Hello and welcome to today's lesson on England in the early modern period.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how England changed as a result of early modern migration.

In the course of this unit, we'll cover lots of different things.

Before today, we're just going to be focusing on what England was like and what had changed in the early modern period.

Now, in order to do that, you're going to see a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely not to worry.

Just pause the video now, go and get everything you need and then come back and press play when you're ready to get started.

Great.

Now you've got everything you need, we can have a look at our lesson outcome.

And by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to say that you can explain how changes in the early modern world led to increased migration to England.

And in order to do that, we're going to need some keywords.

And today, we have four.

The first is denomination, which is a branch of the Christian Church, for example, Catholicism or Protestantism but there are many others.

Puritan, and a Puritan is a form of Protestantism that believed that the reformation needed to go further and the Protestants needed to strictly adhere to all core beliefs and practises.

And here is just another way of saying follow.

Humanism is a movement in the early modern period that sought to use ancient Roman and Greek text, reconsider key beliefs about society.

And then finally, lascar.

Now lascar is a sailor who travelled between Britain and its colonies working in the engine room of ships, often in very dangerous and very inhumane conditions.

Now we've seen the definitions here when we see them again in the context of the lesson, they'll make so much more sense.

But we can get started.

And to start off with, we're going to be looking at the reformation.

Now, by the 1500s, several different European nations played a central role in Christendom.

And most of these nations were under the authority of the Catholic church.

However, by the early 1500s, Martin Luther, a German priest and scholar, had grown resentful of some of the practises of the Catholic church and looked to challenge them.

In 1517, he wrote down the issues, which became known as the 95 Theses and held them to a door of a German church.

This would begin a movement known as the Reformation based on protesting against aspects of church practise.

Now, the reformation then led to a new denomination of Christianity known as Protestantism.

And the protest part of that word comes from the fact they were protesting against some of the practises in the Catholic church.

And Protestantism was slowly embraced by several different nations within Christendom.

And if we have a look at the slide here, we'll see an illustration of Martin Luther nailing his 95 Theses to a church door.

Now, before we go on to look at how the Reformation would then lead to migration to Europe, we're going to pause and check our understanding really quickly.

So I'd like you to have a look at this statement.

Martin Luther was a German priest who protested some of the issues of the Protestant church.

Now, is this statement true or false? Pause the video, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

We know that statement is false, but we need to think about why.

Is it false because Luther challenged the practises of the Catholic church beginning a denomination known as Protestantism? Or is it false because Luther was reluctant to criticise the practises of the Catholic church and began Protestantism in secret? Again, pause the video, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

We know that this statement is false because Luther challenged the practises of Catholic church beginning a denomination known as Protestantism.

It was very much started in public because we know that it began with him nailing his criticisms on a church door.

So we know that Martin Luther began the reformation in 1517, and we know that different countries in Europe began adopting Protestantism.

What we haven't looked at is the fact that with the reformation came wars, violence and persecution.

Some countries like Germany successfully transitioned to become a Protestant nation, however, others such as France and Spain remain Catholic with a small but growing Protestant population.

A law known as the edict of knots had provided the Huguenots, French Protestant with protection.

However, in 1685, this was then revoked by King Louis XIV.

As a result, many Huguenots were forced to convert to Catholicism to save their lives.

And those that did not look to escape to a nation that would provide the refuge, Huguenots were not the only group seeking religious freedom as a result of the reformation.

Protestant, Flemish and Walloon weavers also fled from France and the Spanish-controlled Netherlands to escape increasingly violent persecution in the early 1600s.

And if we have a look at this slide here, we can see an illustration of Huguenots arriving in Dover in 1685, the same year that the edict of Edict of Nantes was revoked by King Louis XIV.

So we've seen that the reformation began in Germany, and slowly but surely various countries began adopting Protestantism.

We've seen that this then led towards violence and persecution as countries such as France and Spain remain Catholic, but small groups of their population began to convert to Protestantism and were persecuted for it.

And therefore, these groups sought refuge in other nations if they had chosen not to convert back to Catholicism.

Now, before we go on, we're gonna pause and check our understanding about what happened as a result of reformation.

So Izzy has said that, "Although the reformation was about religion, it brought wars and violent persecution." I'd like you to give me just one example to support Izzy's statement about the impact of the Reformation.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself a couple of minutes to drop down an idea and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you said that, King Louis XIV of France revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685 leading to the violent persecution of Huguenots.

Really, really well done.

If you didn't quite get some of those details right, just take a minute now to correct them.

Now, I already mentioned that many of these Huguenots escaping persecution in France decided to settle in England.

But it's really important that we understand why.

Now many chose to settle in England after Elizabeth I was crown's queen in 1558 and secured England's place as a stable Protestant nation.

Now, Tudor England is often remembered as a religious rollercoaster.

That's because Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII initiated the break with Rome, which was a move away from the Catholic church.

And Henry's son, Edward II, continued to push England towards Protestantism.

In contrast, Henry's other daughter, Mary I then restored Catholicism following her father's reign.

So within three monarchs, we're seeing huge religious changes.

But this religious rollercoaster came to an end with Elizabeth whose religious settlement established a Protestant church of England with some allowances for Catholics to worship in private.

Therefore, England became increasingly attractive to European migrants seeking religious freedom.

So just to remind ourselves, while Tudor England is remembered as a religious wearing coaster, under Elizabeth I, it's very much stabilised and it became an attractive destination for European migrants seeking freedom from a Catholic persecution.

Now, before we go on to look at the final way in which the Reformation led to increased migration to Europe, we're gonna pause with a quick question.

Which of the following Tudor Monarchs made England a stable Protestant nation attracting European Protestants? Was it A, Henry VIII? B, Edward VI? C, Mary I? Or D, Elizabeth I? Pause the video now, make a decision and come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you said Elizabeth I.

So we've looked at how Elizabeth I making England a same Protestant nation, led to increased migration following Martin Luther's initiation of the Reformation.

But the Reformation would also lead to further changes in England.

In the 1640s following the English Civil War, England became a Puritan nation.

And under the rule of a Puritan government led by Oliver Cromwell, many leading Englishmen believe that Jewish migrants expelled from England in 1290 should be reinvited to England.

Although there were also several economic benefits that came with Reinviting Jewish migrants.

Puritans also believed that they needed to convert the Jewish community to Christianity in order for Jesus to return.

And so to do this more easily, they wanted to come to England.

This therefore demonstrates the role that the Reformation played in increasing the migration of both Protestant and Jewish migrants in the early modern period.

So we know that the Puritans oversaw a return of Jewish migrants as well, not just for religious reasons, and they believe that converting Jewish people to Christianity lead to Jesus' return quicker, but also because there were economic benefits to reinviting Jewish migrants to England.

So before we go on to look at other areas of English society that led to increasing migration, we're just going to pause, check our understanding and put what we've learned so far into practise.

So first I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The Reformation only led to an increase in the migration of Protestant groups.

Pause the video now, make a decision and come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

We know that this statement is false, but I need you to tell me why.

Is this statement false because under Puritan rule, Jewish migrants were invited to England for the first time since 1290? Or because Luther was reluctant to criticise the practises of the Catholic church and began Protestantism in secret? Give yourself a cognitive seconds to make a decision and then come back and press play.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you said A.

It's because on the Puritan rule, Jewish migrants were invited to England for the first time since 1219.

Now for our practise task, I'd like you to have a look at this statement.

The Reformation led to an increase in migration because England became a stable Protestant nation which attracted European Protestants.

And I'd like you to explain how far you agree with this statement, making sure to include the following details in your answer.

Elizabeth I, Huguenots, Puritan, and Jewish migrants.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself around 10 minutes to complete this task and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

Let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

So you might have said, "I agree with this statement to a significant extent as the reformation led to Henry VIII's Break with Rome.

And after the confusing reigns of Edward VI and Mary I, Elizabeth I was able to make England a stable Protestant nation from the late 1550s.

This meant that Protestants who faced persecution from Catholic rule would seek to settle in England.

One example of this is the migration of Huguenots, who face increasingly violent persecution after Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, which provided them protection.

However, this statement amidst the migration of Jewish people to England as a result of the reformation following the English Civil War, England came under the Puritan rule of Cromwell.

Many puritans believe that Jewish people would need be converted to Christianity in order for Jesus to return.

And so supported the invitation of Jewish migrants.

As Puritanism was a strict form of the Protestant denomination.

This can be seen as a direct consequence of the reformation.

This shows that the Reformation led to an increase in the migration of both Protestant and Jewish people in the early modern period.

Really well done if your answers along those lines.

If you were able to acknowledge the ways in which that statement was correct for the migration of European Protestants, but even better if you were able to acknowledge that (indistinct) the migration of Jewish people as a result of the reformation.

Really well done so far.

Now, in the second part of the lesson, we are going to be looking at the Renaissance.

And this was a period in which new inventions and ideas began to reshape Europe.

One of these new ideas was humanism.

The spread of humanism inspired many European scholars to migrate across Europe in search of ancient Roman and Greek texts in order to better understand some of the key beliefs about society.

With these rapidly spreading new ideas came new inventions.

And one of the most significant was the printing press in 1440.

As the printing press was invented in Germany, it allowed many new ideas from there to be shared quickly.

And one of the fastest spreading ideas was Protestantism.

The invention meant that leaflets can now be printed and shared to educate large numbers of people on the new growing Christian nomination.

As Germany played a leading role in printing technology, some German migrants were invited to England to share their expertise.

Wynkyn de Worde was a German migrant who settled in England on invitation from an Englishman called Caxton.

Caxton needed help to improve the first printing press in England, and de Worde was the perfect person for the job.

Wynkyn de Worde would go on to open his own printing press on Fleet Street in London, becoming one of several successful migrants in this period.

And we can see an illustration of him here.

The fact that illustration has remained of him shows just how successful he was on migrating to England to share his expertise.

Now, before we go on, we're going to pause and check our understanding and put what we've learned about the Renaissance and its role in increasing migration into practise.

So I'd like you to tell me which two of the following statements explain the impact of the Renaissance.

Is it A, increasing migration in search of ancient Greek and Roman cultures inspired humanism? B, expressing faith in and dedication to all the teachings of the Catholic church? Or C ,new inventions, e.

g.

the printing press being used to share and educate people on new ideas? Pause the video now.

Give yourself a couple of minutes and then come back when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you said A and C.

That there was increasing migration in search of ancient Greek and Roman cultures, but also new inventions were being used to share and educate people on new ideas.

Now, I'd like you to have a discussion with the person next to you if you're doing this lesson in a class or with someone else, but you can have a go at articulating it out loud if not.

What does Wynkyn de Worde reveal about the role of the Renaissance in early modern migration? So pause the video now and give yourself enough time to either explain and answer out loud or for both of you to contribute to the discussion if you're doing this lesson with someone else.

Brilliant.

So hopefully, your discussions might have included the following.

The new inventions during the Renaissance was sought after in England.

That these new inventions led to English businesses inviting German experts like Wynkyn de Worde.

Or the fact that de Worde was an example of a successful European migrant setting up his own business as a result of the Renaissance.

Really, really well done.

Hopefully you got some of those key ideas down.

So what I'd like you to do for our practise task here is to explain how the Renaissance led to increasing migration to England.

Making sure to include the following details in your answers.

Humanism, one of our key words, printing press, Protestant and Wynkyn de Worde.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself about 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant.

So hopefully, your answer looks something like this.

The Renaissance led to increasing migration as some migrants inspired by humanism migrated across Europe in search of ancient Roman and Greek texts to provide new insights into some key beliefs in early modern society.

However, many migrants were also involved in new inventions such as the printing press in 1440.

As the printing press became increasingly sought after in England, some English publishers invited German migrants to share their expertise and help them to print and share Protestant pamphlets.

One example was Wynkyn de Worde, who was invited by William Caxton and eventually went on to set up his successful printing business.

Really well done and hopefully we're able to get all those key details in there.

Now, in the third and final part of our lesson, we are going to be looking at the role of the early British Empire and increasing migration.

Now, most stories would agree that the Reformation had the largest impact on migration in this period with the Renaissance enabling the spread of Protestantism and increasing the impact of the reformation.

However, as a result of the emergence of the British Empire, new economic opportunities also resulted in a small number of migrants from Europe, Asia, and Africa.

For instance, in 1600, queen Elizabeth gave permission for merchants to establish the East India Company establishing a trading relationship between England and India.

And as a growing number of English merchants settled in India, a small number of Indian migrants would return with them to England as they worked on ships as lascars and employees of the East India Company.

Now, quick question before we move on to look at whether this was the only company that was set up that led to increasing migration.

So another quick discussion for me.

Why were they growing numbers of Indian migrants in England in the early modern period? Pause the video now have a go at explaining out loud.

Thinking about what type of jobs did I just say they worked in, and were they small numbers of large numbers of migrants? Hopefully, your discussion included that in 1600, Elizabeth I gave permission to set up The East India Company and a small number of Indian migrants returned with English merchants to England, mostly working as lascars.

So we know that it was as a result of the East India Company that we have a small number of Indian migrants Ling in England as a result of their work with English merchants, but mostly working as lascars on the ships that they returned on.

And as we know from our keywords, this was often very dangerous and inhumane conditions.

So in addition to the role of the East India Company, we know that to improve England's world trade to support this new trading company and others that we'll look at shortly, an increasing number of Flemish and Walloon weavers were invited to settle in Sandwich and Canterbury by William Cecil.

An important man in Elizabeth's government.

Expert weavers in England would mean that England could now export woven cloth at a higher price, helping the English economy and providing more valuable goods to trade through the East India Company.

So the early British Empire didn't just lead to migrants from different places that would eventually become colonies, but initially trading relations.

It led to the migration of European migrants because these migrants would help England's economy and help produce goods that could be traded in these new companies much further afield, and therefore help expand the British empire.

Now a quick question that I'm sure you'll be able to answer with, not a problem.

Why did the work of the Flemish and Walloon weavers support the British Empire? Pause the video now.

Jot down a couple of quick ideas and come back when you're done.

So hopefully, you mentioned that England could export woven cloth at a higher price, help the English economy and providing more valuable goods to trade through the East India Company.

Really, really well done.

And last but not least, we need to think about the role of the Royal Africa Company whose Coat of Arms we can see on our slide here.

So in 1660, the Royal Africa Company solidified Britain's role in trade along the West African coast, mainly the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

Now, although most enslaved African people were taken to European colonies in the Americas, there were a small number of them taken to Europe and many assimilated into their local culture with some converting to Christianity.

Some of those who would settle in England worked mostly as unfree servants.

This was often the result of England's role in transatlantic slave trade, or occasionally African migrants who had converted to Protestantism and were fleeing persecution in France or in Spain.

So we've looked at the role of the East India Company and how that led to increasing, but still small numbers of migrants from India, how the need for more products trade led to the invitation of Flemish and Walloon weavers, but also how the Royal Africa Company led to small numbers of African migrants, many of whom worked as unfree servants.

So now what I'd like you to do with a quick check on our understanding before our final task for today, is to answer this question.

Which two of the following statements explains why there was a growing number of African migrants in England/ A, the Royal Africa Company solidified Britain's role in trade along the coast.

B, Britain brought all enslaved people to England to work on plantations.

Or C, some African migrants were brought to England with most working as unfree servants.

Pause the video now, make a decision and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully you said A and C.

Now, for our final task today, I'd like you to read Jun's explanation of the early British Empire and how it led to increasing migration.

Jun says, "As a result of the emergence of the Spanish empire, migration to England increased.

This was largely because of the formation of new trading companies.

For example, the East Africa Company was formed in 1600 and the Royal India Company in 1660.

As a result of these companies, small numbers of migrants from Africa and Asia began to settle in England with a few working as lascars.

However, some European goldsmiths were also invited to settle in England in order to contribute to the English cloth trade and provide more goods to trade across the empire." Now Jun's got a few things wrong there that you might have already noticed as I was reading through his explanation.

So what I'd like you to do is to pause this video and give yourself about five minutes to identify the five errors and then come back and press play when you've done so.

So hopefully, you found these few errors.

That he was talking about the emergence of the Spanish Empire, the East Africa Company, the Royal India Company that only a few worked as lascars.

Also that it was European goldsmiths who were invited to settle in England.

So now what I'd like you to do is to correct those five errors.

So again, pause the video, give yourself five to 10 minutes to rewrite this paragraph, correcting those five errors, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

So hopefully, your completed answer was something like this.

You've mentioned that it was as a result of the emergence of the British Empire, that it was the East India Company formed in 1600 and the Royal Africa Company formed in 1660 that most of the migrants from Africa and Asia worked as lascars, and that it was some European weavers who were also invited to settle in England.

Really, really well done.

You've done some brilliant work.

And to finish off, we're just gonna look at a summary of what we've learned today.

So at first, we learned that the Reformation led to huge changes in Europe.

As some nations remain Catholic and others broke away from Roman and Catholic Church.

We learned that as England became a stable Protestant nation under Elizabeth I, the migration of Protestant refugees like the Huguenots increased.

We also learned that the Renaissance also increased migration to England as migrants settled in England to spread new ideas and technology, but also that the emergence of the British Empire to small numbers of Asian and African migrants settling mostly as lascars.

Really, really well done.

You've done some brilliant work today.

You should be very proud of yourself.