Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name is Mr. Newton, and I will be your teacher today, guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right, let's get started.

Over the next few lessons we'll be thinking about our big inquiry question.

How different was the English church by 1100? This is the question we will use to investigate the nature of Norman England and the church.

The head of the Christian Church in the mediaeval period was the pope and his power spread across Western Europe.

However, monarchs held supreme power in their realms. People believed that both the pope and a monarch was appointed by God.

And as a result, this created a tension: who had ultimate authority in a country? Its king or the pope? This power struggle would impact the church and government of England.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain the key tensions between crown and church in Norman England.

Before we begin, there are a few key words we need to understand.

Secular is the opposite of sacred, a part of life that is not to do with church or religion.

Papacy is the office of the pope and the pope's authority over the church.

Pallium is a vestment, a piece of clothing given by the pope to newly appointed bishops and archbishops.

Papal legate is the pope's personal representative sent by the pope from Rome on a mission to another country.

The investiture controversy is a conflict between the church and the state in mediaeval Europe over the ability to select and instal, invest bishops and abbots.

Today's lesson is split into three parts where we'll look at how different Norman kings dealt with their relationship with the pope and the church.

So we'll first look at William I, before moving on to his son, William II, and finally Henry I Right, let's start with William I and the church.

The head of the Christian Church in the mediaeval period was the pope.

The pope was also known as the Vicar of Christ, as he still is today, meaning that he's Jesus' representative on earth.

If you have a look at the photo on the left in the inset photo, we can see Pope Francis, and that's the current pope.

And in the larger photo we can see St.

Peter Square in the Vatican city where the pope lives.

The pope lives here in Rome, Italy, but his power extends far beyond Rome.

In the mediaeval period, the pope's power spread across Western Europe, and he had the power to appoint clergy in other countries and could even expel a king from the church.

However, mediaeval kings were also seen as being chosen by God.

If you have a look at the illustration on the left, you can see a king holding an orb with a cross on the right hand side of the image.

And this symbolises that a king's power derives from God.

So we can see then that as a result of this, a tension was createD: who had ultimate authority in a country, its king or the pope? One solution to this tension was to separate areas of authority.

So the crown, the Monarch had ultimate authority over secular areas, and the pope, Papacy had ultimate authority over religious areas.

This worked well generally, but there were problems in areas where crown and church overlapped.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What development overcame the struggle of authority between the church and crown? A, The pope gave homage to the king.

B, their areas of authority were kept separate.

C, they kept their authority within one institution.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and well done.

if you knew the correct answer was B, their areas of authority were kept separate.

Okay, let's continue by looking at the story of William the Conqueror.

So the changes that William I made to the English church should have been a major challenge to the pope's authority.

And when you think about it, within five years of the conquest, he had deposed an archbishop and begun replacing almost all of England's bishops and abbots.

Church buildings were demolished and new ones were built.

New orders of monks replaced existing monastic communities.

There is even new liturgies or services, and the church was reorganised from top to bottom.

And yet William's relationship with the papacy remained good So the question is then if the pope held ultimate authority over religion, how did William make the changes to the English church? The clue to this can be found in the Bayeux tapestry on the left.

This scene shows William and his knight carrying a paper banner in the purple circle, and you'll remember that William had been given support from the pope for the invasion of England.

So the reason that William could make these bold changes to the English church was because William and his trusted archbishop, Lanfranc, made almost all of these changes with the full support of the pope.

And of course, William's conquest of England was supported by Pope Alexander II precisely because William promised to bring the English church in line with the pope's reforms. Papal legates came to England in 1070 and recrowned William.

They also took part in the council of 1070 that deposed Stigand and appointed Lanfranc.

Another way that William showed his gratitude was by transferring a huge amount of wealth from England to the church in Normandy.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What enabled William I to make sweeping changes to the English church? A, he had the support of the pope.

B, he alone was appointed by God.

C, the papal legates removed Lanfranc.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew the correct answer was A, he had the support of the pope.

Okay, let's continue, do towards the end of his reign, William I's relations with the church were not quite as good In 1073, Gregory VII became pope, and he was determined to increase his authority across Europe.

He wanted kings to come to Rome and do fealty to him.

This meant kings accepting the pope as their overlord.

William refused fealty, but compromised in other ways, and Lanfranc backed him up.

William did agree to start paying the Peter's Pence tax, which in Anglo-Saxon England had been one penny per household.

He also agreed that the pope would confirm his appointments by giving archbishops a special scarf called a pallium.

And you can see this in the photo on the left, it shows an archbishop having a pallium placed on him, but William required that he see all letters from the pope before they went to his prelates, that no bishops or archbishops could travel to Rome without his permission, and that the king had to officially recognise a pope before they had authority in England.

Okay, let's have a quick check.

Who became pope in 1073, and why was this a problem for William? Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and the correct answer was that Gregory VII became pope in 1073, and this was a problem because the new pope wanted to increase his authority across Europe which could undermine Williams' authority.

Okay, let's move on to task A.

What I want you to do here is list two examples of the struggle between church and crown.

So we're not looking for full paragraphs here.

Just make a bullet point list which gives examples of some of the things we've mentioned so far in the lesson.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So your answer may include some of the following.

So you might have mentioned that both the church and crown drew their authority from God.

Another example of the struggle between church and crown was that the pope had authority over religious matters in a country.

Papal legates were involved in making decisions and by giving archbishops a special scarf called a pallium.

Or you might have said that Gregory VII wanted kings to come to Rome, do fealty to him and William refused.

Okay, great, so we now have an understanding of the relationship between William I and the pope.

Let's now look at his son William II.

William II was less skillful than his father, William the Conqueror, at keeping good relations with the papacy without giving up any authority.

There was a rebellion against him in 1088 that included senior Norman prelates, Bishop Odo of Bayeux and the Bishop of Durham, William of St-Calais.

William II took away their English lands and banished Odo from England.

He also wanted to put William of St-Calais on trial for treason in the king's court.

This trial in the king's court brought William II into conflict with the pope because as a bishop, William of St-Calais should have been tried in a church court using church law.

Furthermore, when Lanfranc died in 1089, William II delayed the appointment of a new Archbishop of Canterbury.

This was part of a pattern with William II.

On numerous occasions, he had delayed a new abbot or bishop being appointed because while these positions were vacant, the crown received all of the income from the positions' estates.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Why was there tension between William II and the church? Select two correct answers.

A, he delayed the appointments of bishops.

B, he had murdered Lanfranc.

C, he placed the bishop on trial in the king's court.

D, he put down a rebellion from Bishop Odo of Bayeux.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew the correct answers were A, he delayed the appointments of bishops, and C, he placed a bishop on trial in the king's court.

Okay, let's continue.

So William II's decision to delay appointing the Archbishop of Canterbury was a scandalous thing to do.

And William knew it because when he became seriously ill in 1093, he appointed Anselm, the Abbot of Bec in Normandy as Archbishop of Canterbury.

This was because he was worried that he was going to die and face God's punishment for having left England without an archbishop for four years Anselm in the illustration on the left and William II clashed from the start.

A complicated situation had developed in the papacy.

There were two competing popes, and William II had refused to recognise Urban II as Pope.

Anselm needed this recognition to happen because otherwise he had no authority as archbishop to hold church councils or consecrate new bishops.

In 1095, William II plotted to get rid of Anselm because his new archbishop would not accept the crown having authority over church matters.

But Urban II outwitted him.

First, the pope made a major compromise saying that the papacy would always get the king's permission before sending papal legates or papal letters to prelates in England.

And William was delighted by this recognition of his authority and agreed to recognise Urban II as pope.

Then when William demanded that Anselm be replaced as Archbishop, Urban said, no.

Anselm remained as Archbishop much to William II's annoyance.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Who did William II appoint as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093? A, Anselm.

B, Lanfranc.

C, Odo.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and well done if you knew the correct answer was A, Anselm.

Okay, good stuff, let's move on to task B.

What I want you to do here is discuss points of conflict in William II's relationship with the church.

Pause the video, have a discussion and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you had some interesting discussions there, and you may have discussed some of the following.

So you might have mentioned that William II came into conflict with the pope when he tried Bishop William of St-Calais in his king's court, not a church court.

I've also mentioned that William II delayed the appointment of bishops 'cause the crown received all the income from the vacant positions' estates.

And he might have discussed that when William became ill, he was frightened of God's punishment for leaving the position of Archbishop vacant, and so in 1093 he appointed Anselm.

And you might have mentioned that William II had refused to recognise Urban II as pope.

And finally you might have said that Anselm would not accept the crown having authority over church matters.

Okay, well done, so we've reached the final part of the lesson where we can now look at Henry I and the church.

So Henry I first became king in 1100, and he worked quite hard to smooth over the conflicts caused by his brother William II.

He issued a charter of liberties in 1100, which promised to stop abuses of royal power, including keeping church positions vacant to take their income.

However, a key area of conflict remained: the investiture controversy.

This had been a conflict between the church and the state in Europe since 1075.

If you have a look at the illustration on the left, it shows a mediaeval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, and in this case, the king is handing over the bishop's staff.

Investiture was a ceremony in which a bishop has given their official title and power.

Archbishop Anselm opposed the right of the crown to appoint or invest bishops and abbots, seeing this as an area where the church should have authority.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which statement best describes the investiture controversy? A, a conflict between the church and the crown over secular responsibilities to pay the church.

B, a conflict between the church and the crown over who could appoint bishops.

C, a conflict between the church and the crown over who could invest in the church.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew the correct answer was B, a conflict between the church and the crown over who could appoint bishops.

So Archbishop Anselm had opposed the right of the crown to appoint or invest bishops and abbots.

He thought the church should be in charge of this.

Henry I disagreed, he would argue that these prelates were powerful and influential men in Norman England, and investiture included the new bishop or abbot swearing fealty to their king.

And that covered key secular responsibilities such as paying the crown, what was owed from the church estates and providing knights for knight service.

And if you have a look at the illustration on the left, we can see an example of such secular duties taking place, which would include landholders such as the clergy paying homage to the king.

A compromise was reached in 1107 with the Concordat of London.

Henry gave up the royal rights to investiture, but bishops would continue to swear fealty to the king for their land.

A disloyal bishop could therefore still be punished by forfeiture, the loss of their lands.

Okay, let's have a check.

What was the name of Henry I's 1107 compromise to solve the investiture controversy? A, Charter of Freedom.

B, Concordat of London.

C.

Fealty of Service.

Pause the video, have a think and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew the correct answer was B, the Concordat of London.

Okay, great, let's move on to the final task, task C.

What I want you to do here is write an account of the struggle between Norman kings and the papacy.

Your account should cover the reigns of William I, William II, and Henry I.

A good structure would be a paragraph for each reign.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, so there's many ways you could have written your narrative, but compare your answer with what I have here.

There was a persistent tension between Norman kings and the papacy over the question of who held ultimate authority in England.

Relations had started well under William I, who was close to his archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc.

and had the support of the pope.

This had allowed William to make sweeping changes to the English church in line with papal reforms. Towards the end of his reign, tensions did arise as William refused to do fealty to the pope as demanded by Gregory VII, but agreed some compromises including paying a tax called Peter's Pence.

Okay, great, so we've got a paragraph on William I.

Let's now continue the narrative with a paragraph on William II.

However, William II was less skillful than his father William I at keeping good relations with the papacy and had bad relations with his Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm.

And we can see that first sentence is a great way to link the previous events of William I with this paragraph's, events of William II.

William II delayed the appointment of Anselm, preferring to collect the archbishop's income for the crown.

William I second eventually appointed Anselm after fearing God's punishment.

However, he then plotted to get rid of Anselm because his new archbishop would not accept the crown having authority over church matters.

And so now we can come onto the final reign of our narrative, Henry I.

The struggle over authority continued under Henry I.

Anselm opposed the right of the crown to appoint bishops seeing this as something that had to be under the church's control.

Henry I disagreed, bishops were powerful leaders in Norman England and the king's control was necessary so he could choose loyal men and make sure they swore fealty to him.

The king needed to have the power to ensure his bishops paid the crown what was owed from church estates and provided knights for knight service.

The investiture controversy highlighted how tensions continued between Norman kings and the papacy.

Okay, great, let's summarise today's lesson, the king and the church in Norman England.

There was a struggle between church and crown as they both drew their authority from God and the papacy wanted authority over religious matters in a country.

William II was less skillful than William I at keeping good relations with the papacy.

William II delayed the appointment of Anselm and plotted to get rid of him because his new archbishop would not accept the crown having authority over church matters, the investiture controversy continued during the reign of Henry I.

Well done on a brilliant lesson, and I hope you've learned a lot about the relationship between the crown and the church, a power struggle over legitimate authority.

And this had an impact on both institutions.

I'll see you next time when we continue our inquiry.

See you in the next lesson.