Hello, and welcome to today's lesson.

In this lesson, we'll be looking at a case study of Flemish and Walloon migrants in Sandwich and Canterbury.

Now this lesson is part of a broader inquiry, looking at how England was impacted by early modern migration.

In the course of this unit, we'll cover lots of different things.

But for today, we're just going to be looking at Flemish and Walloon migrants in Sandwich and Canterbury.

Now, in order to do that, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely fine.

Just pause the video, get everything you need, and come back and press play when you're ready to go.

Great, now you've got everything you need, we can have a look at our lesson outcome.

And by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to say that you can explain the reasons for and the experiences of Flemish and Walloon migrants, as well as the impact of Flemish and Walloon migrants on a local and national level.

And in order to see that, we're going to need some keywords.

For today, we have four, persecution, which is hostility or ill-treatment against another person or group on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or any other belief or characteristic.

An apprentice is someone who's learning a new skill from an experienced worker, Flemings or Flemish people, one of several German groups from Flanders in modern-day Belgium, and the Walloons are another of several German groups from Flanders, modern-day Belgium, but also, they come from surrounding regions.

So now, we've had a look at our four keywords for today.

We can get started on our lesson, and we are going to start by looking at the reasons for migration of Flemish and Walloon migrants to Sandwich and Canterbury.

Now, it was an invitation from William Cecil, a chief advisor to Elizabeth I, that 400 Flemish people arrived in Sandwich in 1560.

And by 1570, there were 2,000 Flemish migrants in Sandwich.

This number also included a small number of Walloon migrants, and these weavers were invited to help improve the wool trade, specifically the trade in Sandwich and later Canterbury.

If we have a look at our slide here, we can see a painting of William Cecil, the advisor who would invite these Flemish migrants to Sandwich in order to help the English wool trade.

Now, before we go on to look at further reasons for this migration, quick question for you.

Who invited Flemish and Walloon migrants to settle in England? There is a clue.

His painting was just on the slide.

Is it William Cecil, the chief advisor to Henry VIII, William Cecil, the chief advisor to Elizabeth I, or Queen Mary I? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, I hope you said William Cecil, chief advisor to Elizabeth I.

So answer B.

Now we know that they were invited by William Cecil because he wanted to improve the wool trade.

But if we're gonna be able to explain this, we need to understand how they were going to help the wool trade.

And what's important is that we know that by 1500, England played a central role in the European wool trade, and several leading merchants were looking for ways to expand this trade.

And at this time, English wool was very valuable in Europe as skilled European merchants would buy this wool, then weave it into valuable cloth, and then trade the cloth back to England and other countries in Europe.

So if Flemish and Walloon weavers would settle in England, English merchants could save the cost of exporting, so sending the wool out to them, and the government could earn the money from the taxes made on exporting the cloth woven by Flemish and Walloon migrants.

So if these killed weavers could settle in England, they save the cost of having to export the wool out to them.

But also, the government makes money when this expensive and valuable cloth is sold from England.

But in addition to migrating to help the wool trade, most Flemish and Walloon migrants were Protestants, and therefore there were also religious motivations because they found themselves seeking refuge from Catholic persecution under French and Spanish rulers.

And as England became a stable Protestant nation under Elizabeth I, England was an ideal place to find refuge.

So for Flemish and Walloon migrants, there was the benefit of the economic invitation from William Cecil, but also the safety from religious persecution that they were offered if they settled in England.

So we know that they moved to support the English wool trade and boost the economy, but we also know that they migrated to escape religious persecution from French and Spanish rulers.

Really well done.

Let's have a look at a couple of quick questions.

So I'd like you to have a discussion with the person next to you if you're doing this lesson with someone or in a classroom, or have a go at articulating a response out loud if not.

Now, the discussion question is, what were the economic reasons for Flemish and Walloon migration? Pause the video and give yourself enough time for both of you to contribute to the discussion or for you to have a go articulating out loud.

Really well done.

Hopefully, your discussions included some of the following points, if not all of them, but merchants were looking for new ways to expand the wool trade, that skilled weavers in England would save the cost of exporting wool, that skilled weavers in England meant that merchants could export valuable cloth.

The government would earn money from the taxes made on exporting cloth by Flemish and Walloon migrants.

Really well done.

Now, I'd like you to have a go at answering this question for me.

Which one of the following statements explains the religious reasons for Flemish and Walloon migrants settling in England? Was it A.

England was a stable Catholic nation where they would find refuge.

B.

They were escaping the Catholic persecution they faced from German rulers.

Or C, the England was a stable Protestant nation where they could find refuge.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Well done, hopefully, you said C, that England was a stable nation where they could find refuge.

Really well done.

So I'd like you to have a look at Sophia's explanation of the reasons for Flemish and Walloon migration.

She says that Fleming Walloon migrants came to England for economic reasons.

They were invited by William Cecil to help improve the wool trade, specifically in Sandwich and then Canterbury.

In turn, the weavers could then earn more money when exporting valuable cloth.

Now, I'm sure we've already got thinking about why this is great, but what she's also missing.

So I'd like you to explain why her explanation is valid, but missing key information.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself five to 10 minutes to write a response, and then come back and press play when you're done.

So your answer might have looked a little something like this.

Sophia's answer is valid as she acknowledges the economic causes of Flemish and Walloon migration.

In her explanation, she acknowledges the role of William Cecil, chief advisor to Elizabeth I, who invited Flemish migrants in 1560.

The explanation also makes reference to the benefit of migrant Flemish and Walloon weavers as their work in England saved the cost of exporting wool and led to merchants and weavers making more money from valuable cloth.

However, this explanation is missing the religious reasons for Flemish and Walloon migration.

As many were Protestants, they were seeking refuge from Catholic persecution by Spanish and French rulers.

As England was a stable Protestant nation under the rule of Elizabeth I, many sought refuge in England.

Therefore, any explanation of the reasons for Flemish and Walloon migration needs to consider both economic and religious reasons.

Hopefully, you were able to point out that she did very well to acknowledge the economic reasons, but she did miss out that there were also religious reasons for migration and it's very important to consider both.

So in the next part of the lesson, we are going to be looking at the experiences of Flemish and Walloon migrants.

Now, both the Flemish and Walloon could be said to have positive experiences at first as they initially had positive relations with both the authorities and local people.

However, for the Flemish, relations with the local people quickly soured as Flemish migrants became successful workers in Sandwich.

Of the 2,000 Flemish migrants, some of them had taken on jobs beyond the cloth-making industry, taking on workers, tailors and carpenters, and this caused resentment from local workers.

The tension became evident when almost all Flemish workers were forced to work within the cloth-making industry, with the exception of eight Flemish tailors who were allowed to continue their work.

This hostility would then lead to restrictions being placed on the number of migrants allowed to settle in Sandwich.

Only 250 to 300 migrants were allowed to remain, and those that could could only trade on designated days.

So if we're looking at this summary of the experiences of Flemish migrants, we can see that it was initially positive due to relations with authorities and local people.

Then we can see that it worsened its hostility from local people increased.

And eventually, restrictions were placed on the number of Flemish people allowed to settle in Sandwich.

Before we go on to then look at the experiences of Walloon migrants, we're going to pause and check our understanding quickly.

So which two of the following statements about the experiences of Flemish migrants in Sandwich is true? A.

Relations with local people quickly soured as they became successful workers in Sandwich.

B.

In a short period of time, all Flemish migrants took on jobs outside of the cloth-making industry.

C.

As a result of increasing tension, only eight Flemish tailors were allowed to continue their work.

And D.

Restrictions were put in place, limiting the number of Flemish migrants to 50 to a 100 people.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully, you said A and C.

The relations with local people quickly soured as they became successful workers.

And as a result of increasing tension, only eight Flemish tailors were allowed to continue their work.

Really well done.

Now, from 1575, a large number of Walloon migrants arrived and were given permission to settle in Canterbury due to the hostility and limitations already in place on migrants in Sandwich.

The Walloons initially faced a lot less hostility than the Flemish migrants.

They were supported by the authorities to set up their own French-speaking church where they could practise Protestantism.

And as an established Walloon community, they attracted more Walloon migrants, and therefore the population of Walloons in Canterbury reached 25,000 by 1600, although that is not to say that they didn't face any hostility.

As Walloon silk weavers would often travel into London to trade, other silk weaver complained about the competition brought by the Walloons trade.

This would eventually lead to new laws being introduced in 1585.

These laws only allowed Walloons to settle in Canterbury if they could prove they were escaping religious persecution.

This was intended to limit Walloon migrants who moved for primarily economic reasons, as the law also ensured that they could not settle if they were working outside of the silk weaving trade.

So really well done so far.

We've looked at Flemish migrants and Walloon migrants, and it's clear if we look at the summary that Walloon migrants had a significantly more positive experience, but that isn't to say that they faced no hostility because we know that they faced hostility from silk weavers and that new laws were put in place in 1585, that limited Walloon migrants, that they could not migrate if they were going to settle outside of the silk weaving trade.

So before we've put what we've learned about the experiences of migrants into practise, I'd like you to have another discussion.

And the topic of this discussion is the following question: In what ways was the experience of Walloon migrants more positive than the experiences of Flemish migrants? So hopefully, we're listening to everything else you're saying just now 'cause you'll have everything you need to answer this question.

So pause the video now, giving yourself enough time to articulate a response out loud or for both of you to contribute to a discussion.

So hopefully, your answers or your discussions included the following, that they were given permission to settle in Canterbury with no restrictions on numbers, with 25,000 settling by 1600, but also that they were supportive by authorities to set up their own French-speaking churches.

Really well done.

Now, independent question.

Just jot down a quick answer for me.

What showed that Walloon migrants still faced some hostility? So again, pause the video, get one or two answers down for me, and then come back and press play.

Really great work.

Hopefully, you mentioned that local traders in London complained about the competition brought about by Walloon silk weavers, but also that laws were introduced in 1585 that restricted Walloon migrants to those who could prove that they were escaping religious persecution, and also they were migrating to work within the silk weaving trade.

So those who were not escaping religious persecution or those looking to work outside the silk weaving trade could not settle in Canterbury.

So having used everything we've learned so far, I'd like you to complete this table to show examples of positive and negative experiences of both Flemish and Walloon migrants.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself about 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant work, so hopefully, your completed table looked a little something like this.

For positive experiences, the Flemish initially had positive relationships with local people and authorities.

And for Walloon migrants, they were given permission to settle in Canterbury with 25,000 having settled by 1600.

And then they were supported in setting up French-speaking churches.

In terms of negative experiences, we know that for the Flemish local people began to resent the Flemish weavers.

We took on work outside of the cloth-making industry, and the number of Flemish migrants was limited to 250 to 300.

For Walloon migrants, we know that London silk weavers complained about the competition they brought.

And also, from 1585, Walloon migrants were limited to those who were escape from religious persecution, but could also prove they were working in the silk trade.

Really well done for getting that table completed.

If there's anything you weren't quite able to get down, not to worry, just pause the video and add it now.

So in the third and final part of our lesson, we're going to be looking at the impact of Flemish and Walloon migrants.

Now, both the Flemish and Walloon weavers had a significant impact on the economy.

When the number of Flemish weavers allowed in Sandwich was limited, 871 moved from Sandwich to London to set up the Weaver's Company of London.

Here, they trained 500 apprentices, and this number soon grew.

As a result, by 1700, there were 50,000 apprentices employed in silk weaving in London.

As a result of growing hostility towards foreign weavers, the Walloons would go and set up the Drapers Union in London to protect foreign weavers from restrictions.

And this allowed both Flemish and Walloon weavers to have a lasting impact on the economy.

So we know that there was clearly a significant impact.

There are thousands of apprentices trained and employed in the silk weaving industry, that unions set up by the Walloons would protect foreign weavers, enabling them to continue to have a positive impact on the economy.

But it wasn't just an impact on the economy that we'll look at.

So we're gonna pause, check our understanding of this area of impact, and come back and look at the impact on culture.

Jun says, "Flemish and Walloon weavers "had a significant impact on the economy." Can you please give me three details to support Jun's statement? Pause the video now.

Make a note of the three, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, so hopefully, you said that 871 Flemish weavers moved to London to set up the Weaver's Company of London, that by 1700, there were 50,000 apprentices who'd been trained by the Weaver's Company of London, but also that the Draper's Union was set up to protect foreign weavers, allowing them to have a lasting impact on the economy.

Really, really well done.

Essentially, these are really key specific details that we can use to support any explanation of the economic impact of Flemish and Walloon weavers, well done.

And finally, Flemish and Walloon Weavers also impacted culture.

Firstly through language as several words in the English language originate from the language of migrants in the early modern period.

However, their impact on culture was most evident in their lasting impact on church buildings.

When Walloon weavers in Canterbury first arrived in 1575, they were given space in St.

Alphege's Church to worship in French.

This soon became too small, and they were granted the western crypt of Canterbury Cathedral.

By 1718, French-speaking migrants had opened around 30 churches in London.

Even today, many of these French churches still exist as a lasting legacy of Flemish and Walloon migrants in the area.

So we know in terms of culture, there's words in English language that show a lasting impact of Flemish and Walloon migrants, but their most significant impact was on the church buildings as many of the French-speaking churches set up by Flemish and Walloon migrants still exist today.

So we can see an impact on the economy, but also on culture.

Now, what I'd like you to see first is to tell me which two of the following statements about the impact of Flemish and Walloon migrants on culture are true.

A.

Several words in the English language originate from Flemish.

B.

By 1718, French-speaking migrants had opened around 300 churches.

C.

Flemish weavers were given space in Alphege Church.

And D.

By 1718, French-speaking migrants had opened around 30 churches.

So pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Really well done.

Hopefully, you said A and D.

So what I'd like you to do for me today is have a look at this statement.

Flemish and Walloon migrants have the greatest impact on the economy.

How far do you agree with this statement? So to write a response to this statement, you're going to need a paragraph outlining your judgement , a second paragraph outlining where someone might disagree with your judgement , and an overall judgement as to how far you agree with this statement, supported by evidence and with clear criteria for your judgement.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself about 15 minutes to complete this task, making sure that you've got all those points in there.

Off you go.

Such brilliant work.

So hopefully, your answer looks a little something like this.

"I largely agree with this statement "as Flemish and Walloon weavers "had a significant impact on the economy "which in turn benefited many people, "not just Flemish and Walloon migrants.

"For example, 871 Flemish weavers moved to London "to set up the Weaver's Company of London "and 5,000 apprentices were employed "in silk weaving as a result.

"This meant that more silk was produced, "and therefore more was exported and sold, "enriching the industry.

"In addition, the Draper's Union "was set up by Walloons in London "to protect foreign weavers from restrictions.

"This meant that the migrants "had a lasting impact on the economy.

"However, it could be argued that Flemish "and Walloon migrants had a greater impact on culture.

"This is because several words in the English language come from Flemish words, "for example, brewery from the Flemish brouwerij.

"In addition, Walloon weavers had a significant influence "on religion as they were permitted to worship "in French in the St.

Alphege church in 1575.

"As they outgrew this space, "they went on to open 30 French-speaking churches "in London by 1718.

"However, this argument is less convincing as the opening of French Church "has only impacted French-speaking people "in comparison to economic changes "which impacted a wider range of people.

"Therefore, while it is impossible to ignore "the impact these migrants had on English culture, "I largely agree with the statement as Flemish "and Walloon migrants' impact on culture "affected a wider range of people in a way "that influence their daily lives more often." Really, really well done.

You've done some brilliant work there.

If there's any key ideas in those three paragraphs that you'd like to get down, pause the video and feel free to add them to your response.

Now, the final thing we're gonna do today is look at a summary of what we've learned.

We've covered so much.

To improve England's economy, William Cecil invited Flemish and Walloon migrants to Sandwich and later Canterbury.

And in looking at the reasons for migration, we also learned that these migrants faced religious persecution in their place of origin, and therefore settled in England, which had become a stable Protestant nation by the late 1500s.

Although they faced increasing hostility, Flemish and Walloon migrants were able to establish a community that thrived economically.

We also learned that these weavers impacted both the economy and the built environment, but more specifically culture.

And finally, that large numbers of silk weaving apprentices were employed in this growing industry.

So really, really well done.

You've done some brilliant work today.

You should be very impressed, and I am too.