Hello and welcome to today's lesson, looking at European migration in the 18th and 19th centuries.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry, looking at how Britain was impacted by 18th and 19th century migration.

In the course of this unit, we cover lots of different things, but today we're just going to be focusing on migration from Europe.

In order to do that, you're gonna need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, as always, absolutely fine.

Just pause the video, get everything you need, and then come back and press play when you're ready to go.

Brilliant, now we're all good to get started, let's have a look at our lesson outcome.

And for today, it's that you can explain the reasons for increasing migration from Europe, the experiences of these migrants, and the impact of these migrants on Britain.

In order to do that, we're going to need some key words.

For today, we just have marquis, and that's the name given to a French nobleman.

Nice and easy.

So we can get straight into today's lesson, and we'll be starting off by looking at German migrants.

Now, foreign rulers were not new to Britain in the 18th century or 1700s.

You may have learned about a man called William of Orange after the glorious revolution in 1688.

He was a Dutch king who became king of England, together with his wife, Queen Mary.

So when King George I was crowned King of Britain and Ireland in 1714, the people of Britain once again found themselves ruled by a migrant monarch.

The reign of the stewards was over, and a new German family, the Hanoverians began to rule.

For the next two centuries, all but one British monarch would marry a German spouse.

Increased migration from Protestants also happened as a result, just like in the early modern period.

As Protestant migrants were much more welcomed by Britain's Protestant rulers.

So under the Hanoverians, German migrants were much more welcomed, especially if you compare their experience, to the miserable experiences of the Palatines in the early modern period.

You might have learned previously that thousands of them settled in Britain hoping to move on to the USA, but unfortunately that did not quite work out for most of them.

Many of them were forced to settle in Ireland and many of them returned to central Europe.

But in this period, it's a very different story.

But it wasn't just that the king was from Germany himself or that he welcomed German migrants.

It was the fact that many German migrants who arrived in his period were economic migrants with agricultural backgrounds.

But it was German bankers, merchants, artists, and doctors who also came to Britain with King George I.

Most middle class and professional Germans moved to areas such as Kentish Town, Camden, and Islington in London, and poorer German migrants settled in East London near the docks, living alongside Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe and Russia.

Now, again, like I said, very different to the experiences of the Palatines where most of them were not able to settle in Britain, 'cause of the hostility that they faced.

But we can see here that with a ruler of England from a German background, these German migrants are being much, much, much more welcomed.

Now, before we go on to look at this in a bit more detail or with a specific example, should I say, got a quick question for you.

Now, Alex has been doing a great job of listening and learning so far.

He said that German Protestants were welcomed in the 1700s.

What I'd like you to do is give me two details to support Alex's statement.

Pause the video now, get those two details from me and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, so your answer could include any two of the following.

From 1714, Britain and Ireland was ruled by a German monarch.

You could have also said that the German monarch was therefore open to greater migration from Germany.

But also that wealthy German migrants, bankers, merchants, artisan doctors, settled on invitation from King George I.

Really well done if you're able to get some of those key details in.

If there's any that you weren't quite able to or you didn't quite manage to remember, that's fine, you can pause the video and get 'em down really quickly now.

So in talking about German migrants, one really good example is a man called George Frederick Handel.

He was born in what is now Germany, but had actually migrated to London before King George I was crowned, but he continued to mi- But he continued to write music for the Hanoverians.

He composed the anthem for the coronation of King George II in 1727, and successfully asked to become a British citizen by the act of Parliament in the same year.

Now, he's really significant because he shows how successful German migrants were able to become under the Hanoverians.

And it's not just that he's an example of one singular successful migrant being able to become a British citizen and becoming a clearly successful composer.

It's also about the impact that they made.

So although Britain imported sugar from the Caribbean in North America, most workers in Britain did not have the skills to refine raw sugar into white sugar.

However, sugar refiners from Germany followed George I to Britain, and by 1750 there were over 80 German-owned sugar refineries in the country.

When they arrived, there was no English word for sugar refiners, so the German word Zuckerbaker was used and became sugar baker in English.

This was a dangerous industry, as melted sugar was breathed in and coated the workers' lungs.

A German hospital was opened in Hackney in 1845 for the workers who felt sick as a result of this condition.

So we can see that they impact the economy.

We can see that they impact culture through language, but we can also see that they impact the built environment through the building of the hospital in Hackney in 1845.

Now, before we go on to put all we've learned about German migrants into practise, I've just got a couple of questions for you.

The first one, which two of the following statements explains by Handel is an example of a successful migrant? Is it A, he was a successful composer in Germany? B, he was a German migrant who composed the coronation anthem for George II? And C, Handel successfully requested to become a British citizen in 1727.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said B and C.

We know he was a German migrant who composed the coronation anthem for George II, but that he also successfully requested to become a British citizen in 1727.

Next, I'd like you to tell me which of the following statements explains how German migrants impacted the economy.

A, they migrated as money lenders giving loans to large British building projects.

B, German sugar refiners set up 80 sugar refineries across Britain, or C, a German hospital was opened in 1845 in London.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back when you're done for me, please.

Brilliant, hopefully you said B.

The German sugar refiners set up 80 sugar refineries across Britain.

Really well done.

Now what I'd like you to do is to put what we've learned in this part of the lesson into practise by completing this table to summarise German migration to 18th and 19th century Britain.

What I'd like you to do is to summarise the reasons for German migration, the experiences of German migrants, but also the impact of German migrants.

Pause the video now, give yourself no more than 10 minutes, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, let's have a look at what your table might have included.

So under reasons you could have said that King George I became king of Britain and Ireland in 1714, which led to an increasing number of German migrants settling in Britain because George I first was German.

In terms of experiences, we can talk about the fact that they were largely welcomed by the German monarch, but were also because they were Protestant.

With wealthier German migrants settling in Kentish town, Camden and Islington and London, whereas poor German migrants settled in the East End of London.

If we're looking at impact in terms of their impact on the economy, German sugar refiners settled and opened 80 sugar refineries.

But we could also say they impacted the built environment, talking about the German hospital opened in Hackney in 1845.

So really, really well done if you were able to get this table completed.

If not, just pause the video now and add anything that you missed.

Brilliant, so the next part of our lesson, we are going to be looking at the reasons, the experiences of, and the impact of French migrants.

Now, the French Revolution began in 1786, and many French people, particularly the rich and powerful, had the most to fear from the revolutionaries.

They're the ones who fled France for other countries.

And many chose to migrate to Britain because of its reputation for tolerance and political stability.

In just one week in 1789, 3,000 French migrants landed in towns on the south coast of England.

By 1792, 40,000 French refugees had arrived.

And the British government looked sympathetically on these refugees because they were some of the most wealthy enemies of the revolution in France.

And France at this time was at war with Britain.

Now, some of these refugees were able to keep their same jobs and status.

For example, a French Catholic priest set up a church on Scotland Road in Liverpool in 1806.

However, for others, life in Britain was very different to life in France.

There was a nobleman known as the Marquis de Montazet, and he became a window cleaner.

Not quite the noble background that he would've been used to.

Now, before we go on to look a little bit more of what happens with these French refugees on settling in Britain, I'm just going to pause, 'cause I've got a couple of questions for you.

Why did many French refugees choose to settle in England? Is it because A, they supported the British revolution? B, the British government actively invited French refugees, or C, that Britain had a reputation for tolerance and political stability? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, we know that the answer is C, that Britain had a reputation for tolerance and political stability.

Now I'd like you to tell me whether the statement is true or false.

All wealthy French migrants were able to take up high paying jobs in Britain.

Pause the video, decide whether it's true or false, and come back when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, we know that this statement is false, but we need to think about why.

Is it false because some had to take any job they could find? For example, the Marquis de Montazet, he became a window cleaner.

Or is it false because none of the French migrants were able to find skilled work and were all forced into taking up low-paying jobs? Pause the video now, make a decision looking at the specific phrasing of each statement and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, we know that this is true because of A, the fact that some had to take any job they could find.

Note some.

It wasn't that all of them had to take up low-paying jobs.

Now, I mentioned earlier that the government looked at refugees sympathetically, but some British people were hostile to the French refugees because many feared that the spread of ideas about freedom and equality which had started in the French Revolution would spread to Britain through these refugees.

And newspapers started to report that people in Britain were growing suspicious of Frenchmen and demanded action against the migrants.

They believed that people who were fleeing were actually secret supporters of the revolution and had come to England to encourage a similar revolution in Britain.

So note I did say some British people, but essentially the treatment from the government and the treatment from local British people were very different.

But ultimately, it was the growing suspicion and hostility of the British people that would change the experiences of French migrants.

Because the growing concern that spies and troublemakers were blending with the refugees led to the British government introducing the First Aliens Act in 1793.

And this is significant, because this is the first law designed to control the entry of people into Britain.

It is the first law introduced to control migration.

So now any migrant who wanted to settle in Britain had to prove that why they wanted entry.

Had to prove why they wanted entry into the country, and give personal details that would mean that authorities could keep track of them.

So yes, the British government was initially sympathetic towards them, largely because of their wealthy background, but it was the attitudes of local British people that would change the experiences of French migrants, with laws being introduced to control migration for the first time.

So Aisha's been listening along with us, and she said that British people are hostile to French refugees, which we know is true.

Aisha's been doing a great job.

But I'd like you to support this statement with two details that we've learned.

'Cause it's all good and well given this statement, but we need to make sure we've got evidence to support it.

So pause the video now, make a note of a couple key details, then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, so you could have said that they feared the spread of ideas for the French Revolution.

That they demanded action against the migrants, and also that they suspected that French refugees were secretly supportive of the revolution.

And that is how the ideas would spread to Britain fearing a similar revolution in Britain.

Now, we spoke about the 1793 Aliens Act, and what I'd like you to do is to tell me which of the following statements explains its importance.

Was it A, that it was the first law designed to control the entry of migrants into Britain? B, that it was the first law designed to encourage the entry of migrants into Britain? Or C, that was the first law designed to stop the entry of migrants into Britain? Pause the video, make a decision, and then press play when you've got an idea for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said A, it was the first law designed to control the entry of migrants into Britain.

'Cause it didn't stop the entry of migrants, it wasn't encouraging the entry of migrants, but it was controlling it, according to who could prove why they wanted to enter and provide the necessary details.

So what I'd like you to do now is to tell me whether each of these statements about French migration in the 18th and 19th centuries is true or false.

If it's true, you put a T in the box.

If it's false, you put an F, nice and straightforward.

So pause the video now for me.

Give yourself no more than five minutes to complete this task and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, hopefully your table looks a little something like this.

So the first statement, the rich and powerful in France were the ones to lead the revolution.

Well, we know that's not true.

By 1792, 40,000 refugees had arrived in England.

That is true.

The British government viewed the refugees sympathetically largely because of their wealth.

That is true.

British people also supported the French refugees largely because of their wealth.

We know that's not true.

And in 1793, the Aliens Act was introduced to encourage greater migration.

We know that that is also false.

So the second part of this task requires you to go back and look at those three false statements.

And what I'd like you to do is to rewrite the false statements as correct statements.

They're highlighted in green, so it should be super easy.

Again, pause the video, shouldn't need more than five minutes and come back when you've corrected those statements for me.

Brilliant, so hopefully your corrected statements look a little something like this.

The rich and powerful in France were the ones who feared the revolution.

Remember, it wasn't that they led the revolution, they feared it, and that is why they were fleeing to England.

The second false statement is now correct, so technically the fourth correct statement, British people were hostile to the French refugees as they feared they secretly supported the French Revolution.

And then finally, the 1793 Aliens Act was introduced to control migration.

Really well done.

And in the final part of today's lesson, we're going to be looking at Italian migrants.

Now, between 1871 and 1881, 750,000 people migrated from Italy to Britain, and they were escaping the unrest that followed wars fought to free Italy from foreign control, known as the Wars of Independence.

Although Italy had become a unified country, there were still strong divisions amongst the people.

And as a result, many were forced to flee, to escape disease and natural disasters as the new governments of Italy found it hard to provide aid for their people.

So we know that ultimately the reason for their migration is the Italian Wars of Independence, because in the context of fighting these wars, although Italy became unified, there were various other problems such as rampant disease and natural disasters that the new government of Italy just couldn't support the people through.

And as a result, 750,000 people migrated from Italy to Britain.

And we can see on the slide here an illustration of a battle in the Italian War of Independence.

Now, before we move on, I'd like you to answer this question very quickly for me.

Which one of the following statements explains by 750,000 Italian migrants settled in Britain from 1871 to '81? Is it A, the British government invited Italian migrants to Britain? B, many Italians were forced to flee Italy because of the Wars of Independence? Or C, the new Italian ruler of England introduce laws to encourage migration? So pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said B, that many Italians were forced to flee Italy because of the Wars of Independence.

Really, really well done.

Now these Italian migrants moved in large numbers to London, South Wales and Glasgow, and they brought with them many skills from Italy, developing a reputation for ceramics and tiles and making religious artefacts to sell door to door.

They brought with them the Italian cafe culture, and soon became known for making and selling ice cream.

In Scotland, Italians also opened fish and chip shops in Scottish towns in cities, and many are still run by Italian families today.

One example of the contributions made to the British cultural life by Italian migrants can be seen by looking at the Rosetti family.

Now, Gabriel Rosetti was a poet and political activist who was exiled from southern Italy in 1821 for supporting Italian nationalism.

He came to London in 1824 and became a professor of Italian at the New King's College London.

He married a woman called Francis, who was the daughter of another Italian exile.

And their home in Fitzrovia, which is in London, became a haven for Italian refugees.

And their four children contributed in different ways to Victorian Britain's cultural life.

For example, his daughter, Christina Rosetti, became a famous poet.

So we see him moving for political reasons, but ultimately, in the midst of the Italian Wars of Independence.

We see him contributing to education, which could say is part of culture working in the King's College London.

We can see him supporting the local community as his home became a haven for Italian refugees, but also his daughter became a successful poet, which is one of several examples, as we've said, that his children contributed in different ways.

So first I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The Italian and German migrants had entirely different experiences as migrants in England.

Pause the video, make a decision, and come back and press play for me when you've got an answer.

Brilliant, we know that this statement is in fact false, but we need to think about why.

Is this statement false because both set up successful businesses, however, Italian migrants became known for their cafe culture rather than the sugar making? Is it false because both set up successful businesses, however Italians became better known for their sugar making than the Germans did? So thinking about the different groups you've looked at today, pause the video, make a decision, and then come back when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said A, that both set up successful businesses, however, Italian migrants became known for their cafe culture rather than sugar making.

Now we've got Jun here who's been paying attention this whole lesson and has made some brilliant comments, but we've got one here.

He said the Rosetti family made significant cultural contributions.

Now, he's definitely correct.

He's been doing a great job so far, so I'd expect nothing less.

But what I'd like you to do is to give me two details to support his statement.

So pause the video now, jot down a couple of ideas and come back and press play when you're done for me please.

Brilliant, you could have included any two of the following, that Gabriel Rosetti was a poet and political activist.

That he went on to become a professor of Italian at King's College London.

That his family home became a haven for Italian refugees.

And that his children contributed to Victorian Britain's cultural life.

For example, his daughter Christina, became a famous poet.

If there was anything there that you didn't get down, not to worry, you can pause the video now and add it to your list.

So for our final task today, I'd like you to have a look at this statement.

All European migrants had the same experience of Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries.

How far do you agree? So to get this task done, we are gonna have to think about the experiences of all the different groups that we've looked at.

And in your response, I need you to make sure that you've got a clear judgement in response to the statement, one paragraph outlining how their experiences were similar, but also a paragraph outlining how they were different.

So pause the video now, give yourself no more than 15 minutes to complete this task.

Brilliant, so hopefully your answer looks a little something like this.

I partly agree with the statement, as there were some similarities in the experiences of European migrants to Britain in this period.

The similarities can best be seen in the experiences of Italian and German migrants.

This is because there are both able to set up successful businesses on settling in England.

Several German sugar refiners set up sugar refineries in Britain, and they were 80 by 1750.

Similarly, Italian migrants brought cafe culture to Britain, and were able to set up successful shops and restaurants.

The tradition of Italian cafe ownership is still a strong one in Britain today, especially in Scotland.

However, there are significant differences as well.

This can best be seen in the experiences of German or French migrants.

This is because German migrants were welcomed by the Georgian monarchs as a result of their shared German background.

This meant that German migrants were also encouraged to migrate and supported on arriving in Britain.

Protestants were also more welcome than Catholics at this time.

In contrast, French refugees were viewed sympathetically by the government, but were treated with great hostility by British people as they were suspected of being secret supporters of the revolution.

Hostility towards French refugees even ended in legal changes, as the 1793 Aliens Act was the first law introduced to control migration into Britain.

If you didn't quite get those examples down, not worry at all.

You can pause the video and add them now, but I'm sure you've done a brilliant job.

Really well done this lesson, especially with this last task, drawing together the experiences of different migrant groups in this period.

So the final thing we're gonna do is look at a summary of what we've learned today.

And we started off by learning that the start of the Hanoverian reign, or Georgians, as you might refer to them as, led to an increase in German migration.

The German migrants welcomed by the German monarch and their government.

We also learned that the French Revolution led to increasing migration as the French nobility sought refuge from violence in France.

We learned that despite French migrants initially being welcomed, attitudes towards French migrants became more hostile in the 1800s as they were suspected of being secret supporters of the revolution.

And then finally, that many Italian migrants settled and impacted various areas of life in Britain following the Wars of Independence in Italy.

So really, really well done for your work today.

You've covered so much, you've drawn some excellent contrasts and similarities between these different groups.

I'm so impressed and you should be too, really well done.