Hello, and welcome to today's lesson on Palatine refugees.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how early modern England was impacted by migration.

In the course of this unit, we'll cover lots of different things, but for the purpose of this lesson, we're just going to be looking at Palatine refugees.

Now, in order to do that, you're gonna see a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely not to worry.

Just pause the video now, go and get everything you need, and then come back and press play when you're ready to get started.

Brilliant.

Now we can have a look at our lesson outcome for today, and our lesson outcome for today is on the slide now.

We can see that, by the end of the lesson, hopefully you'll be able to say that you can explain the reasons for Palatine migration, as well as the experiences and impact of Palatine migrants.

Now, in order to achieve this lesson outcome, we're going to need some keywords.

And for today, we've just got one, and that keyword is naturalise.

And that means to be given the same rights as a citizen of a nation.

So, if somebody migrates to England and they're naturalised, it means they're now given the same rights as an English citizen.

We'll see this word again in the context of the lesson.

So, if you're still a little bit unsure, not to worry, it will come up and we'll have another look at it.

But for now, we can get started on the lesson, and we're going to be starting off by looking at reasons for migration.

So, in the 1600s, the Rhineland, which is now part of modern-day Germany, had become devastated by various European wars, as well as years of poor harvest.

And as a result, many different groups of Germanic people sought refuge outside of Central Europe.

And it was in 1708 that a man called Joshua Kochertal led a small group of Palatines, this is the name given to a group of German refugees at the time, from central Europe to England.

And then, he helped them migrate on to Carolina in North America.

And Kochertal was able to migrate because he had the help and support of the English government and Monarch.

So, it wasn't that all Palatines (indistinct) Joshua Kochertal, but in 1708, he was successful at helping a small group migrate from central Europe to England, and then onto North America.

Now, before we go on to look at the impact that this had on the remaining Palatines, we're going to pause and check our understanding really quickly.

So, we're going to start off today with a discussion.

So, if you're doing this lesson in a classroom or with someone else, I'd like you to have this discussion in pairs if possible.

If you're doing this lesson just by yourself, absolutely not to worry.

You can have a go at articulating your response out loud, or writing it down for me.

Either way, the topic of our discussion right now is why did groups of Germanic people seek refuge outside of central Europe in the late 1600s? So, what I'd like you to do is pause the video now, give yourself enough time to articulate a response out loud; or if you're doing this in pairs, to have a go at giving time for both of you to make a contribution to this discussion.

So, pause the video and come back when you're done.

Brilliant.

So, hopefully your answer included the following: that the Rhineland had become devastated by various European wars, as well as years of poor harvest.

Hopefully, either by yourself or between you, you managed to mention both the various European wars, and the years of poor harvest.

Now we've got Laura here, and Laura's been sitting in on our lesson.

She says, "In 1708, Kochertal led a group of Palatines to England." And that's true.

She's clearly been listening.

But what I need you to do is support her statement.

And in order to do that, I need you to give me three more details about his journey that she could add to her statement.

So, pause the video now, give yourself a couple of minutes to get those details down, and come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

So, hopefully you included the following: that he led a small group of migrants from central Europe, that they travelled first to England and then onto Carolina in North America, and that finally he did so with the support of the English government and monarch.

Really, really well done.

So, going back to the reasons why Palatines migrated to England; it's, in 1709, the English government passed a law to naturalise all Protestant migrants.

Now, remember: to naturalise is to give someone the same rights as the citizens of that nation or country.

So, this means that Protestants had the opportunity; well, Protestant migrants had the opportunity to naturalise, so to get the same rights as British citizens.

Now, this law was passed with the intention of giving greater freedom to Huguenots, and Huguenots were wealthy French Protestants who had settled in England in the 1680s.

But this also provided an excellent opportunity for the Palatines.

So ,the new law, together with Kochertal's success in the year before, so 1708, there were several other groups of Palatines who were inspired to migrate to England in an attempt to eventually make it on to North America.

So, in the same year that this law was passed, 13,000 palatine refugees arrived in London.

Now, it's important that we know that these Palatines were made up of Protestants who were fleeing both the devastation of war and Catholic persecution, but also Catholics who were fleeing the Rhineland in the hope of finding better opportunities abroad.

So, remember it's not just Kochertal's journey, it's the fact there was this act passed to naturalise all Protestant migrants that provided the seemingly perfect opportunity for these other palatines to migrate to England, hoping to make it on to North America.

Not that they were all Protestants; it's important that we know that.

There were also Catholics who had been fleeing the Rhineland, because remember we've just been talking about the fact there were various European wars and also years of poor harvest.

So, we have economic reasons for migration, but also religious reasons for migration, because it did still include some Protestants who were fleeing Catholic persecution.

Now, before we go on to look at how we can put this into practise with our first task of today, I'd like you to answer this question for me.

Which of the following statements explains why 13,000 Palatines arrived in England in 1709? Is it, A: In 1709, the British government revoked a law to naturalise or Protestant migrants? B: in 1709, the British government passed a law to naturalise all Protestant migrants? Or C: in 1709, Joshua Kochertal arrived in England with a large group of Palatine refugees? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

So, hopefully you said B.

It was in 1709 that the British government passed a law to naturalise all Protestant migrants, and that is one of the reasons why 13,000 Palatines arrived in England in 1709.

It is not that Joshua Kochertal arrived in England in that year, because it would happen the year earlier, but also it wasn't that they revoked the law; that comes later.

But we'll have a look at that in a bit.

So, what I'd like you to do for our first practise task is to have a look at this statement.

"Palatine migrants only settled in England to escape religious persecution," and I need you to tell me how far you agree with this statement.

And in your response, I want you to include the following: Rhineland, Kochertal, 1709, and naturalise.

So, I'd like you to have a think about what we've covered so far; the reasons for Palatine migration in this period.

I'd like you to pause the video now, give yourself about 10 minutes to complete the task, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant.

So, let's have a look at what your answer might have looked like.

So, you might have said that you "Largely disagree with the statement because not all Palatine migrants are Protestants who were fleeing persecution.

Although, that is not to say that this statement is entirely correct, as two thirds of Palatine migrants were Protestants who were seeking refuge in England, but it was not the only reason for migration.

For example, some Palatines who settled in England were Catholics who looked to escape the devastation caused by war and poor harvest in the Rhineland and to find economic opportunities in England.

They chose to settle in England after Kochertal and a small group of Palatines had successfully migrated there in 1708.

With the support of the government and monarch, Kochertal and the small group of Palatines were then able to migrate onto Carolina, North America.

In addition, when a law was introduced in 1709 to naturalise all Protestant migrants, many Palatines saw this as the perfect opportunity to settle in England.

Therefore, it is not accurate to say that Palatine migrants only settled in England to escape religious persecution, as economic reasons and legal opportunities were also contributing factors." So, hopefully you managed to get that in there.

Really, really well done, because it's important that we don't think it was the only reason they settled in England.

There were multiple reasons, as we've looked at so far.

So, what I'd like you to do now, if there's anything in this answer that you want to add to yours, not to worry at all.

Just pause the video very quickly before we move on to the next part of the lesson.

So, in the second part of the lesson, we are going to be looking at the experiences of palatine migrants.

Now, at first, the English authorities and church looked to support the newly-arrived palatine refugees, believing they were a group of Protestants fleeing religious persecution.

Protestant English churches raised 20,000 pounds in support of them.

However, it soon became clear to both the authorities and the church that not all palatines were Protestants.

In fact, one third of those who settled in England were Catholic.

This drastically changed attitudes towards the Palatines.

And once the authorities realised that they were not all religious refugees, the entire community were quickly settled in refugee camps in Blackheath and Camberwell, rather than receiving the support they hoped for.

And we can see an illustration here of the Palatine refugee camps that were built, that were set up in Camberwell and Blackheath.

So, as well as losing the protection of the monarch and the church, Palatine refugees struggled to find work.

A few of them had worked in vineyards in central Europe, but most of them had been poorer, unskilled labourers, and therefore struggled to find jobs when they arrived in London.

This meant that, under the Poor Law, they became considered as vagrants.

That means they were considered poor people who were deemed unable to help themselves.

And many local people began to worry that local councils would not be able to arrive them the support that they hoped for, especially not the financial support that they would need to migrate onto North America.

So, we can see that their experiences were not what they expected at all.

They very quickly ended up in refugee camps without the support of the monarch and the church, and it seemed that they would not get the financial support that Kochertal had received that helped him migrate on to North America.

Before we go on to unpack this a little further, we'll find out what happened once it was clear they would not have the support to move on as they expected.

We're just gonna pause and check our understanding really quickly.

So, we've got Sofia here, another student who's been sitting in on our lessons, and she says, "English authorities and Protestant churches initially supported the Palatines," which is true; she's right.

She's been listening, and that's great.

But what I need you to do for me is to give me two more details to support Sofia's statement.

So, pause the video now, give yourself a couple of minutes to jot something down, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant.

So, hopefully you mentioned one of these things: that they believed they were a group of Protestants fleeing persecution; or that Protestant English churches raised 20,000 pounds in support of the Palatines.

Either of those would be absolutely brilliant.

Really well done.

Now I'd like you to tell me why these attitudes towards Palatine migrants changed so drastically.

Is it because, A: authorities discovered that one third of Palatine migrants were Catholic? B: authorities discovered that one third of Palatine migrants were Protestant? Or C: authorities became more determined to support all refugees? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully you said, A: the authorities discovered that one third of Palatine migrants were Catholic.

Finally, we've also had Jacob listening in.

He said, "Most Palatine migrants struggled to make a living on arriving in England." Great contribution, because he's right.

But as you know, we need details to support these statements.

So, I'd like you to give me two more details to support Jacob's statement here.

Pause the video now, and when you've done that, come back and press play.

Brilliant, so hopefully you mentioned any two of the following: that most had been poor, unskilled labourers in central Europe; that only a few were skilled enough to work in vineyards, most struggled to find work; and that under the Poor Law, many were considered vagrants.

Really well done.

If you didn't quite get those down, you can pause and just add them to your list now.

Now, we know that they did not receive the support that they hoped for on arrival.

But despite the Protestant church and authorities' reluctance to financially support them, 3,000 Palatines were able to migrate onto North America by 1715, although most had been sent as indentured labourers, and so did not find the life of opportunity away from wars and poor harvest that they had hoped for.

That's because, as indentured labourers, they were forced to work in hard labour for a set number of years, in return for a small payment or plot of land at the end of the agreed contract.

This was not the pleasant life they had hoped to find on escaping central Europe.

The hard labour that Palatines were forced to do in exchange for travel in North America would've been very difficult, and it's likely many would've felt as if their lives were no different to how they were in the Rhineland.

There were another 3,000 who were sent to Ireland in the same period, as the English government had hoped to increase the Protestant population there, in order to support English rule in Ireland.

The palatines that were sent to Ireland suffered terribly, as local Catholics resented them, and they struggled to survive by farming.

Therefore, as it had been with those who had made its North America, for the Palatines in Ireland, life had been no better than what they had escaped in Germany.

Of the 7,000 that remained from the original 13,000 who migrated to England, only a few actually settled in the country.

Most returned to central Europe, in the hope of finding freedom some other way.

It seemed that migrating to England had not solved pretty much any of their problems. Now, before we go on to put this into practise, I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false: All Palatine migrants were able to migrate onto North America.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you're done for me.

This statement is, in fact, false, but you need to tell me why.

Is it because only 3,000 of those who settled in England were able to migrate onto North America, mostly as indentured servants? Or B: none of those who settled were able to migrate onto North America; virtually all were forced to settle in Ireland? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

Hopefully you said A, that only 3,000 of those who settled in England were able to migrate onto North America, and mostly as indentured servants.

So, now I'd like you to put what we've learned into practise by completing the table.

All you need to do is read the five statements, and for each of them, if you think the statement is true, you'll put a T in the box; and if you know the statement is false, you'll put an F.

So, pause the video now, give yourself no more than five minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant.

Let's have a look at what your completed table should have looked like.

So, the first statement: "When 13,000 palatine refugees arrived in London, the authorities looked to support and protect them;" we know that's true.

"Catholic English churches raised 20,000 pounds to support the palatines;" we know that's false.

"Most palatine refugees were poorer, unskilled labourers;" we know that's true.

"Local councils were happy to support the Palatines' onward migration to North America, as they were considered refugees;" definitely false.

And finally, "2,000 Palatines went onto North America and 5,000 to Ireland, where life was significantly better than the conditions they faced in central Europe;" definitely, definitely false.

So, as I'm sure you've guessed, what you need to do now is correct the false statements.

So, you're going to have a go at rewriting each of those three false statements as correct statements.

Again, you'll only need about five minutes to rewrite these three statements, and then come back when you're done, please.

Brilliant.

So, hopefully your completed table looks a little something like this.

It was Protestant English churches who raised 20,000 pounds to support the Palatines.

Local councils were worried that they could not support the Palatines' onward migration as they were considered vagrants.

And it was 3,000 Palatines who went on to North America, 3,000 to Ireland, where life was no better than the conditions they faced in central Europe.

Really, really well done.

If you didn't quite get any of the corrections, just add them to your table now.

Brilliant work so far.

So, in the third and final part of our lesson, we are going to be looking at the impact of palatine migrants.

Now, unlike several other migrant groups in this period, Palatines had a very limited impact on England, as most didn't settle for very long.

Most of those who did remain in England, however, settled in Liverpool.

We can see that annotated here.

They became part of a small Palatine community There.

The most significant impact of the Palatine migration was actually political.

That's because the 1709 act to naturalise Protestant migrants was actually revoked in 1711, as a result of the Palatines' arrival.

We mentioned this earlier.

I did say I'd let you know what happened there, and the government actually decided to retract this law.

So, it was no longer possible for Protestant migrants to be naturalised just on application 'cause of a law that had been passed.

It was because, once the authorities realised they had wrongly assumed that all the palatines were Protestant refugees who would benefit from the act, they revoked it to end any further protection of palatine migrants.

And by revoking this act, many other Protestant migrants, such as the Huguenots that we mentioned earlier, were no longer able to be naturalised.

This is quite a significant impact, because typically we might look at examples of when migrants led to laws being introduced, but here we're seeing laws being revoked because of the arrival of Palatine migrants, or you might say Palatine refugees.

So, before we put what we've learned about the impact of palatine migrants into practise, I'd just like you to have a go at a couple of questions.

The first is here, and you need to tell me whether this statement is true or false: Palatines had a limited impact on England.

Pause the video, very quickly make a decision, and then come back when you're done.

Excellent.

We know that this statement is true, but we need to think about why.

Is it because most Palatine migrants did not settle in England for long, with thousands moving on to North America or Ireland? Or is it because, B: the thousands of Palatine migrants that settled assimilated completely into English society? So, again, pause the video, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

The answer is, A: most Palatine migrants did not settle in England for long, with thousands moving on to North America or Ireland.

So, this is Jacob; we saw him earlier, and he's now said Palatine migrants had a minimal impact on England, with only political consequences to their migration.

Now, clearly he's still been listening, doing a great job, but as always, I need you to explain to me why his statement is correct.

So, it's not enough to just make a statement.

We need to be able to support it with things that we have learned.

So, pause the video now, get down a couple of ideas, and then come back and press play when you're done.

So, hopefully you said something like this: "Jacob's statement is correct because the 1709 act to naturalise all Protestants was revoked in 1711 as a result of Palatine migration.

This was due to the authorities wanting to end any further protection of palatine migrants after it was found out that many were Catholic, not Protestant refugees.

You might have been specific and said it was one third of them, as we learned earlier.

So, what I would like you to do for our third and final task of today is to explain why the Palatine migrants had a limited impact on England, making sure to include the following in your response: the reasons why only a small number of palatine migrants settled in England; and also where Palatine migrants had a small impact on England.

So, pause the video now.

give yourself 5 to 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done for me, please.

Brilliant.

So, hopefully your answer looks a little something like this: "Palatine migrants had a limited impact on England because very few actually settled in England.

When the Palatines arrived in England in 1709, they had planned to migrate onto North America to escape the hardship of central Europe, just as Joshua Kochertal and his group of Palatines had done the year before.

However, as a result of a lack of support and therefore lack of funding from the authorities and the Protestant church, only 3,000 would go on to North America as indentured servants, and another 3,000 migrated to Ireland.

Most of those who remained went back to Germany in the hope of finding freedom some other way.

For the few palatine migrants that remained in England, most settled in Liverpool and became part of a small palatine community there, showing that they may have had some local impact but not a national impact.

However, the Palatines' political impact should be acknowledged.

Their arrival led to the 1709 act to naturalise all Protestant migrants being revoked in 1711 to prevent any further palatine migration.

The 1709 act had brought greater rights and freedoms to Protestant migrants, and so its removal would've affected other Protestant migrant groups, such as the Huguenots, who would not be naturalised as a result." Really, really well done for getting that last task done, bringing together the different reasons why Palatine migrants had a limited impact, but still making sure to show where that impact was.

So, the last thing we're going to do today is just look at a summary of what we've learned, because we have really covered so much, and you've done a brilliant job.

So, today we've looked at the fact that Palatine migrants settled in England in 1709 to escape the devastation of war and poor harvest in the Rhineland.

They hoped to migrate onto North America.

We also looked at the fact that Palatines had a largely negative experience once the government and Protestant church realised that one third were Catholics, although initially they had received support.

And finally, we looked at the fact that, as very few Palatines remained in England, with many being sent onto North America and Ireland or returning home, they had little impact beyond the 1709 naturalisation act being revoked.

Really, really well done.

I am so impressed.

You've done brilliant work this lesson.

You should be very proud of yourself.