Hello, and welcome to this lesson on migration to modern Britain.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how far migrants were welcomed in this period.

But for today, we're going to be looking at an overview of the reasons for migration in this period, the experiences of migrant groups, and also the impact that they had on Britain.

But in order to do that, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely not to worry.

Just pause the video now, go and grab one and come back and press play when you're ready to go.

Brilliant.

Now you've got everything you need, we can have a look at our lesson outcome here, and if you have a look at the slide, you can see that I'm hoping by the end of this lesson, you can explain the reasons for migration to Britain and the experiences and impact of migrants in the modern period.

Now, in order to do that, we're going to need some keywords, and for today, we've just got two.

The first is Commonwealth, which is an international community made up of Britain and many former colonies, but also race riots, and these are riots that break out between groups that identify as different races, for example, between black and white.

Now we've got our keywords and our lesson outcome, we can get started by looking at the reasons for migration to modern Britain.

Now, the first reason for migration in this period that we're going to look at are economic reasons.

Now, most migrants in the modern period settled in Britain for economic reasons, particularly after World War II, as there was a labour shortage, which meant Britain needed to recruit and encourage workers to migrate.

Although Britain had not lost the war, key parts of the country's economy were in ruins by 1945, and it would take 1.

3 million workers to rebuild the nation.

White migrants, particularly Irish and Polish migrants, were favoured by new organisations like the Ministry of Labour Scheme and the Polish Labour Corps.

These groups encouraged Irish workers and Polish war veterans to find work in Britain.

There were also large numbers of black and Asian migrants from across the British Empire, and later the Commonwealth, who settled in Britain in search of work.

Now, before we go on to consider other areas, we are just going to look at a couple of quick questions to check you were listening to this explanation as to how the economy encouraged migration in this period.

Remember, it's largely centred around what the state of Britain was after the war, the need for 1.

3 million workers, the fact that Irish and Polish workers were favoured by different schemes and migration laws, but also the growth of migration from the Commonwealth.

So first, I've said it already, but how many workers were needed to rebuild Britain in 1945? Was it A 1.

3 billion? B, 1.

3 million? Or C, 13,000? Pause the video very quickly and make a decision.

Brilliant, hopefully you said B, 1.

3 million.

Secondly, let's have a look at this statement.

Only Irish and Polish workers migrated to postwar Britain to help solve the labour shortage.

This is a bit of a trick question.

Quickly, is the statement true or false? Well, we know this statement is false, but now I need you to write down a sentence to very quickly explain why.

So again, just give yourself a minute or two to write out that sentence.

Hopefully you said that although Irish and Polish workers were favoured by new schemes, there were also large numbers of black and Asian migrants from across the British Empire and later the Commonwealth who would settle in Britain in search of work.

Now, in addition to the economy being a reason for migration, the legacy of the British Empire, its growing Commonwealth was another reason for migration in this period.

Although migrants had come to Britain from across the Empire for almost as long as it had existed, the first and second World Wars brought an increase in the number of migrants from British colonies as colonial veterans would often settle in the cities that they had been stationed in during the war.

For example, during World War II, 10,000 Jamaicans joined the war effort, with some joining the armed forces and others joining the home front, like the 1000 Caribbean technicians who were recruited to work in Liverpool and Lancashire.

By the time the war ended in 1945, there were gradually growing numbers of African, Caribbean and Asian migrants who looked to settle in England.

So we've looked at economic migration.

We've looked at migration as a result of the growing Commonwealth.

But while we've been doing that, Sam's been having a listen in, and Sam said that there was only an increase in migration after 1945.

Hmm.

I'd like you to explain why Sam's statement is incorrect.

So pause the video and get a couple of sentences down to help Sam out.

So hopefully, you mentioned that people had been migrating from across the British Empire for almost as long as it had existed, which we just mentioned.

But also during the first and second World Wars, millions of colonial soldiers fought for Britain and some remained in the cities they'd been stationed in.

Now, another reason for migration in the modern period were laws towards migrants.

These laws changed throughout the period and had a significant impact on the numbers of migrants.

One of the most significant changes came with the 1948 Nationality Act, which recognised the status of people from commonwealth countries as British subjects with the same rights as UK residents to settle and work in the UK, thus making migration easier.

Britain had built its empire on ideas of Britain becoming the motherland, and so many in the colonies and former colonies believed that Britain would welcome people from its imperial possessions.

However, this was not the case as the British government wanted to encourage immigration by white people, not black and Asian people, and therefore introduced laws throughout the 1960s to limit the number of black and Asian migrants.

So although the government's actions and changing laws were a reason for migration in this period, because as we can see here, we've got the 1948 Nationality Act down, which acknowledged commonwealth citizens as British subjects, which made migration much easier.

But as already mentioned, the government had a preference for who they wanted to migrate.

So the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act only accepted commonwealth citizens if they had a work permit, if they had a British passport, or could show strong connections to the UK.

Furthermore, the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act increase these restrictions.

Commonwealth citizens who held a British passport could now be subjected to restrictive immigration controls unless they had a father or grandfather born in the UK.

These acts impacted the lives of settled black and Asian British subjects who did not meet the requirements and subsequently migration from many Commonwealth countries decreased significantly.

But this was in order to increase the migration of white migrants.

However, in looking at how changing laws impacted migration, we can also consider the impact of Britain joining the EU in 1973.

Migration within the European Union after 1992 when the Maastricht Treaty was signed, allowing the free movement of peoples between the 12 nations that signed it did increase somewhat.

However, the most rapid increase came in 2004 when Britain was one of only three EU nations to extend the free movement of people to the EUs eight new Central and Eastern European members known as the EU eight.

By 2008, there were over 100,000 migrants from the EU eight in countries in Britain.

So we've seen how changes to the economy led to migration.

We've seen how the growing Commonwealth led to migration.

We've also seen how the government's actions and changing laws led to changing patterns of migration, the ongoing discouragement of black and Asian migrants in the place of white, particularly European migrants, and we can see that especially through the EU.

Now, before we go on to put this into practise, I've just got a couple of quick questions.

First, what did the 1948 Nationality Act do? Did it A, recognise the status of people from the Commonwealth as British subjects? B, ban all migration from the Commonwealth unless they had a parent or grandparent born in Britain? Or C, recognise the status of men from the Commonwealth countries as British subjects? Pause the video now, make a decision and come back and press play when you have an answer.

Well done.

Hopefully you said A, that it recognised the status of all people from the Commonwealth countries as British subjects.

Second question.

Why did migration to Britain from Eastern Europe rapidly increase in 2004? Was it A, the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act was revoked? B, the free movement of people was extended to the EU eight? or C, there was a worldwide economic crisis? Pause the video now and make a decision for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully you said B, that freedom of movement was extended to the EU.

Now, what I'd like you to do is to complete this table by deciding whether each statement is an example of the economy, the British Empire, or changing laws leading to increased migration.

So pause the video now and give yourself about five minutes to complete this table.

Brilliant.

Let's have a look at what your completed table should have looked like.

So Britain needed 1.

3 million workers to build the economy.

That's definitely economy.

Britain was one of only three nations to extend the EUs free movement of people to the EU eight in 2004.

That's changing laws.

The 1948 British Nationality Act recognised the status of people from Commonwealth countries as British subjects.

Again, changing laws.

The Ministry of Labour scheme encouraged Irish workers to find work in Britain.

That's economy.

And then colonial veterans settled in Britain after serving in the World Wars.

That is an example of how the British Empire/Commonwealth led to increasing migration.

Really well done.

So in the second part of the lesson, we're going to be looking at the experiences of migrants in modern Britain.

So in the 20th century, race became an increasingly defining factor in the experiences of migrants in Britain.

And black and Asian migrants often face great hostility.

This can initially be seen in the interwar years as the numbers of black and Asian migrants increased at the end of World War I.

Some members of the local population blame the migrants for lack of available work.

This hostility spilled into violent race riots in many cities across Britain, including Liverpool and Cardiff in June, 1919.

The Liverpool race riots resulted in the murder of a Bermuda veteran Charles Wooten, with no one ever convicted for his death.

For Caribbean migrants who arrived in Britain in 1948 as part of the Windrush generation, the reality was often very different to what they had expected.

Instead of well-paid jobs, Caribbean migrants often had to settle for lower paying jobs despite many being skilled, experienced workers.

Similarly, expectations of good quality accommodation were replaced by the actual experience of many landlords refusing to rent to black people.

So Caribbean migrants were forced into poor quality housing.

The warm welcome they expected from the motherland was another area of disappointment.

In fact, the experience of Caribbean migrants was one of constant hostility and racism.

This hostility was a reflection of government attitudes, which favoured white migrants in the post-war period.

Despite many negative experiences, however, black and Asian migrants to Britain built successful lives that made enormous contributions to the economy and culture.

For instance, many Caribbean migrants became health workers in the newly formed National Health Service, or took on various roles in the transport services.

So we can see here that race clearly had a defining feature on experiences of migrants from 1900 to present, or we could say the modern period.

But that doesn't mean their experiences were entirely negative because there are some examples of positive experiences here.

So what I'd like you to do now is to have a quick discussion in pairs if you're doing this lesson in the classroom, or have a go articulating out loud if you're doing this lesson by yourself.

So I'd like you to discuss what was the experience of most Caribbean migrants in modern Britain? Pause the video now, making sure that everyone has enough time to contribute.

Brilliant.

So hopefully, you mentioned some of the following.

That many face violent racism and hostility in the interwar years, and you might have made reference to the race riots in Liverpool and Cardiff.

That the Windrush generation did not experience the warm welcome they expected, with many struggling to find well-paid work or good quality accommodation.

That this hostility was a reflection of government attitudes, which favoured white migrants in the postwar period, but also that many took up work for the NHS or Transport services.

Really well done if you managed to get all those different points down.

Now, white migrants in Britain had more positive experiences as a result of government laws and employment schemes.

For example, to solve some of the post-war labour shortages, the Ministry of Labour scheme was set up in 1946 to encourage the migration of Irish workers.

This ensured the Irish migrants had access to work upon arrival in Britain.

As well as this, in 1947, the Polish Resettlement Act was passed, which supported British migrants with employment, health services, pensions, and access to education upon settlement.

Additionally, Polish migrants also received funding and support from the committee for the education of the Poles.

Now, while Irish migrants were favoured by immigration laws and employment schemes, they did also face hostility from local communities.

For instance, they experienced similar discrimination from landlords as Caribbean migrants with signs that read, "No Blacks, no Irish" Hung in the windows of available accommodation.

So we can see here again, clearly race played a defining feature, but just because you were a white migrant in the modern period, as we can see from this table, did not mean that your experiences were entirely positive.

So we've got Laura here, and she's been listening in on the lesson, and she said that new laws and organisations favoured and encouraged the migration of white people over black and Asian migrants.

So I'd like you to jot down a couple of ideas to explain why Laura's statement is correct.

Brilliant.

So I hope you've included some of the following.

That the 1948 Nationality Act was intended to attract large groups of migrants from white colonies.

That the 1946 Ministry of Labour Scheme encouraged the migration of Irish workers, and that the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act was passed to support and encouraged the migration of Polish people.

Just a quick true or false here.

All white migrants had entirely positive experiences.

Is this statement true or false? Right, we know it's false, but now I need you to get down a couple of sentences to explain why it's false for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully you mentioned something like this, that while Irish migrants were favoured by immigration laws and employment schemes, they also faced great hostility from local communities.

For example, many experienced the same discrimination from landlords as Caribbean migrants.

Now, what I'd like you to do is to have a look at Jun's statement.

Jun says that migrants had a wide variety of experiences in the modern period.

However, white migrants had more positive experiences because they were favoured by immigration laws in the 1940s.

And now I'd like you to explain how far you agree with his explanation of the experiences of migrants in modern Britain.

So give yourself about 10 minutes to write out a response for me, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant.

So hopefully your answer looks a little something like this.

I agree with Jun to a significant extent because there are several examples of positive and negative experiences from the period, although white migrants had more positive experiences overall.

For example, Caribbean migrants in post-war Britain faced racism and hostility in Britain, with many struggling to find well-paid jobs and good quality accommodation.

This was made worse by many landlords who were unwilling to rent to black and Asian people.

In contrast, white migrants, particularly Irish and Polish migrants, were actively supported in finding employment by organisations and legislation such as the Ministry of Labour Scheme are the Polish Resettlement Act.

I also agree with Jun because he acknowledges that white migrants had more positive experiences, but he does not say that they were entirely positive.

This can be supported by the fact that while Irish migrants were favoured by immigration laws and employment schemes, they also faced hostility from local communities.

For example, many Irish migrants experienced the same discrimination from landlords as Caribbean migrants with signs that read, "No blacks, no Irish" Hanging in the windows of accommodation for rent.

So really well done, especially if you were able to pick apart those different parts of Jun's response.

And now for the last part of today's lesson, we're going to be looking at the impact of migrants in the modern period.

Now, Caribbean migrants made successful contributions to public services in post-war Britain.

So we're talking about the economy here.

By 1965, for example, there were around 5,000 nurses from Jamaica working in British hospitals in the Midlands and London, with thousands more from other Caribbean nations.

The Ministry of Labour schemes supported 150,000 polish veterans and their families to settle in Britain by providing them work, a huge contribution to Britain's labour shortage.

By the 1950s, the economy had begun to thrive once again, and this was largely the result of the huge contributions of several different migrant groups.

Similarly, the EU eight migrants also made significant contributions to the economy between the years 2004 and 2008.

Now, before we go on to look at the impact on politics, just a quick discussion.

I'd like you to take in what we've just learned and tell me how did migrants impact the economy? If you're doing this in pairs, you know what to do.

Make sure both of you have times contribute.

If you're doing this lesson by yourself, have a go at explaining out loud for me.

Brilliant.

So hopefully in your discussion, you mentioned some of those points that we just talked about.

The 5,000 nurses from Jamaica who were working in British hospitals in the Midlands and London by 1965, the 150,000 Polish soldiers and their families who contributed to solving the labour shortage in post-War Britain, but also the contributions of the EU eight migrants up until the economic crisis in 2008.

Now, the last area of impact we're going to look at today is the impact on politics.

Now, migrants also had political impacts in the modern period.

Although the British government reflected racist responses to migration in its immigration Acts of 1962 and 1968, it did also work to combat discrimination.

The 1965 Race Relations Act were the first laws against racist behaviour in Britain.

It was created by the Race Relations Board and outlawed discrimination in public places and made inciting racial hatred an offence.

However, the campaign against racial discrimination thought that it did not go far enough, as it only outlawed racial discrimination in public places, but did not apply to racial discrimination in housing, employment, education, or law enforcement.

This meant that card continued to campaign for further acts to bring about more significant change.

And three years later, the 1968 Race Relations Act would extend this first act to make racial discrimination illegal in housing, employment, financial services, and advertising.

So we can see here significant impacts on both the economy and in politics.

Although the government did introduce laws that reflected racist responses to migration, we can see significant acts passed in the first laws that made racial discrimination illegal in various aspects of life.

Now, before we move on to our final task for today, our last discussion point, how did migrants impact politics? So the same as before, making sure that you both have time to contribute or that you're giving yourself enough time to articulate a full response out loud.

Brilliant.

So hopefully you included some of the following.

That the 1962 and '68 Commonwealth Immigrant Acts were both introduced in response to the growing number of black and Asian migrants in Britain.

That the 1965 Race Relations Act was the first law against racist behaviour in Britain, outlawing discrimination in public places and making inciting racial hatred an offence.

But also the 1968 Race Relations Act extended the first to make racial discrimination illegal in housing, employment, financial services, and advertising.

Now, we're gonna put this all together in our final task today.

The most significant impact of migration to Modern Britain was on the economy.

How far do you agree? In your response, I need you to make sure that you're stating how far you agree or disagree, that you're backing up your judgement with evidence.

That you consider the evidence for a counter argument, but ultimately explain the reason for your judgement.

So pause the video now and give yourself 10 minutes to complete this task.

Brilliant.

Let's have a look at what your final answer might look like.

I agree with this statement to a significant extent as the economic impact of migrants can be seen through several migrant groups in the modern period.

Firstly, Caribbean migrants made significant contributions to the economy, despite not finding the well-paid work they hoped or expected to find.

By 1965, there were around 5,000 nurses from Jamaica working in hospitals in the Midlands and London, and many other Caribbean migrants in other NHS positions across the country.

Their contributions helped ensure that the newly formed service provided the support it was intended to.

Additionally, Polish migrants also made significant contributions to the British economy.

The Ministry of Labour Scheme provided work for 150,000 Polish veterans who settled in Britain with their families, helping Britain's post-war labour shortages significantly.

However, it could be argued that the most significant impact of migration in the modern period was on politics.

This was because the growing migrant community led to new laws being introduced to limit the number of black and Asian migrants in Britain.

For example, the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act declared that those who held a British passport could still be subjected to restrictive immigration controls unless they had a father or grandfather born in the UK.

This drastically limited the number of black and Asian migrants in Britain.

However, there were also laws introduced to improve the experiences of migrants who had settled in Britain.

For example, the 1965 and '68 Race Relations Act were the first laws introduced against racist behaviour in Britain.

Overall, I think that modern migrations' impact on the British economy was more significant than its impact on British politics as laws regarding immigration have continued to evolve and change, with the government often showing an inconsistent approach.

In comparison, migrant groups, regardless of where they've come from, have continued to make significant contributions to the British economy, making this impact far more significant in the long term.

So really, really well done there if you were able to get your point across, consider the counter argument, but make a really clear justification for why you believe your argument is the most convincing.

To finish up for today, let's have a look at a summary of what we've learned.

That migration to Britain over the last 100 years has seen many changes as a result of economic and political changes in the UK and internationally, and in response to new laws and changing attitudes.

We learned that all migrant communities in Britain continue to experience some hostility but racist attitudes to black and Asian migrants were a constant feature of life in modern Britain for many migrants.

Finally, we learned that migration to modern Britain had major and far reaching social, political, economic, and cultural impacts, but we took time to focus on the economic and political impacts today.

Really, really well done.

We have covered a lot of content across the entire modern period.

I'm so impressed with the work you've done today, and you should be too.