around a paragraph in answer to this question.

And then press play when you are ready for some feedback in the form of a model answer.

Welcome back.

I asked you to write an account of the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885.

Well done if you were able to include any of the following in your answer.

The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 formalised the partition of Africa among European powers.

Key European nations like France, Belgium, Germany, Britain, Portugal, Italy and Spain attended but African leaders were not included.

It resulted in European leaders drawing arbitrary borders across Africa, ignoring ethnic, linguistic and cultural divisions.

Britain emerged as a dominant power using military conquest and cunning politics to expand and manage to acquire territories like Sudan, Nigeria and Egypt amongst others.

By the early 20th century, Britain controlled about one third of Africa securing key trade routes and strategic positions from the north to the south of the continent.

And with that complete, we can now move on to the final phase of our learning today, where we'll be looking at the impact of the scramble for Africa.

European colonisation of Africa had far reaching and enduring consequences, leaving a profound mark on the continent that has shaped its history and continues to shape its future.

Economically, European powers exploited Africa's vast natural resources for their own benefit leading to widespread environmental damage and Africa's economic dependence on its European colonisers.

Socially, the imposition of colonial rule disrupted many traditional African ways of life and social structures.

Indigenous peoples were marginalised and dispossessed of their land leading to widespread loss of livelihoods.

African resistance to colonial rule varied in intensity and effectiveness, but often faced insurmountable challenges in the face of European military superiority.

So before we move on again, let's just check the following.

True or false? European colonisation of Africa had long lasting effects.

Once again, pause this video while you decide on the correct answer and then press play when you are ready for the answer to be revealed.

Hello again.

And well done, if you identify the correct answer as true.

Now, let's justify that answer.

Which of the following provides the correct justification for that statement? A, European colonisation brought economic prosperity and development to local communities, enhancing quality of life.

Or B, European exploitation of natural resources led to environmental damage and dependence on colonial powers.

Pause the video while you come to the decision on the correct justification and then press play to continue with the lesson.

Welcome back.

And well done if you set the answer as B, European exploitation of natural resources led to environmental damage throughout Africa and its dependence on colonial powers.

Next, I'd like you to complete the sentence on the screen using what you've learned so far to help you pause the video while you make up the missing word and then press play to check your answer.

Hello again.

And well done if your sentence now reads like this, "The extraction of resources such as gold, "diamonds, ivory, rubber and timber "was often accompanied by forced labour, "meaning local African communities "did not economically benefit in the same way "that European powers did." So finally, I'd like you to write one detailed paragraph explaining the impact of the scramble for Africa.

Please consider the following in your answer how European powers exploited Africa's natural resources and the consequences of this exploitation.

The disruption of traditional African ways of life and social structures due to colonial rule and the challenges faced by African people who tried to resist.

Pause the video while you complete this task using your learning today and then press play when you are ready for some feedback and a model answer.

Welcome back.

I asked you to write a detailed paragraph explaining the impact of the scramble for Africa.

Well done if you managed to include the following in your answer.

The scramble for Africa had longterm economic and social impacts.

European powers exploited Africa's vast natural resources such as gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber and timber for their own benefit.

This led to environmental damage and made African economies dependent on European colonisers with local communities rarely benefiting from their own resources due to the use of forced labour.

Colonial rule also disrupted traditional African ways of life, dispossessed African people of their land.

In addition, any African resistance faced insurmountable challenges due to the superior military power of European forces.

Really well done today.

With that task finished, we've arrived at the end of our lesson.

The following is a summary of our key learning points from today and it would be great if you could remember these going forward.

Before the 1800s, European nations showed little interest in establishing colonies in Africa.

In 1875, Britain purchased shares in the Suez Canal leading to its effective control over Egypt until the 1950s.

The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 divided Africa among European powers resulting in British dominance.

European colonisation of Africa has had long lasting economic and social effects that have significantly influenced Africa's history.

Thank you so much for joining me for our lesson today.

It's been a real pleasure to guide you through our history, and learning resources.

And I very much look forward to seeing you again in future where we will be looking at Cecil Rhodes and the Boer War.