Hello and welcome to this lesson on early modern migration.

In this lesson, we're going to be looking at an overview of the recent experiences and impact on migrants in the early modern period.

Now in order to do that, we're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely not to worry.

Just pause the video now, go and get everything you need and then come back and press play when you're ready to get started with the lesson.

Great, now you're ready to get started, let's have a look at our lesson outcome, and it's really simple.

By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to say that you can explain the reasons for migration, experiences and impact of migrant in early modern England.

Now, in order to do that we're going to need some keywords.

For today, we've got three keywords.

The first is lascar and that's a sailor who travelled between Britain and its colonies working in the engine room of ships, quite often in dangerous and inhumane conditions.

Puritan is a form of Protestantism that believe that the Reformation needed to go further, and Protestants needed to strictly adhere to all core beliefs and practises, and then finally naturalise.

That is to be given the same rights as a citizen of a nation.

So now we've got our keywords.

We've seen them here, and we'll see them again in the context of the lesson.

By which point, I'm sure you'll have a brilliant understanding of them all.

But we're gonna get started by looking at the reasons for early modern migration.

So in considering the reasons why migrants came to England in the early modern period, there's a few that we need to look at.

And one factor which led to the increased migration in the early modern period was religion.

As a result of the Reformation, wars and violence began to spread across Europe.

This was due to the growing numbers of people who were converting to Protestantism and the subsequent increase in their persecution.

This was particularly the case in nations with a Catholic monarch such as France, where the Huguenots has fled from King Louis XIV discrimination of them in 1685.

In the face of persecution, many European Protestants sought refuge in a stable Protestant nation, and many chose England from the late 1550s due to the country's Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.

Now, the reformation would also eventually lead to Puritan rule in England from 1642 to 1658.

Under which Jewish migrants were re-invited to the country as it was believed that converting Jewish communities would bring about the return of Jesus.

So remember, it was a reformation that led to the increasing persecution of Protestants, particularly Huguenots in France, who were escaping the persecution they faced under King Louis XIV.

And under the Puritan Rule, it wasn't that it encouraged Protestant migration, but it was the migration of Jewish migrants who were re-invited by Puritans.

So we've got different examples of different groups coming to England as a result of religion.

Before we go on to look at more examples, got a quick question for you.

So which two of the following are examples of migrant groups who settled in England as a result of the reformation? So think about what we just spoke about.

Which two groups did we look at as examples of groups who came to England as a result of religion? Pause the video now make a decision and then come back and press play when you're done for me please.

Brilliant, hopefully you said not just Huguenots but also Jewish migrants, Huguenots who were escaping persecution under Louis XIV in France, but also Jewish migrants who were re-invited to England under Puritan rule.

Really well done.

So now we've looked at religion being a reason for migration in this period, but there were also many migrants who settled in England for economic reasons.

Due to the emergence of the British Empire in the early modern period, new trading companies such as the East India Company and the Royal Africa Company were established a secure Britain trade in Africa and Asia.

As a result, a small number of lascars, one of our keywords.

From India and West Africa began to return with English merchants in the 1600's and settled in England both voluntarily and involuntarily.

There were also several migrants who were settled in England to help the economy.

Providing goods that could be traded across the growing empire.

An example of this is the skilled Flemish and Walloon weavers who settled in Canterbury and Sandwich from 1560.

They produced cloth that could be exported at a higher price than royal wool helping to grow the British economy and therefore the British Empire.

So again, we've got a couple of examples here of migrant groups who settled in England because of economic reasons.

So lascars from Africa and Asia who were returning with English merchants, but also weavers from Europe.

So for example, Flemish and Walloon weavers who settled to support the English economy, but therefore the broader empire.

So we've got Laura here who has said, "That the early British empire led to an increase in migration," which we know is true.

But what I would like you to do is give you two examples to support this statement.

So pause the video now, gimme a couple of examples.

We did just look at some, and then come back when you've made a note of them.

Brilliant, so hopefully you included any two of the following, that the Royal African Company and the East India Company secured Britain's trade in Africa and Asia.

That a small number of lascars from India and West Africa return to England with English merchants, and that the Flemish and Walloon weavers migrated to support the cloth trade helping the economy and the growth of the British Empire.

Really well done if you were able to get those down.

If you weren't quite sure, or maybe you were stuck on the second example, just pause the video now and you can make a note.

And then the final reason for migration in this period that we need to look at is the role of new ideas.

So although they only made up a small number, some migrants settled in England as a result of new ideas.

This period of new ideas and inventions became known as the Renaissance, and it quickly began to reshape Europe.

As Germany played a leading role in the new printing technology.

Some German migrants were invited to England to share their expertise.

Through example, Wynkyn De Worde was a German migrant who had settled in London by 1500.

On the invitation of an Englishman called William Caxton.

Wynkyn de Worde went on to open his own printing press on Fleet Street, becoming one of several migrants who were successful in this period.

Now, before we go on to look at what the experiences of these different migrant groups were, I'm just gonna pause and put what we've learnt into practise after a quick question.

So first I'd like to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The Renaissance was an important part of the early modern period, but had no impact on migration.

Pause the video now, make a decision and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant, we know that this statement is false, but we need to think about why.

Is it false because the Renaissance led to a small but important group of migrants who shared their expertise in new industries.

Or is it false because the Renaissance led to a large group of migrants who shared their expertise in new industries.

Pause the video now, make a decision and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said A, it's because the Renaissance led to a small but important group of migrants who shared their expertise in new industries.

Really well done.

So what I'd like you to do now is to complete the table.

And in order to do this, you simply need to read through each of the statements and decide whether it's an example of religious reasons for migration, you'll put an R.

Economic reasons for migration, you'll put an E.

Or an example of new ideas leading to migration you'll put an NI.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself no more than five minutes to complete this task, and then come back and press play when you're done for me please.

Brilliant, oo let's have a look now at what your completed table should have looked like.

Huguenots fled France escaping persecution under Louis XIV.

We know that that is an example of religious migration.

That lascars from Asia and Africa returned with English merchants.

We know that is an example of economic migration.

The under Puritan rule, Jewish migrants were re-invited to England.

That is an example of religious reasons for migration.

German migrants settled in England to share printing technology, you know that's the example of the way that new ideas led to greater migration to England.

And finally, we know that Flemish and Walloon weavers settled to support the cloth trade, and that is an example of economic reasons for migration in this period.

Really, really well done.

If you weren't too sure about any of them, just pause very quickly and make sure your table's completed.

So in this part of the lesson, we're going to be looking at the experiences of early modern migrants.

Now, the experiences of early modern migrants in this period was incredibly varied.

For those who were Protestants, their experiences were more often positive.

So for example, for the 40 to 50,000 Huguenots migrants who chose to settle in England, they received huge support from the new Dutch rulers of England, William III and Mary II, who raised £39,000 for the Huguenots.

These funds were used to help Huguenots set up successful businesses.

And beyond the financial support that they received, the Huguenots also received political protection.

In 1709, an act of naturalised, all Protestant migrants was passed, which came with greater political freedom and legal protection.

Although this act was revoked in 1711, there was still 2,000 Huguenots who had been naturalised at this time.

And the same can be said for Walloon migrants.

They was also supported by the authorities to set up their own French speaking churches where they could practise Protestantism.

As an established Walloon community attracted more Walloon migrants the population of Walloons in Canterbury reached 2,500 by 1600.

So we can see here that generally we can see a pattern of positive experiences amongst Protestant migrants in this period.

But remember, when we talk about patterns of experiences, there are nearly always exceptions.

And in this case, we need to know that not all early modern migrants who were Protestants had positive experiences.

There were some who had much more negative experiences, and this is often the result of poor relations with authorities.

One example would be Palatine migrants.

Although Palatine migrants initially received 20,000 pounds in support, once authorities realised that one third were Catholic, attitudes changed drastically.

As it had been assumed that they were all Protestant refugees.

And as a result, even the Protestant Palatines received very little support.

Local councils were reluctant to support them in England, and as a result, 3,000 Palatines were sent to Ireland amidst a hostile Catholic population.

So we can see here that yes, there is a pattern, that Protestant migrants tended to have more positive experiences, but it's important to remember that there are still exceptions.

And the Palatine migrants, specifically the Protestant Palatine migrants are an example of that.

They did not receive the support they hoped for or expected as one third of them were Catholic, not even the majority, but that was enough to drastically change attitudes towards them.

So before we go on to consider the experiences of migrants who were not Protestants, we've just got a quick question for you.

So which two of the following are examples of Protestant migrant groups who thrived in this period? A, Huguenots, B, Palatines, C, Jewish migrants or D, Walloon migrants? Pause the video now, make a decision for me.

And then come back when you've got an answer.

So in this case, the two examples are Huguenots, and Walloon migrants.

I'm hoping you didn't take Palatines because we know that they're an example of Protestant migrants who did not thrive in this period.

And then one more quickly, all Protestant migrants had entirely positive experiences.

Based on what I've just said, hopefully this should be an easy one.

Pause the video, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Great, we know that this is false, but you need to tell me why.

Is it false because Protestant migrants often suffered in the early modern period due to religious persecution.

Or is it false because although small in number, Palatines did not maintain the support and protection of the church.

Pause the video now, make a decision and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, we know that it's false because although smaller number, Palatines did not maintain the support and protection of the church.

Really, really well done.

Now, we've looked at the experiences of early modern migrants who are Protestants.

And if we're talking about migrants who are not Protestant, we might be able to say that there's a pattern that most early modern migrants who were not Protestants had more negative experiences.

An example of this would be African migrants in this period, usually from West Africa.

Most settled in England as unfree servants and worked for wealthy families in conditions that were only marginally better than the plantations in the Americas.

For these migrants, they received no wages and were often left homeless when there was no further need for their work.

However, just because there's a pattern doesn't mean there aren't exceptions.

So there are also examples of non Protestant migrants who thrived in this period as a result of their positive relationship with the authorities.

So we can see that although religion is very important with good relations with authorities or positive relations with authorities, those experiences can be improved or they can decline as we saw with the palatines.

An example of this in this case is Jewish migrants.

From 1655, Puritan leaders were supportive of the newly arrived Jewish migrants.

For example, within a year of their arrival, they were permitted to worship freely in their own synagogues.

And during this tolerant period, Jewish communities in England began to thrive as they set up successful businesses.

One example of this is Solomon De Medina.

He is a Jewish migrant who arrived in England and began providing services to King William III.

In 1700, he was awarded a knighthood and the first Jewish person to receive this title.

So we can see here are exceptions such as Jewish migrants whose relationship with authorities meant that they were still able to thrive in this period.

So I've just got a couple of questions for you.

The first is here, which one of the following had largely negative experiences in the early modern period? Was it A, Jewish migrants, B, African migrants, or C, Flemish migrants? Pause the video now for me, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer.

Great, hopefully you said African migrants.

We know that many worked as unfree servants in conditions that were only marginally better than the plantations.

Now, I'd like you to have a quick discussion for me.

And the topic of this discussion is why are Jewish migrants an example of migrant groups who were not Protestant but still thrived in this period? So pause the video now.

Give yourself enough time to either articulate a response out loud if you're doing it by yourself or for both of you to contribute to this discussion if you are doing this lesson with someone else, then come back and press play when you're done.

So hopefully in your discussion you mention the following points, that Puritan leaders from 1655 were supportive of the newly arrived Jewish migrants, that within a year of arriving they were permitted to worship freely within their own synagogues, and that they were able to set up successful businesses with the example of Solomon de Medina, who provided services and supplies to King William III and even received a knighthood in 1700.

Now what I'd love you to do is using what we've learnt so far, have a look at Izzy's explanation of the experiences of early modern migrants.

She says, "That migrants had a wide variety of experiences in the early modern period.

However, Protestant migrants had a more positive experience due to their relationship with the authorities and the church." So she's got some good ideas there.

What I would like you to do is to decide how far you agree with her explanation.

Pause the video now, give yourself no more than 10 minutes to write a response and then come back with your answer for me, please.

Brilliant, let's have a look at what your answer might have looked like.

So you might have said that you agree with Izzy to a significant extent as Protestant migrants generally had a more positive experience in early modern England.

One example of this is the Huguenots, who received both financial and political support from authorities.

For instance, William III and Mary II raised £39,000 to support them.

And in 1709, an act was passed to naturalise Protestant migrants.

This support ensured that many Huguenots were able to establish successful businesses in England and received greater rights and freedoms from 1709.

Walloon migrants also benefited from the support of the Protestant church and were able to set up French speaking churches.

The community was so successful that by 1600 there were 2,500 Walloon migrants in Canterbury alone.

However, Izzy is not entirely correct as her statement omits non Protestant migrants like Jewish people who had positive experiences at the time.

For instance, within a year of their arrival, Jewish migrants were given permission to worship freely and many set up successful businesses.

One example of this is Solomon De Medina, who received a knighthood in 1700 for his services to King William III.

Izzy also admits Protestant migrants who had negative experiences from her statement such as Palatines.

Palatine migrants had largely negative experiences once authorities realised that one third of them were Catholic, not Protestant as assumed.

As attitudes towards Palatines changed, 3,000 of them were forced to settle in Ireland among a hostile Catholic population.

Really well done, if there's certain details in there that you realise you missed out, not to worry at all, just pause the video now, add them, and then come back and press play.

And now in the third and final part of our lesson, we are going to be looking at the impact of early modern migrants.

And they impacted various areas of life, but the most significant was the economy.

For example, in the late 1500s, 871 Flemish Weavers moved to London to set up the Weavers Company of London.

Where they trained 500 apprentices in silk weaving.

As a result, by 1700, there were 50,000 silk weaving apprentices employed in London.

Furthermore, in the 1580s, the Walloons set up the Drapers' Union in London to protect foreign weavers from restrictions.

This allowed both Flemish and Walloon weavers to have a lasting impact on the economy.

In addition, Huguenots also impacted the English economy because many had wealthy backgrounds, and so were able to invest in large businesses and projects.

For instance, Huguenots sponsors gave £104,000 of the 1.

2 million needed to set up the Bank of England in 1694.

So we've got the examples of Flemish and Walloon migrants, but also Huguenots in looking at the economic impact on England in this period.

So what I'd like you to do for me very quickly before we go on to look at other areas of impact, is to tell me which of the following statements is an example of the economic impact of migrants.

One, many English versions of Huguenots surnames are still common across England today.

B, in 1694, Huguenots sponsors gave £104,000 to set up the Bank of England.

C, Huguenots brought their French fashion and silk weaving schools to England.

Pause the video now, make a quick decision for me and then come back and press player when you're done.

Brilliant, we know that it's B.

In 1694 Huguenots sponsors gave £104,000 to set up the Bank of England, and that is an example of the economic impact of migrants.

Next Aisha says, "Flemish and Walloon weavers had a significant impact on the economy." I'd like you to gimme two statements to support Aisha's brilliant contribution.

So pause the video now and jot down a couple of quick ideas for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you mentioned any two of the following.

871 Flemish Weavers moved to London, to set up the Weavers company of London.

That Flemish Weavers trained 500 apprentices, and by 1700, 50,000 silk weaving apprentices were working in London.

Or you mentioned that Walloon weavers set up the Drapers' Union to protect foreign weavers from restrictions.

Really well done, and again, if you're missing one, you can just pause the video now and make a quick note.

Now, in addition to the impact on the economy, several migrant groups also had an impact on culture.

For example, several words in English originate from the language of early modern migrants.

One example would be brewery, which originates from the Flemish brouwerij.

Additionally, most Huguenots assimilated by changing their surnames and marrying English people.

Therefore, many English versions of Huguenots names are still common across England today, like Andrew, Baker, Forrester, and Newhouse.

As well as this, the Huguenots influenced English fashion as they brought with them French designs and silk weaving skills, which were admired by the wealthy.

James Leman is an example of a Huguenots silk weaver who made fashionable new designs and became a famous figure in the early modern textile industry.

So we can see examples of the impact on culture in language, names and fashion.

So very quickly, which two of the following statements are examples of the cultural impact of early modern migrants? Is it A, many English versions of Huguenots surnames are still common across England today? B, in 1694, Huguenots sponsors gave £104,000 to set up the Bank of England.

Or C, Huguenots brought their French fashion and silk weaving skills to England.

Pause the video now, make a decision and then come back and press play when you're done for me please.

Brilliant, hopefully you said A and C because we looked at the impact in names, but also in fashion.

The other example you might use is the impact on language.

And the final area of impact to consider is the impact on the built environment.

For example, when Walloon weavers first arrived in Canterbury in 1575, they were given a space in St.

Alfreds church to worship in French.

That soon became too small, and so they were granted the Western crypt in the much bigger Canterbury Cathedral.

As the French speaking migrant population in England increased so too did their need for their own spaces of worship.

So by 1718, they'd opened around 30 churches in London, and many still exist today as the lasting legacy of Flemish and Walloon migrants.

But it wasn't just Flemish and Walloon migrants who had an impact on the built environment.

Jewish migrants also impacted the built environment alongside culture.

Once Jewish migrants began to settle in England from 1655, the number of synagogues in England rapidly increased.

The practise of Judaism in England became legal in 1698, thus also impacting English culture as Judaism grew to being a popular religion.

In turn, this resulted in further changes to the built environment as even more synagogues were built in England.

For instance, Solomon De Medina used the money from his successful businesses to contribute to the building of several synagogues, including Bevis Marks, which remains the largest and longest standing synagogue in Europe today.

So again, we are seeing examples of different migrant groups having an impact on the built environment, not just Flemish and Walloon migrants through their building of churches, but also Jewish migrants through their building of synagogues.

So what I'd like you to do now is have a quick discussion for me, just like you did earlier, but instead, the conversation here is based on this question.

How did Walloon migrants impact the built environment? And as always, give yourself enough time to articulate out loud if you're doing this lesson by yourself.

But if you're doing it with someone else, just make sure you both have enough time to contribute and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant, so hopefully you mentioned, by 1718 French speaking migrants will open around 30 churches in London.

Or that today many of the French churches still exist as a lasting legacy of the Flemish and Walloon migrants.

So now that we've considered the impact of Flemish and Walloon migrants, let's think about how Jewish migrants impacted the built environment.

And in order to do that, I want you to tell me which of the following statements best explains that.

Is it A, Jewish migrants provided services and supplies to the Monarch.

B, Jewish migrants built several synagogues, including Bevis Marks.

or C, Jewish migrants were invited to return to England in 1655.

Pause the video, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said B.

Jewish migrants built several synagogues, including Bevis Marks.

So for our final task today, I would like you to have a look at this statement.

The most significant impact of early modern migrants was on the economy, as it would've had the greatest impact on people at the time.

And I want you to explain why you agree or disagree with this statement about the impact of early modern migrants.

Making sure to include why someone might challenge your argument.

So again, give yourself about 10 to 15 minutes, but no more to complete this task and then come back when you're done.

So you might have said something like this.

I agree with this statement as early modern migrants did have a significant impact on the economy, which would've affected many people.

For instance, the Huguenots impacted the economy through their own successful businesses and through their investments into large businesses and projects like their £140,000 sponsorship of the Bank of England in 1694.

Additionally, Flemish and Walloon weavers also made significant contributions to the English economy.

For example, 171 Flemish Weavers moved to London to set up the Weavers Company of London, and by 1700 there were 50,000 apprentices working in the silk weaving industry.

Furthermore, in the 1580s, Walloon migrants set up the Drapers' Union in London to protect foreign weavers from restrictions which ensured that Flemish and Walloon weavers can continue to contribute to the English economy.

However, someone might challenge my argument as the statement does not acknowledge the impact of early modern migrants on culture.

For instance, Huguenots and migrants like James Leman had a significant impact on culture as they brought French fashion and silk weaving skills with them, which became very popular, particularly amongst England's wealthy.

Really, really well done because you've been able to explain hopefully how far you agree, but also why someone would challenge what you believe.

So you've included at least two different impacts of migrants in the early modern period.

So what we're gonna do to finish up for today after you've done such brilliant work, is have a look at a quick summary of what we've covered.

So at first, we learned in the early modern period, religion and economic opportunity were the main reasons for migration.

However, there were a small number of migrants who settled in England as a result of new ideas.

We also learned that Protestant migrants in the early modern period often had more positive experiences because they received support from the monarchy, government and church.

Although strong relations with authorities could also lead to positive experiences even for non Protestant migrants.

And finally, we learned that early modern migrants had a significant impact on all areas of life, but most significantly on English economy and culture.

Really great work.

You've done a brilliant job.

I'm so impressed with the work you've done, and you should be too.