Hello, and welcome to today's lesson on the EU and changing patterns of migration.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry, looking at how far migrants were welcomed in modern Britain.

In the course of this inquiry, we'll cover lots of different things.

Looking at the world wars and the contributions of colonial migrants, race relations in Britain, the patterns of migration immediately after the war, refugees and asylum seekers.

We'll be looking at the impact of migration on Bristol and Leicester.

But all of those things aside, today we are just focusing on the EU and changing patterns of migration.

Now in order to do that, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely not to worry.

Just pause the video, go and get one, and come back when you're ready to get started.

Brilliant.

Now you've got everything you need, we can have a look at our lesson outcome for today.

And I'm hoping that by the end of this lesson, you'll be able to explain how Britain joining and leaving the EU directly impacted patterns of migration from Europe.

Now in order to do that, we're going to need some keywords, and for today we've got two.

Commonwealth, which is an international community made up of Britain and former colonies, but also referendum, which is a vote held in which citizens vote directly on a closed question.

Now we can get started on our first part of the lesson, where we'll be looking at Britain joining the European Union, or as we'll refer to it, the EU.

Now in the 1950s, Britain still benefited from the economic relationship it maintained with many of its former colonies through the Commonwealth.

This relationship resulted in continued migration from across the Commonwealth, helping to solve the labour shortage Britain faced after World War II.

However, some British authorities began to believe that Britain would be stronger if they strengthened their economic relationships within Europe.

When the 1957 Treaty of Rome was signed, which we can see photographed here, to create a large European trading community known as the European Economic Community, the EEC.

Most British authorities were reluctant for Britain to join, and were still content with the relationships that they maintained within the Commonwealth.

So we know that there was an economic community in Europe formed through the Treaty of Rome in 1957, but Britain was still reluctant to join because many British authorities felt that they had benefited enough from the relationships they maintained through the Commonwealth.

Now before we go on to look at how things were changed by 1973, quick question.

Most British authorities were willing to join the European trading community formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.

This should be super easy.

Quickly tell me, is this true or false? Right, we know it's false, but what I'd like you to do now is have a think and explain to me why this statement is false.

So just jot down in a quick sentence for me, please, why is this statement false.

Brilliant.

We know that this is false because they were still content with the relationships that they maintained within the Commonwealth.

Although they were largely uninterested in joining in 1957, things changed in the early 1960s, as the British economy began to decline, and therefore many became convinced of the need to join the new EEC, which would later become known as the European Union.

An application was first made in 1961, although this was denied by France as they were suspicious of Britain's relationship with the USA and its trade links with Commonwealth countries.

A second application was made in 1967, which was again vetoed by France.

And the third application began in 1970, and Britain was eventually permitted to join the EU in 1973.

At the time, it was still known as the EEC.

At first, this would be a primarily economic relationship supporting increasing trade between the European nations involved.

However, this will change in 1992.

But before we get on there, we've just got a quick question and our first task today.

So, which two of the following statements are correct? A, Britain joined the EU in 1961.

B, Britain joined the EU in 1973.

C, Britain joined the EU to encourage European migration.

Or D, Britain joined the EU to encourage trading relationships.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and come back and press play when you have an answer for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you said B and D.

Now what I'd like you to do is to complete this table by adding a detail or example to support each statement.

So for example, Britain benefited from Commonwealth relationships in the 1950s.

You might add some detail by explaining who made up the Commonwealth or how they benefited from this relationship.

Pause the video now and give yourself about five minutes to complete this task.

Brilliant.

So hopefully your completed table looks a little something like this.

For the first one, Britain benefited from Commonwealth relationships in the 1950s.

You might have added that Britain maintained an economic relationship with former colonies, which resulted in continued migration from the Commonwealth that helped solve Britain's labour shortage.

You might have said that in the early 1960s, British authorities were willing to join the EEC.

The detail you might have added is that the British economy had begun to decline by the 1960s, and so were more convinced of the need to improve trading relationships within Europe.

And finally, we know that Britain was permitted to join the EEC in 1973.

And the detail you might have added to that, is that after the first application was denied in 1961, the second was vetoed in 1967, negotiations to admit Britain began again in 1970.

So, really well done.

If there were any of those that you struggled a little bit with and you want to get some of these ideas done, no worries, just pause the video now.

Really well done so far.

So in the second part of the lesson, we are going to be looking at increasing migration from the European Union.

Now, although Britain had joined the EU in 1973, it was the 1990s that saw migration from Europe increase rapidly.

The main reason for this was that the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992, and it was signed by 12 members of the European Union, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

And the reason this treaty had such an impact on migration from Europe to Britain was because it permitted the free movement of people between the nations who had signed the agreement.

This meant the EU citizens could travel, work and settle freely between other EU countries.

While the signing of the Maastricht Treaty would increase the number of European migrants in Britain, there were actually only two years in the period between 1995 and 2004 where more than 10,000 European migrants settled in Britain in any one year.

So it did increase migration from Europe, but not rapidly.

We could call it a gradual increase or a steady increase because 10,000 migrants from Europe in one year isn't that many.

And the fact that there were only two years with more than 10,000 migrants shows us that this was a gradual or a steady increase.

Now before we go on to consider whether it stayed that way after 2004, just got a couple of questions for you.

First, why was the Maastricht Treaty significant for patterns of migration? Was it because, A, it showed the unity between the two nations who signed the agreement? B, it prohibited the free movement of people between the nations who had signed the agreement.

Or C, it permitted the free movement of people between the nations who had signed the agreement.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you have an answer for me.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you said C.

It permitted the free movement of people between the nations who had signed the agreement.

Secondly, I've got a quick statement for you.

The Maastricht Treaty immediately led to a rapid increase in European migration to Britain.

Is this statement true or false? Right, we know this statement is false.

Now I'd like you to drop down a quick sentence just to explain why this statement is false.

Brilliant.

So hopefully you said that migration increased gradually after the Maastricht Treaty.

There were only two years between 1995 and 2004 where there were more than 10,000 European migrants settled in Britain in any one year.

So remember, it's important that we understand what different laws and what changes happened at different points, and that we are able to accurately describe how that impacted patterns of migration.

Did it lead to a rapid increase, a rapid decrease, or a gradual increase, as we can see with the Maastricht Treaty here.

Now it was in 2004 that we can say that a rapid increase in migration from Europe came about, and this came as a result of migration from Central and Eastern Europe, because in 2004, eight nations from Central and Eastern Europe joined the EU.

But the reason that this led to an increase in rapid migration was because only Britain, Ireland, and Sweden extended the free movement of peoples to these eight new nations.

So that meant that if you were from Central, Eastern Europe and you were looking to take the opportunity that came with joining the EU, there were only three nations that you could freely migrate to.

So therefore, the numbers of those who migrated to Britain, Ireland, and Sweden were high.

And many of these migrants who came to Britain would settle in large British cities, working in skilled trades as plumbers and electricians, and their contributions supported significant economic growth from 2004 to 2008, by which point, there were over 100,000 migrants from the eight Central and Eastern European countries in Britain.

The economic crisis in 2004 meant that some EU migrants then left Britain in search for better working opportunities elsewhere.

So we can see, if we're talking about increasing migration from the European Union, from 1973 when they joined to 2008 that we've just mentioned when there was an economic crisis.

We can see that there wasn't much increase up until 1992.

Then we can see there's a gradual increase until 2004 where there is a rapid increase from Central and Eastern European countries as a result of the eight nations joining the EU and only being extended the free movement of peoples by Britain, Ireland, and Sweden.

But then we see a decline again in 2008 with the economic crisis.

So as you can see, there's lots of changes in the patterns of migration in this period.

So before we move on to look at our second task for today, I'd like you to have a look at Lucas' statement.

And Lucas says that migration to Britain from Central and Eastern Europe increased after 2004.

Very quickly, I'd like you to jot down a couple of ideas that help explain why Lucas is correct.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you mentioned that when eight central and eastern European nations joined the EU, only Britain, Ireland, and Sweden extended the free movement of people to them.

As they were the only three nations for them to move freely between, migration to Britain increased rapidly.

Really well done.

If you didn't quite get that down, you can just pause the video now and add it to your list.

So for our second task today, what I'd like you to do is write an account of the changing patterns of migration from Europe between 1973 and 2008, making sure to include the following in your response.

Maastricht Treaty, free movement of people, Central and Eastern European nations, skilled trades and economic crisis.

Pause the video now and give yourself five to 10 minutes to complete this task.

Brilliant.

Your answer should look a little something like this.

When Britain first joined the EU in 1973, it was a primarily economic relationship, and therefore had little impact on patterns of migration.

However, this would change in 1992 with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty.

The treaty was an agreement between 12 members of the EU that led to increasing migration across Europe as it permitted the free movement of people between the signing nations.

Initially, this only led to a gradual increase in migration.

For instance, there were only actually two years in the period between 1995 and 2004 where more than 10,000 European migrants settled in Britain in any one year.

Migration did not rapidly increase until 2004 and was the result of eight Central and Eastern European nations joining the EU.

As it was only Britain, Ireland, and Sweden who extended the free movement of people to these nations, they all experienced a rapid increase in migration from Central and Eastern Europe.

On arriving in Britain, these new migrants worked in skilled trades in large cities, making significant contributions to the economy.

They continued to do so until the economic crisis in 2004, when some EU migrants left Britain in search of opportunities elsewhere.

Really well done for getting all of those keywords in.

Make sure that if you haven't, you can just pause the video now and add it to your response.

So in the third and final part of our lesson, we're going to be looking at Britain leaving the European Union.

Now patterns of migration were changed dramatically from 2006 because five years of anti-immigration and anti-EU campaigns resulted in a UK referendum on this question, should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union? The result was that Britain voted to leave or exit the EU, a decision that became known as Brexit.

In the five years leading up to the referendum, over 300 newspaper stories were published about the negative impact of migrants in Britain.

These articles were often sympathetic to the policies of the UK Independence Party, UKIP, which campaigned for the UK to leave the EU so it could have full control of policies relating to trade, the law, and immigration.

By 2016, UKIP had become the third most popular party in Britain after the Conservative and Labour parties.

Part of the reason for the popularity of UKIP was a feeling among large parts of the electorate, the free movement from the EU meant the immigration was not under control.

During this period, many migrants from the EU but also from further abroad felt significantly less welcome in Britain.

This contributed to a gradual decrease in migration even before the referendum was held.

The referendum result was 52% in favour of leaving the EU and 48% voting to remain in the EU.

The decision to leave the EU emboldened a minority of people who were extremely hostile to migration with police reports in the months that followed the referendum, showing record numbers of hate crimes committed towards people considered migrants across England and Wales.

After Brexit, migration from Europe decreased rapidly, even before new laws restricting immigration from EU countries came into effect.

Part of this was a decline in the value of the British pound, which followed the referendum result.

Trade with the EU became less easy following Brexit, which made the UK a less attractive destination for EU migrants.

In 2021, new immigration laws were introduced that meant EU citizens faced the same restrictions on immigration to the UK as migrants from other countries.

As a result, migration from the EU to the UK fell by around 70%.

And then since the COVID-19 pandemic, has become negative.

There were more EU citizens leaving the UK than arriving.

However, immigration into the UK has continued to rise despite Brexit with a record number of new arrivals in 2023 from non-EU countries.

So before we go on to look at putting what we've learned about the process of leaving the EU and the impact on migration into practise, let's have a look quickly at what Andeep is saying here.

He's saying that migration only decreased after the referendum was held.

We know that that's incorrect, but I'd like you to explain why.

So take a minute to jot down a couple of quick ideas.

Great, hopefully you said, in the five years leading up to the referendum, newspapers and UKIP actively campaigned against immigration.

Or you might have said that this led to many migrants feeling less welcome in Britain and migration declining as a result.

And after the referendum, migration did decrease from EU countries, but did actually increase from non-EU countries.

So there's lots of angles you can take there.

You can focus on the fact that the campaigns against immigration made migrants feel significantly less welcome, and therefore migration decreased before the referendum, or the fact that after the referendum, migration from non-EU countries actually did increase.

So let's have a look at this statement.

The Brexit victory was narrow and there was little evidence that there was significant opposition or hostility towards migrants.

Very quickly, is this statement true or false? Great, we know that this statement is false, but we need to think about why.

So now I'd like you to jot down a couple of quick ideas or just in the form of a sentence to explain why this statement is false.

Brilliant.

Hopefully, you mentioned that the victory was narrow, with only 52% voting to leave and 48% voting to remain.

But police reports of the months following the referendum show record numbers of hate crimes committed towards people considered migrants across England and Wales.

So the final thing I'd like you to do for me today is to complete this task.

You've got five statements and you need to decide whether each is true or false.

If it's true, you put a T, and if it's false, you put an F.

It shouldn't take you any more than five minutes, probably even take you less.

Brilliant.

So hopefully your completed table looks a little something like this.

Anti-immigration media only started after the referendum.

Well, we know that is false.

Although UKIP campaigned against migration, migrants did not feel any less welcome in Britain and migration increased.

We know that's false.

52% of those who voted in the referendum voted in favour of Brexit, and 48% voted to remain in the EU.

We know that's true.

Hate crimes towards migrants decrease after the referendum.

We know that is false.

And migration from the EU to Britain has declined by 70% as a result of immigration restrictions brought in after the referendum.

We know that that is in fact true.

So as you might have already anticipated, the second part of this task is to rewrite those three false statements.

So again, we'll probably need about five minutes at most, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant.

So hopefully your table looks a little something like this with five correct statements now.

The anti-immigration media began at least five years prior to the referendum.

That as UKIP campaigned against migration, migrants felt much less welcome in Britain, and migration began to decrease.

And then finally for the fourth statement, the hate crimes towards migrants increased to record levels after the referendum.

Really well done there.

If you weren't quite sure with any of them, you can pause the video quickly and just make sure your statements' all correct.

Really brilliant work.

So we're just gonna finish off by looking at a summary of what we've covered today.

By the 1960s, the British government hoped to improve relations with mainland Europe.

However, Britain had been unable to join the EU until 1973.

The 1992 Maastricht Treaty led to increasing migration from Europe to Britain as it permitted freedom of movement between the 12 countries who signed the treaty.

We learned the migration to the EU rapidly increased in 2004 when eight Central and Eastern European countries joined.

And then finally, we learned that migration declined rapidly after Britain formally left the EU in 2020, following the referendum that was held in 2016.

Although we did also learn that migration from non-EU countries did increase after Brexit.

Really, really well done for your work this lesson.

You've covered a lot over quite a big time period in a lot of detail, so I'm very impressed with the work you've done and you should be too.