Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton and I will be your teacher today guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right.

Let's get started.

Over the next few lessons we'll be thinking about our big inquiry question.

How different was the English Church by 1100? This is the question we'll use to investigate the nature of Norman England and the Church.

The head of the Christian Church in a mediaeval period was the Pope, and his power spread across Western Europe.

However, monarchs held supreme power in their realms. People believed that the Pope and the monarch were appointed by God, and as a result this created a tension.

Who had ultimate authority in a country, its king or the Pope? This power struggle would impact the Church and the government of England.

By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to explain the impact of the Reform Papacy on relations between the Church and secular rulers.

Before we begin, there are a few key words that we need to understand.

Secular is the opposite of sacred, a part of life that is not to do with the Church or religion.

Depose means to remove someone from office, their official role, or position.

Excommunication means to exclude someone from the community of the Church until they have put right what they have been doing wrong.

And concordant is a treaty or official agreements.

Today's lesson is split up into three parts.

We'll first look at papal reforms before moving on to the papal support for William's invasion, and finally looking at the clashes over the reforms. Okay, let's start with papal reforms. The Reform Papacy was a movement in the Church that aimed to address corruption and improve the spiritual authority of the Church.

Three big issues that the reform papacy wanted to fix were simony, the buying and selling of Church offices, clerical marriage, and lay investiture, the appointment of bishops, archbishops, and abbots by monarchs rather than by the Church.

A central belief for these reforms was that the Church should be independent from secular influence, with the clergy then able to become more spiritual and less involved in ordinary, everyday, sinful life.

The clergy were Church officials who were authorised to carry out religious rights and therefore it was important to the papacy that their practises were reformed.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What were the issues that the Reform Papacy wanted to fix? Select three correct answers.

A, clerical marriage.

B, lay investiture.

C, secular papacy, D, simony.

Pause the video, select your three correct answers, and then come right back.

Welcome back, and well done if you knew the correct answers were A, clerical marriage, B, lay investiture, and D simony.

Okay, let's continue.

So Pope Leo IX was the pope who started these reforms. He was appointed as pope in 1049, but not by the Church itself, but by the Holy Roman Emperor, a secular ruler.

Leo IX refused to take up the role until senior Church officials had also approved him becoming pope.

So we can see here essential relief that the Church was founded by God and that the Church had the sole universal power that could appoint or depose churchmen.

And if a pope was not appointed by the Church, then they may not have proper legitimacy or approval from God.

So subsequently, a central part of Leo IX's reforms was to ensure future popes were chosen by Church officials rather than secular rulers.

And let's roll forward a few years in time now.

Pope Gregory VII became pope in 1073 and was central to the Reform Papacy.

In 1075 he issued the Dictatus Papae, the pope's dictation.

This document said that the pope had authority over the Church and over secular rulers, which meant, Gregory argued, that the Pope, not secular rulers, had the power to appoint and depose, remove from office, new bishops and archbishops.

Even more controversially the Dictatus Papae said that the pope had the right to depose kings and emperors.

Gregory VII's reforms were crucial in establishing the principle that the Church should be free from secular control.

This position set the stage for future conflicts between Church and the states.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which popes were central to the Reform Papacy? Select two correct answers.

A, Gregory VII.

B, The Holy Roman Emperor.

C, Leo IX.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if knew need the correct answers were A, Gregory VII and C, Leo IX.

Okay, let's move on to task A.

What I want you to do here is complete the following sentence starters.

And you can see I provided you with three sentence starters which I want you to complete.

So use your knowledge from the lesson so far to complete those sentences.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So there's many ways you might have completed those sentences, but compare your answers with what I have here.

So for the first sentence starter, "The Reform Papacy was a movement that wanted the Church to be independent from secular influence and aim to address issues such as simony, clerical marriage, and lay investiture." The second sentence starter, "In 1049, Leo IX was appointed pope but initially refused to take the role because he believed a pope should be appointed by Church officials rather than secular rulers." And finally, "In 1075 Pope Gregory VII issued the Dictatus Papae, the pope's dictation, which stated that the pope, not secular rulers, should appoint and depose bishops and archbishops." Okay, excellent.

So now that we know what was going on with these papal reforms, we can now go back to William the Conqueror and England and see how this affected that period.

So let's move to the second part of the lesson, papal support for William's invasion.

So the Reform Papacy played a significant role in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

William of Normandy needed to secure support for his invasion, which his barons in Normandy viewed as a hugely risky venture.

As part of that, he also wanted to be recognised as the legitimate heir to England's throne.

He turned to the papacy for assistance, knowing that the pope's blessing would go a long way in helping him secure the support he needed.

Pope Alexander II, who was Pope from 1061 to 1073, agreed to support the invasion and gave William a papal banner to symbolise the Church's support for his cause.

And if you have a look at the left, we can see a scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing William of Normandy with his supporter Count Eustace of Boulogne carrying the papal banner.

This was very important for William as it helped him to portray the invasion as blessed by God.

As very religious men, Norman barons and knights were motivated by this, as well as the wealth and land that William also promised them once the conquest was won.

In return for the support of the papacy, William promised to reform the English Church.

That was important to Alexander II, who was a reformist pope.

The English Church was seen as corrupt with widespread simony, nepotism, clerical marriage, and a lack of clerical discipline in parishes and in monasteries too.

That meant Williams' promise to reform the English Church was a major opportunity for the papacy.

Both Alexander and his successor, Gregory VII also thought that their support would give the papacy leverage over William once he was king.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Why did William I want the pope's support? Select three correct answers.

A, to gain more legitimacy as heir of England's throne.

B, to gain more support for a risky invasion.

C, to show the invasion was blessed by God.

D, to show the pope he would make no changes to the Church.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back.

And well done If you knew the correct answers were A, to gain more legitimacy as heir of England's throne.

B, to gain more support for a risky invasion.

And C, to show the invasion was blessed by God.

Why was William's request an opportunity for the papacy? Select two correct answers.

A, it gave the papacy leverage over William.

B, it meant the papacy could use excommunication against William.

C, William promised to carry out papal reforms for the English Church.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back.

And well done if you knew the correct answers were A, it gave the paper C leverage over William, and C, William promised to carry out papal reforms for the English Church.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to task B.

What I want you to do here is discuss how the Reform Papacy affected the Norman invasion of England.

And I want you to try to discuss at least three ways in which the invasion was affected.

Pause the video, have a discussion, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and hopefully you had some really interesting discussions there, and you may have discussed some of the following.

So you might have mentioned that a supporter of the Reform Papacy, Pope Alexander II, saw an opportunity to use William of Normandy.

He was willing to carry out their Church reforms in return for papal support.

May have also discussed that the papacy may also have expected that William would obey their commands in the future as well, given their support in 1066.

Might have said that the Reform Papacy enabled William to gain legitimacy, support for the invasion, and kingship of England.

And finally, you might have said that William did then reform the English Church in line with the objectives of the Reform Papacy.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to the final part of the lesson, clashes over reform.

The reforms of Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII in particular meant the power of the Church increased significantly.

Monarchs saw their power over the Church in their countries diminish as the power of the papacy increased.

Local priests and bishops who were loyal to their monarchs were replaced with clergy who were loyal to the pope.

As a result of the reforms, the clergy increasingly became a separate group in Western European society.

Which two of the following were consequences of the Reform Papacy's actions? A, monarchs power increased over the Church.

B, the clergy became more separated from society.

C, the power of the Church increased.

Pause the video, select your two correct answers, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew the correct answers were B, the clergy became more separated from society, and C, the power of the Church increased.

In 1077 Pope Gregory VII was able to demonstrate the power that he had set out in his Dictatus Papae.

The Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV was excommunicated after disagreeing with the pope about who should appoint the next bishop of Milan.

In response to this, Henry's barons began plotting to remove him as excommunication of a king, or emperor in this case, meant that his subjects no longer had to obey his commands.

Fearing for his life, Henry IV travelled to see Pope Gregory VII, spending three days outside in the snow barefoot and dressed in rags whilst begging to have his excommunication lifted.

Have a look at the illustration on the left.

It shows Henry IV at the feet of Pope Gregory VII.

And we can imagine that this was quite a dramatic incident in mediaeval Europe.

The mighty Holy Roman Emperor, one of the most powerful monarchs in Europe, who ruled over a vast empire, considered to be the successor to the Roman Empire, was now forced to humiliate himself, begging at the feet of the Church, Pope Gregory VII.

This was a clear sign to all of Europe that the Church was a significant growing power.

The Concordat of London in 1107 during Henry I's rule was a significant compromise.

It was a compromise over investiture that allowed the monarch to invest bishops with their secular authority while the Church retained control over spiritual matters.

If you have a look at the illustration on the left, it shows a mediaeval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, a bishop's staff.

And this was at the heart of the issue.

The king certainly had the right to be the authority which bestowed land and titles, and expect homage and service in return.

However, the issue was whether he had the authority to bestow religious titles.

The Concordat of London was a compromise, allowing both the Church and Crown their due respect of authority.

This agreement sets out a path of negotiation between secular rulers and the papacy.

And in 1122 in the German city of Worms, The Concordat of Worms agreed a similar compromise between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which significance events in 1077 indicated the Church was a growing power.

A, Gregory VII Dictatus Papae gave monarchs the power to depose rival popes.

B, Henry IV was forced to beg the pope for excommunication.

C, Henry IV was forced to beg to have his excommunication lifted.

Pause the video, have a think, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Well done if you knew the correct answer was C, Henry IV was forced to beg to have his excommunication lifted.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to the final task, task C.

What I want you to do here is study this interpretation of Pope Gregory VII.

How convincing do you find it as a representation of the Reform Papacy? Make sure to write your answer as two paragraphs and use your contextual knowledge in your answer.

And you can see the interpretation is an illustration of Pope Gregory VII holding the Dictatus Papae.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

So there's many ways that you could have written your answer, but compare your answer with what I have here.

"The interpretation gives a strong representation of the character and aims of Pope Gregory VII.

He's shown seated like a king or a judge representing his authority over others and has a determined expression on his face." So that's a great point to make at the beginning of your answer here, directly addressing the interpretation.

But we now need to link that with our contextual knowledge, with the background story that we've covered in the lesson so far.

"Gregory was central to the Reform Papacy's aim for the Church to be independent from secular influence.

He's holding the pope's dictation in which he orders that lay investiture be banned.

The impression is convincing because Gregory was determined to demonstrate his authority when he excommunicated Henry IV over who had the power to appoint bishops, and Henry IV was forced to beg to have his excommunication lifted." So in this answer, we're using that contextual knowledge to back up our arguments that this interpretation is convincing.

So in this second paragraph we can really drive our points home and really make a judgement for why we find the interpretation convincing.

"Therefore, I agree with the representation as the Henry IV incident was a clear sign to all of Europe that the reform Papacy was growing in authority.

Other examples of the Reform Papacy holding authority over secular rulers include Leo IX insuring future popes were chosen by Church officials rather than secular rulers, and William of Normandy needing papal support for his invasion of England in 1066, and then carrying out their reforms on the English Church in return for this support.

A final example is that in 1107 Henry I compromised over investiture in the Concordat of London." Okay, excellent.

Let's summarise today's lesson, The Reform Papacy.

The Reform Papacy was a movement that wanted the Church to be independent from secular influence and aimed to address issues such as simony, clerical marriage, and lay investiture.

In 1075, Pope Gregory VII issued the Dictatus Papae which stated the pope, not secular rulers, should appoint and depose bishops.

The Reform Papacy impacted the Norman Conquest of England.

William needed papal support and then carried out their reforms on English Church.

The Reform Papacy grew in authority over secular rulers.

Henry IV was forced to beg to have his excommunication lifted.

And Henry I compromised in the Concordat of London.

Well done on a brilliant lesson, and I hope you've learned a lot about how the Reform Papacy impacted the relationship between the Crown and the Church.

I will see you next time when we continue our inquiry.

See you in the next lesson.