Hello, welcome to History here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton and I will be your teacher today guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right, let's get started.

Over the next few lessons we'll be thinking about our big inquiry question.

How did William the Conquerors subdue England? This is the question we will use to investigate the events that followed the Norman victory at Hastings.

After William's victory at Hastings in 1066, he set about securing control of England.

Many Anglo-Saxons resisted a Norman rule, which had involved violence, plunder and large scale castle building.

From 1067 to 1075, there were rebellions against William across the kingdom.

These rebellions pose a real threat to William's rule.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to describe the revolt of 1067 to 1075 against William I.

The first, before we begin, there are few key words we need to understand.

A revolt is when a large number refuse to be controlled or ruled and take action against authority.

Often violence action, harrying is persistently harassing or carrying out attacks on an enemy or an enemy's territory.

Today's lesson is split into four parts.

We'll first look at some early opposition to William before moving on to some later rebellions from 1068 to 1069.

Then we'll look at Hereward the Wake and his rebellion in 1070 before finally looking at the revolt of the Earls in 1075.

Right, let's start with early opposition, 1067 to 1068.

After William was crowned king in December 1066, he attempted to include the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy in his rule of England.

For example, three of those Anglo-Saxons were Earls, Edwin Morcar and Waltheof.

And William kept Stigand on on as the Archbishop of Canterbury and Ealdred as the Archbishop of York.

In 1067, William returned to Normandy together with his Anglo-Saxon Earls as hostages rather than guests and a large amount of English wealth.

William left two regions in charge of England while he was away.

Odo of Bayeux and William FitzOsbern.

On the right you can see an illustration of Bishop Odo and perhaps this gives us an impression of the kind of regent he would be.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us what happened next.

All the same, he William, laid taxes on people very severely, and Bishop Odo and Earl William built castles far and wide throughout this country and distressed the wretched folk and always after that it grew much worse.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which were reasons for Anglo-Saxon resentment against Norman Rule.

Pick the three correct options, A, Edwin and Morcar as Earls, B, construction of castles, C increased taxes, D, loss of land to Normans.

Pause the video, pick the three correct options, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, construction of castles.

C, increased taxes and D, loss of land to Normans.

As well as paying more tax, which all went to Normandy or to William's mercenaries, English nobles lost land to Norman land grabs.

They also lost power as the Normans relied on sheriffs rather than the Earls for local governments, and they also lost influence as Norman Motte-and-bailey Castles sprung up over the countryside.

These castles were located at the centre of which controlled everything within their area.

If you have a look at the map on the left, it shows the main castles that were built by the Normans across the kingdom, along the border with Wales, the pink bits on the map, we can also see Hereford and Shrewsbury, and this was the site of an early revolt against William, Eadric the Wild's revolt from 1067 to 1068.

Eadric was a wealthy thing from Shropshire.

He lost land due to Norman's seizures.

William had handed Eadric's land to Norman Barrens.

In response, Eadric led a revolt against Norman Control that lasted until 1068.

He led an attack on Hereford Castle, which was held by the Norman Richard FitzScrob.

However, Eadric's attack failed, Eadric also attacked and burned the town of Shrewsbury.

However, again, though Shrewsbury be castle held out against Eadric's attack, this really shows the importance of castles and their military strength and ability to secure areas of the kingdom.

Eadric was allied with Welsh princes.

This means that when Eadric was attacking castles in Herefordshire, here he had support from across the border in Wales from several Welsh princes.

The revolt was put down by Williams army in 1068.

In the end, the rebel forces were defeated by the superior Norman army.

Eadric escaped, but his rebellion was over.

By 1075, the Earldoms of the West and Eadric himself were no longer fighting Norman control.

Eventually they effectively switched sides and joined in opposing a rebellion against William.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding, true or false.

Norman motte-and-bailey castles in the West were not strong enough to resist Eadric's rebels.

Is that true or false? Pause the video, have a think and come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was false, but why is that false? I want you to justify your answer.

Is it false because A, the rebels could not take over Hereford castle but succeeded in burning down Shrewsbury Castle or B, the rebels were not able to take over either Hereford or Shrewsbury castles.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, the rebels were not able to take over either Hereford or Shrewsbury castles.

Okay, let's move on to task A.

What I want you to do here is complete the following sentences.

These are because, but and so sentences.

So the first one is Eadric's Revolt started because, the second sentence starts is Eadric's revolt attacked Hereford and Shrewsbury, but, and then finally, Eadric's revolt was defeated, so.

So for the first sentence starter, it's encouraging you to think about the causes of Eadric's revolt, and then the second sentence starter is getting you to think about any issues you may have encountered during the revolt.

And the last sentence that's getting you to think about the wider consequences.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So your answers may include, for the first sentence starter, Eadric's revolt started because his land had been taken away by William and given to Norman Barons.

Next, Eadric's revolt attacked Hereford and Shrewsbury, but his rebels failed to take over the castles in those towns.

And finally, Eadric's Revolt was defeated, so he escaped and later joined in opposing a rebellion against William.

Okay, great, let's move on to the second part of the lesson, rebellions in 1068 to 1069.

By 1068, the brothers Edwin and Morcar had also decided to resist.

Edwin and Morcar resented the loss of their power, wealth, and influence under William.

If you have a look at the details from the bio tapestry on the left, it shows William, Edwin and Morcar, and we can imagine the brothers making their case to William, perhaps requesting to have their wealth and power back again.

William had reduced the size of their earldoms selling part of Morcar's Northumbria for example, to another Anglo-Saxon Gospatric.

As for Edwin, the most powerful surviving Anglo-Saxon Earl, William had promised he would have great authority in Mercier and that he would marry William's daughter.

However, William gave away part of Mercier when he created the earldoms and he also broke his promise of his daughter's hand in marriage.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Why did Edwin and Morcar revolt against William? Select two correct answers.

Is it A, William failed to defend their lands from Viking invasions? B, William broke his promise that Edwin would marry his daughter, C William had reduced their earldoms, D, William excluded them from his council.

Pause the video, select the two correct answers and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, William broke his promise that Edwin would marry his daughter and C, William had reduced their earldoms. Okay, let's continue.

So many joined Edwin and Morcar's revolt, including Gospatric, MelSwein, the governor of York, and Edgar the Aetheling, who is now allied to the King of Scotland.

The rebels were stationed in the north and William marched there building castles as he went.

Have a look at the map on the left.

We can see William's march north and castle building as he went, he began building castles in Warwick, Nottingham, and then York.

Castles were almost unknown in England, and this gave William a huge military advantage.

Facing certain defeats, by the time William had reached the north, the rebels had surrendered.

Edwin and Morcar were taken prisoner whilst Gospatric, Merlswin and Edgar fled to Scotland.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which of the following tactics did William use to put down the revolt in 1068? A, building alliances with Viking forces, B, building castles in rebellious areas, C, establishing new trade routes.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, building castles in rebellious areas, William appointed an outsider, a Flemish Norman Ally, Robert Cumin as Earl of Northumbria.

Cumin carried out violence and plunger against the local population.

Have a look at the map on the left, we can see Cumin and around 700 Norman soldiers in place to secure the north.

After the previous rebellion, the aim was to quickly assert dominance and they looted, raped and murdered.

This provoked an uprising by the Anglo-Saxons in Northumbria, resulting in Cumin and his men being killed in Durham on the 31st of January, 1069.

From here, the rebellion grew.

Gospatric, Maerleswein and Edgar joined an attack on Norman troops at York.

Have a look at the map on the left, we can see Cumin and his men are killed in Durham.

And then Gospatric, Maerleswein and Edgar joined the rebellion and attacked the Normans at York.

William's response was typically swift and brutal.

William marched a large Norman army upon York, pretty much destroying it in the process, and the rebel leaders fled.

Gospatric and Maerleswein escaped whilst Edgar fled back to King Malcolm II of Scotland.

William returned south, but soon got the news that the rebellion had restarted in York.

If you have a look at the map on the left, at the bottom, we can see William arrived with a large force and Gospatric and Maerleswein quickly flee whilst Edgar escapes back to Scotland.

So William got the news that the rebellion had restarted in York, and this time the threat was even greater.

In the late summer of 1069, a fleet of 240 ships landed a Viking army on the east coast of England.

They were sent there by the Danish king Swein Estridsson.

The Viking army was joined by Gospatric, Maerleswein and Edgar, after raiding the east coast, killing 3000 Norman soldiers and sacking York, the Danes return to their ships.

Have a look at the map on the left, we can see Swein's ships raiding the east coast of England.

The Vikings were then joined by Gospatric, Maerleswein and Edgar.

And after sacking Europe, their Vikings returned to their ships.

This was a common Danish tactic, using ships to launch raids and then exiting quickly.

This made it difficult for William to draw them into battle.

So by now, uprisings were occurring in other parts of England with Anglo Saxon and Welsh rebels attacking the much hated Norman castles.

William must have felt surrounded by war on all sides.

As soon as he dealt with one rebellion in the north, a new uprising sprouted in the south.

If you have a look at the map on the left, it shows the uprisings across England, and we can imagine how William felt surrounded with uprisings in the north and also along the Welsh border and in the southwest of England.

William had a two-part solution.

Firstly, he paid the Danes a large sum of money to leave England.

Secondly, to ensure no further rebellions reemerged, he enacted a large scale harrying.

Thousands died, and this notorious event became known as the Harrying of the North.

If you have a look at the map, we can see the Danes receiving their money and exiting England.

And then the second part of William's solution, one of the most notorious acts of his reign, the harrying of the north, a brutal campaign that destroyed food and shelter across Yorkshire.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

True or false, the most serious challenge to Williams rule occurred in the north in 1069.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was true, but why is that true? I want you to justify your answer.

Is it true because A, William was not able to stop his new Earl Robert Cumin from upsetting the people of Durham or B, the combination of Edgar the Aetheling and forces from Denmark was a threat to William's control.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Well done if you knew it was B, the combination of Edgar the Aetheling and forces from Denmark was a big threat to William's control.

Which two part solution did William use after the rebellions of 1069? Select two correct answers.

A, agree to make Edgar the Aetheling, his heir, B, and enacted the harrying of the north.

C, negotiated a peace treaty with Malcolm III.

D paid the Danes money to leave England.

Pause the video, have a think and come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was B, that William enacted the harrying of the north and D, he paid the Danes money to leave England.

Okay, let's move on to task B and I've got a statement here for you.

The main reason that Edwin and Morcar revolted in 1068 is because William broke his promise that Edwin would marry his daughter.

What I want you to do is working with your partner, discuss other reasons for the revolt.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you had some great discussions there and you may have discussed the following.

So another reason for the revolt was that William had reduced the size of their earldoms, selling parts of Morcar's Northumbria to another Anglo-Saxon, Gospatric.

Also, Edwin was angered by his loss of wealth, power and status.

He was the most powerful surviving Anglo-Saxon Earl, and William promised him great authority, but gave the way part of his earldom when he created the march at earldoms. Okay, let's move on to the second part of task B.

Starting with the earliest, sort these events of 1069 into order.

So you can see I've given you four events on the left hand side of the slide, and I want you to put them into the correct time order in the boxes on the right, pause the video, have a go at the task and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's check those answers.

So the first event was Robert Cumin plundered Northumbria, and obviously that provoked an Anglo-Saxon response.

And Robert Cumin and his men were killed in Durham.

And Edgar the Aetheling and the Danish king joined the Northern rebellion, and then William paid the Danes and enacted the Harrying of the north.

Okay, great, let's move on to the third part of the lesson.

Hereward The Wake's rebellion in 1070 to 1071.

So in May 1070, the Danes returned, this time to East Anglia, seizing the town of Ely, which lay on an island surrounded by marshes.

If you have a look at the map on the left, we can see Swein arriving in northern England.

It turned out that the Danes with their hit and run tactics in the 1069 rebellions were just buying time and waiting for the arrival of their king.

Swein arrived and sent some of his troops to Ely.

At the same time, a local thegn called Hereward the Wake also began a rebellion.

He joined forces with the Danes.

Hereward the Wake had returned from exile to England after 1066 to discover the Normans had killed his brother and seized his lands.

Together with the Danes, Hereward attacked Peterborough and seized its treasures.

Have a look at the image on the left.

It's an illustration of Hereward the Wake.

He was fired up by the prospect of a Danish takeover.

Hereward's acts of resistance have entered the status of legend.

The story goes that Hereward, along with his sword known as brain biter, and his band of outlaws would ambush Norman troops and then disappear into the misty marshes of Ely.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

I want you to fill in the correct missing name, pause the video, have a go, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So let's have a look at how that sentence should have read.

and Anglo-Saxon, thegn known as Hereward the Wake rebelled against Norman rule after discovering the Normans had killed his brother and seized his lands.

After helping Hereward to plunder Peterborough, the Dane struck a deal with William and returned to Denmark.

And if you have a look at the map, the Danes had found it difficult to sustain themselves in England.

So struck a deal with William, and when William offered them terms, the Vikings returned to Denmark.

Hereward, now joined by Edwin and Morcar, continued the rebellion until the Normans found a way through the marshes to Ely.

William used ships to blockade the island of Ely while his army built a two mile wooden causeway across the marshes, the Normans stormed Ely and the English surrendered.

If you have a look at the illustration on the left, it shows the building of Williams' causeway on the island of Ely.

This enabled Williams' troops to cross the marshes and enter the island.

Some rebels were punished by having their hands cut off and their eyes gouged out.

Edwin had died before the attack.

Morcar was imprisoned but died soon after.

Nothing is known of what happened to Hereward, although it is claimed that Hereward escaped undetected through the Misty marshes.

Hereward's final act of English resistance made him a celebrated folk hero like that of Robinhood.

However, this was the last major English rebellion that William faced, although of course he did not know that at the time.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which of the following best describes Hereward The Wake's rebellion in 1070 to 1071.

A, the first successful English rebellion against William I control of England.

B, the first time English and Danish forces combined to fight William's Army.

C, the last major English rebellion faced by William I.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was C.

The last major English rebellion faced by William I.

Okay, let's move on to task C.

And I've got a statement here.

The main reason that the revolts against Norman rule failed was because of William's leadership.

What I want you to do is explain why you agree with this statement.

You should include the following in your answer.

Harrying, castle building, paid the Danes and Ely.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So there's many ways you could have agreed with that statement, but compare your answer with what I have here.

Williams leadership involved a combination of brutal military strength, bribery and clever military tactics, which resulted in the failure of the 1068 to 71 revolts.

Williams's brutal response in dealing with the revolt of Earls Edwin and Morcar in 10 68 involved Harrying and Castle building, which led to the rebels quickly surrendering.

When the Northern rebellions persisted in 1069, William combined his military strength with political strength.

He enacted the harrying of the north and paid the Danes to leave England.

Finally, in 1070 to 1071, William used ships to blockade the island of Ely while his army built a two mile wooden causeway across the marshes, the Normans stormed Ely and the English surrendered.

Okay, excellent, let's move on to the final part of the lesson.

The Revolt of the Earls in 1075.

In 1075, a revolt against William was led by two Norman Earls, Roger de Breteuil, Earl of Hereford, and Ralph de Gael, Earl of Norfolk.

They also recruited Earl Waltheof of Northumbria during a drunken wedding feast.

If you have a look at the image on the right, it's a modern illustration of the Norman Earls convincing Waltheof to rebel and help them overthrow William.

Earls Roger and Ralph were unhappy that William had reduced their lands and influence.

With Waltheof's help, their revolt was to be supported by King Swein of Denmark and time to occur while William was away in Normandy.

However, the revolt was a complete failure.

Waltheof of lost confidence and informed Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury about their plans.

The Anglo-Saxon of Worcester, she blocks Roger's forces in the West and Odo of Bayer led an army against Ralph in the east.

Roger was captured and imprisoned.

Ralph escaped to Brittany, and Waltheof was executed for treason in 1076.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What I want you to do here is match the rebels in the revolt of the Earls to their earldoms. Pause the video, have a go and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So Roger de Breteuil's earldom was in Hereford.

Ralph de Gael was Earl of Northfolk, and Waltheof was the Earl of Northumbria.

The 1075 revolt of the Earls was significant in many ways.

Firstly, it was led by Norman Earls, so it had initially seemed to pose quite a challenge to William as it had involved men he considered to be his allies.

It was caused by personal grievances against William.

Also, Waltheof was important as the link to King Swein.

The revolt was timed for when William was absent, away in Normandy, but a fyrd was used to defend against the revolt.

There was also an important role played by Lanfranc and Odo of Bayeux.

What these last four points demonstrate is that whilst William was away in Normandy, the rebellion did not gain wider support and William could rely on Anglo Norman leadership to keep England secure.

Although this revolt had also featured Danish support, the Danes had not contributed to the revolt and posed no danger to William's control of England.

The revolt revealed Anglo-Saxon support for William rather than for the rebels.

The revolt showed that the Anglo-Saxon appetite for resistance against William had declined and that there was a united effort between the Normans and the English to stop the rebels.

The revolt also showed the harsh punishment for the rebels, especially Waltheof, tragically Waltheof shown loyalty to William in alerting Lanfranc to the revolt.

However, Waltheof was led to the top of St.

Giles Hill and beheaded.

Overall, the revolt of the Earls in 1075 represented the last resistance to William's rule in England, and it showed that William the Conqueror had come quite some way to finally subdue England.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Working with a partner, identify two ways in which the revolt of the Earls in 1070 was significant for Norman control of England.

Pause the video, have a go, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So your answer might include, Anglo-Saxons supported William rather than those who were rebelling against him.

And William now faced challenges from his own Norman Earls rather than Anglo-Saxons.

Okay, let's move on to the final task.

Task D, what was important about the revolt of the Earls? Explain your answer in one or two paragraphs.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and well done for having a go at that task.

So your answer may include the revolt of the Earls involved Norman Earls, Roger de Breteuil and Ralph de Gael.

This was important because it was the first time William had faced a challenge to his control of England from his own Norman Earls.

Anglo-Saxons also defended William's control of England rather than join the revolt against him.

This was important because it showed that many Anglo-Saxons thought William's rule was legitimate or at least better than the alternatives.

Okay, excellent, let's summarise today's lesson.

William initially allowed Anglo-Saxons like Earls Edwin and Morcar to keep their titles and land.

However, he reduced their earldoms, which caused them to revolt.

Much of the resistance emerged in the north with Edgar the Aetheling and the Danish king joining the rebellions against William.

In East Anglia, Hereward the Wake led a rebellion with Danish support.

The East was also involved in the revolt of the Earls in 1075, William used different tactics that put down rebellions, including castle building, paying the Danes to leave England and the Harrying of the North.

By 1075, his control of England was secure.

Well done on a brilliant lesson and thank you for joining me as we learnt about the Anglo-Saxon resistance against Norman Rule and the legendary Hereward the Wake.

And in 1075, we learned about what turned out to be the last resistance to William's rule in England.

I'll see you next time when we continue our inquiry.

See you in the next lesson.