Hello, and welcome to today's lesson on the "Industrial Revolution and Internal Migration".

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how Britain was impacted by 18th and 19th century migration.

In the course of this inquiry, we'll cover lots of different things, but for the focus of today, we're just going to be looking at the Industrial Revolution and internal migration.

And now, in order to do that, you are going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, that's absolutely fine.

Just pause the video now, go and get everything you need, and then come back and press play when you're ready to go.

Brilliant.

So now you have everything you need to get started, let's have a look at our lesson outcome.

Now, our lesson outcome for today is that you'll be able to say that you can describe the main changes in industry and transport as a result of the Industrial Revolution, as well as the impact on migration.

Now, in order to do that, we're going to need some keywords.

And for today, we've just got three.

Industrialization is our first key word, and that's when a country develops heavy industries, for example, coal and steel, on a huge scale.

We've also got urbanisation, which is a process of making an area more urban.

So it tends to move from quite a village or rural type area to something more built up with lots of factories, larger populations, that kind of thing.

And then finally, our last key word is internal migration.

And that's when you move from one part of the nation to another.

So like I said, just three keywords.

We've seen the definitions now, and when we see them in the context of the lesson, they'll make a lot more sense.

And to start off with, we're going to be looking at changes in industry.

So between around 1750 and 1850, the dates differ depending on the historian you're looking at, Britain underwent the Industrial Revolution.

Now, the Industrial Revolution was a period where there was a worldwide demand for goods produced in Britain.

The agricultural industry had previously made up most of the British economy and Britain had been a major player in the world trade.

So what that means is essentially, Britain's economy was made up mostly of work done on large rural farming areas, particularly in sheep farming.

Because obviously the wool that they made was so valuable across the world that is pretty much where most of the money came from.

But this had changed by the 1700s because there was narrow growing demand for various textiles, for coal, for copper, for iron, for steel.

And in order to meet these huge demands, factories had to increase production, which therefore required more manpower and also greater technology.

So for example, the textile industry was transformed by weaving and spinning machines because they can mass produce goods.

And we can see an example here on the slide of the inside of a cotton mill.

It's full of spinning and weaving machines.

And this is a typical change in the Industrial Revolution.

They needed to make more and they needed to make it faster.

So therefore, more people, better technology in order to make this work.

So before we go on to look at some examples of other changes, we're just going to pause and check our understanding quickly.

So I'd like you to answer this question for me.

How would factories need to meet the growing demand for textiles, coal, copper, iron, and steel? Is it A, by using all farming land and build new factories, completely replacing the agricultural industry? B, increase the production of factories using more manpower and more technology? Or C, use new technology in large farming areas to make the agricultural industry more efficient? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, we know that the answer is B.

So let's go on to have a look at some other examples of changes in the Industrial Revolution.

So at first, the factories and machines were powered by water, and therefore they had to be located near a water source.

But later, coal was mined on a very, very large scale in order to power the factories and the machines through steam.

And as coal was a major factor in this growth, new factories were often developed in coal mining areas in the north of England, the Midlands, and South Wales.

In order to accommodate the huge numbers of workers that were needed for these factories, houses sprung up around them.

And we can see here, if we have a look at this illustration showing a view of Manchester during the Industrial Revolution, we can see lots of factories, but also lots of houses surrounding the factories.

And this process became known as urbanisation, one of our keywords.

And by the mid 1800s, Glasgow, Birmingham, and Manchester had become large industrial cities with multiple factories across each city.

And the urban population across Britain had grown from 5 million in 1700 to 32.

5 million in 1900.

And these growing industrial cities made it easier for migrant communities to develop.

This was particularly the case in cities which had new docks built like Liverpool, London, Cardiff, Bristol, Hole, and Glasgow, as they allowed migrants to travel there more easily from their home country.

These six cities became the busiest in the world as increasing demand for workers meant that people from rural communities and from abroad moved into these cities as they were providing jobs for thousands of people.

So remember, if we're talking about examples of where we can see mass urbanisation which help migrant communities develop because of the jobs available, we could talk about Glasgow, we can talk about Birmingham and Manchester, which we can see an example of here.

And they made it easier for migrant communities to develop because, well, especially in the places where docks were built, because it was much easier to travel to and from these places.

And there was loads of jobs available because of the new factories that were needed to meet the demand for these heavy industry goods.

Now, before we go on to look at some examples of other areas of change in this time period, we're just going to pause, check our understanding really quickly, and then put what we've learned so far about changes in industry into practise.

So firstly, I'd like us to have a look at our dear friend Jacob.

So Jacob's been listening to our lesson today, and based on what we've just learned, he said new industrial cities were developed in coal mining areas.

So all I need you to do is gimme two details to support Jacob's statement, because we know he's right, but we just need to make sure we're supporting any statements that we're making.

So pause the video now, get down a couple of ideas, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant, so your answer could have included any two of the following.

As coal was increasingly important, coal mining areas of England became more significant, for example, the north of England, the Midlands, and South Wales.

You might have also said that Birmingham, Glasgow, and Manchester became large industrial cities by the mid-1800s.

You could also mention a lovely statistic that we've got here, the urban population group from 5 million to 32.

5 million between 1700 and 1900.

That is a huge explosion of the urban population.

Now, a little bit easier, I'd like you to answer this question for me.

Which two of the following statements explains why industrial cities made it easier for migrant communities to develop.

Is it A, that new docks were built in many industrial cities, which allowed for easier transport to these new cities? B, growing industrial cities became increasingly polluted as a result of new factories? C, increasing demand meant more jobs were available for those living in rural areas, but also from abroad? So remember, two of these statements explain why industrial cities made it easier for migrant communities to develop.

So I'd like you to pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, so hopefully you said A and C, that new docks were built in these cities, which made it easier to transport into these cities, and C, that an increasing demand for jobs meant that there were more jobs available for those living in rural areas, but also from abroad.

Really well done.

Now let's have a go at putting this into practise.

So I'd like you to describe the changes in industry as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

But you need to make sure that you're including the following details in your response, agricultural industry, iron and steel, weaving and spinning machines, and urbanisation.

So pause the video now, give yourself five to 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done for me.

Brilliant, let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

So you might have said, before the 1700s, Britain had been a major player in the war trade, and their agricultural industry made up most of the British economy.

However, in the 1700s, there was a growing demand for textiles, copper, coal, iron, and steel.

In order to meet this demand, factories had to increase production by hiring more workers and using new technology.

For textile factories, this often meant the transformation of industry through new weaving and spinning machines.

Soon, coal mining areas became increasingly significant as coal was needed to run all the new machines and factories.

Urbanisation came about as a result of towns and cities growing around coal mining areas.

Therefore, it was not just a change in industry that happened, but a change in the landscape of Britain.

If you managed to get all those key terms in, but also something that really speaks to the fact that it wasn't just the change in industry but how this affected all of Britain, what you would've seen, what you would've heard, where people were living, then really, really well done.

And in this part of the lesson, we're going to be moving on to looking at changes in transport because it wasn't just industries that changed, but there were really, really significant changes in transport.

So the Industrial Revolution not only changed Britain's main industries, it also led to huge changes in transport.

And this was because in order to get the industrial goods to markets and ports, transport links needed to be rapidly improved.

So as a result, by 1840, there was a strong network of roads from London to all major cities.

Similarly, as canals were used to carry heavier goods by the 1820s, the Canal network was developed to link all the main manufacturing areas with Britain's ports.

So for instance, in 1761, the Bridgewater Canal connected Worsley mines with Manchester.

And we can see here an illustration of an iron bridge that was built in 1796.

This was part of the works done to improve transport around canals because it was really important that they were using as many means as possible and improving those means so that goods could be taken from the factories to the markets imports as quickly as possible to sell as many goods as possible.

Now, before we go on to look at whether it was just roads and canals that were improved, we're just going to pause very quickly and I've got a quick question for you.

So is the statement true or false? The Industrial Revolution led to huge changes in transport.

Just need you to make a quick decision for me, then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant, hopefully you said that it's true.

But as always, we need to think about why.

Is it true because of A, in order to get industrial goods to markets and ports, transport links needed to be rapidly improved? Or is it true because of B? There are protests and petitions for improved transport links throughout the 1700s.

So think about what we just went through, pause video, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said A, that there were huge changes in transport as a result of the Industrial Revolution, because in order to get industrial goods to market imports, transport links needed to be rapidly improved.

Really, really well done.

One more question.

Which one of the following statements is an example of improved transport connections? So think about what we've just covered, not necessarily the last part of the lesson, but when we've been talking specifically about transport.

So is it A? Glasgow, Manchester, and Birmingham became large industrial cities? Is it B? The urban population grew from 5 million in 1700 to 32.

5 million in 1900? Or C, in 1761, the Bridgewater Canal connected Worsley coal mines and Manchester.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said C.

The others are examples of changes in industry and the growth in urban, and the growth in the urban population as a result.

But it's C that's an example of changes in transport.

Really well done.

Now as well as roads and canals, railways needed to be developed as travelling by road was just not as quick as it needed to be no matter how many changes in transformations occurred.

So in 1830, the Liverpool to Manchester railway line was opened, and this was a faster and cheaper method of transport than the Bridgewater Canal.

And by 1900, there were five major railway companies who ran 22,000 miles of rail track.

And beyond Britain, transport to all Britain's major trading relations had to improve in order to fulfil the demand created by the Industrial Revolution.

It was no good getting the valuable items to the port if it would take just as long to reach the Americas or Asia.

And therefore, steam power transformed shipping and allowed Britain to be better connected with the wider world.

So for example, in 1838, the SS Great Western sailed from Bristol to New York for the first time.

This was the first steam ship built with the purpose of passengers crossing the Atlantic.

Then in 1852, the SS Great Britain had its first passenger, voyage from Liverpool to Australia.

Both of these steamships allowed easier migration and greater connections for Britain.

So there's huge changes in transport.

We're talking roads, canals, railways, and steam ships, steam power changing the way that you transported goods, and also people, to and from Britain.

Now, before we go on to look at how this impacted migration, we're just going to pause and check our understanding and then put what we've learned here about transport into practise.

So I'd like you to have a look at this statement.

Railway works needed to rapidly develop to support the Industrial Revolution.

Is this statement true or false? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, we know that this statement is true, but we need to think about why.

Is it true because transport by road had not become as quick as it needed to be? Or is it true because roads had seen no progress as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, we know that this is true because of A, transport by road had not become as quick as it needed to be.

Really well done.

Now I'd like you to meet Sam.

Sam has been listening in on our lesson, just like Jacob was earlier.

And Sam has said, "The transport of goods across the seas had to improve in order to support the trade." Now we know that that's true.

Sam's been doing a great job listening and learning today clearly.

But what I need you to do now is to give me two examples to support Sam's statement.

So pause the video now and come back when you've got a couple examples for me.

Brilliant, so your answer could include any two of the following.

You could have said that steam power was used to transform shipping, that steam powered ships helped Britain become more connected with the world, or that in 1838, the SS Great Western sailed from Bristol to New York, which is a great example of some specific detail, or in 1852, the SS Great Britain sailed from Liverpool to Australia.

Either way, really, really well done.

So what I'd like you to do for our practise task for this part of the lesson is to complete this table to show whether each of the following statements is true or false.

If it's true, you put a T.

If it's false, you put an F.

Super straightforward.

Pause the video now, give yourself no more than five minutes to complete this task, and come back when you're done.

Now let's have a look at what your completed table should have looked like.

The first statement, transport links did not need to be slowly improved to support the Industrial Revolution.

You know that's false.

In 1761, the Bridgewater Canal connected Worsley coal mines in Manchester.

We know that's in fact true.

Railways were developed as travelling by road was not fast enough.

Again, true.

By 1900, there were 50 major railway companies who ran 220,000 miles of rail track.

It's quite a big number then.

That's not true.

And in 1638, the SS Great Britain sailed from Bristol to New York.

You know that's false.

So what I need you to do next is to correct these false statements for me.

So you need to rewrite them as correct statements.

Again, give yourself about five minutes for these three statements.

Brilliant, so hopefully your corrected statements look a little something like this.

That transport links needed to be rapidly improved to support the Industrial Revolution.

That by 1900, there were five major railway companies who ran 22,000 miles of rail track, which is still very impressive.

But 50 companies and 220,000 miles of rail track? Not quite realistic.

And then finally it was in 1838, the SS Great Western sailed from Bristol to New York.

So really well done there.

And in the third and final part of our lesson, we're going to be looking at how these changes impacting migration.

Now, it was the growing demand for goods that meant that factories needed many, many more workers.

This meant that millions of new jobs were created in the growing industries of cotton and woollen textiles, coal mining, iron, and steel production.

Some of these factories came as a result of internal migration.

This meant they came from rural areas and were enticed by the opportunities that industrialization had offered.

In the countryside, demand for agricultural workers had been decreasing since methods of farming had reduced the number of workers needed for certain jobs.

Therefore, many people were keen to move to nearby cities where work was readily available in the factories.

So it wasn't that there was no work in agricultural areas, but because of the nature of what was being demanded, they simply needed less of them.

Because new methods of farming had meant that the sheer number of workers that had been working on farms before just wasn't needed.

But that work was needed in factories in urbanised cities.

And one example of this internal migration is the Highland Clearances.

We can see an illustration of the Highland Clearances here.

And this was a time where from 1750 to 1860, Scottish land owners introduced sheep farming in Highlands as a result of the demand for wool used by the Industrial Revolution.

But sheep farming required many less workers in the previous agricultural methods.

And as a result, tens of thousands of workers and their families were left without work, and they were essentially homeless.

They were forced to migrate to one of the growing industrial cities in Scotland or England.

Therefore, this is considered largely internal migration, since they were moving within Britain.

Although some did migrate even further to Canada, America or New Zealand, these internal migrants became part of the new industrial workforce where they settled whether they were skilled or unskilled.

And they were an essential part of Britain's economic growth as they help Britain produce more goods to trade with the rest of the world.

So remember, internal migration is when you're moving within a nation.

And the Highland Clearance is a good example of this.

Because as Scottish landowners introduced sheep farming, those who worked in the previous agricultural industries had to find new homes and jobs as fewer people were needed to work in sheep farming.

So some of them were able to stay and continue working in the agricultural industry, but many of them had to look for new jobs.

Those who searched within Britain were considered internal migrants.

But remember, there were also people who went further afield to migrate to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Before we go on to look further at the impact on migration, we're just gonna pause, and I've got a couple of questions for you.

Firstly, which one of the following statements explains why internal migration increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Is it A, people migrated from urban areas where demand for workers was low to rural areas where the demand was higher? Is it B, people migrated from rural areas where demand for workers was low to urban areas where demand was higher? Or C, there was no demand for rural workers, all villages migrated to new, growing urban settlements? Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back when you've got an answer for me.

Brilliant, hopefully you said B.

It was about migrating from rural areas where the demand for workers was low to urban areas where the demand was higher.

Really well done.

Secondly, I'd like you to have a short discussion.

So if you're doing this lesson with someone else, make sure you both have time to articulate a response.

But if you're doing this lesson by yourself, absolutely not to worry.

Have a go at explaining a response out loud or writing it down quickly for me.

So the question for your discussion is what were the Highland Clearances? So I need you to get down or to share as much as you can remember from what I just told you about the Highland Clearances.

Pause the video now, give both of you enough time to articulate a response, or just you if needed, then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant, so your discussions could have included any of the following.

From 1750 to 1860, large numbers of Scottish agricultural workers were forced to migrate out of farming areas.

You could have said that they were forced to migrate as the Industrial Revolution had led to land usage changes and so fewer workers were needed on sheep farming in the Scottish Highlands.

Or you could have mentioned that tens of thousands of families were forced to migrate to industrial cities in Scotland and England, and some went further to Canada, America, or New Zealand in order to find work.

Really well done if you were able to get some of those key details down.

Now, by the beginning of the 19th century, all four of the British nations were united politically, and there was a good deal of regional migration from Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in the industrial areas of England, particularly the North and the Midlands.

Britain's population grew dramatically at this time from around 15 million in 1800 to 27 million in 1850, and around 40 million by 1900.

And the highest rate of population growth were in British cities with industrial centres like Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham leading the way.

However, as in previous periods, London saw the greatest growth with its population growing from just under 1 million people in 1800 to 6.

6 million in 1900.

And this was because London was the leading port in the country.

And so it attract migrants both internally, but also from abroad.

And in the Industrial Revolution made migration a lot easier with the changes that had taken place in transport, migrants from across the world, so for example, the British, Caribbean, and India, could easily settle in Britain, thanks to the developments of ports and steamships.

Furthermore, improved transport links within Britain made it easier for the newly arrived migrants to travel onwards from a port to many different towns and cities.

So it wasn't just that there were settling in port cities, although many of them did.

The improved transport within Britain made it easier for them to move from the port cities to settle in other areas of Britain.

So we see migration being impacted in a huge way by the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

Now, before we put this into practise, we're gonna go back to our friend Jacob, who has continued listening and doing a great job in this lesson because he's just said the Industrial Revolution led to huge population growth, which again, we know is true, because he's doing a great job today.

And what I'd like you to do is to give me two examples to support this statement.

So pause the video now, jot down a couple of examples, and come back when you're done.

Brilliant, so your answer could include any of the following.

Britain's population grew from around 15 million in 1800 to around 40 million in 1900.

That the highest rates of population growth were in industrial centres like Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham.

And that London saw the greatest growth, with its population growing from just under 1 million people in 1800 to 6.

6 million in 1900.

Really well done if you were able to get those really specific details down.

If there's any you'd just like to make a note of, no worry, pause the video now, and get that down.

So for our last task today, I'd like you to explain why the Industrial Revolution led to an increase in internal migration and migration from abroad, making sure you use the following in your response: London, Glasgow, and Manchester, we've mentioned these cities already so I'm sure you know why they're on this list, population growth, ports and steamships, and demand for workers.

So pause the video now, give yourself five to 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done.

Brilliant, let's have a look at what your answer might have looked like.

So you might have said, "The Industrial Revolution led to a significant increase in internal migration.

This is because it brought about a huge demand for products which led to new factories being built in major cities like London, Glasgow, and Manchester, and a subsequent increase in jobs available.

This coincided with the demand for agricultural workers decreasing in the countryside, which meant that huge numbers of people moved from rural areas to urban areas to find work and fill the new factory jobs.

Consequently, new industrial cities saw huge growth in population.

For example, just under 1 million people lived in London in 1800, but by 1900, 6.

6 million people lived there.

However, it was not just internal migration that increased.

Migration from abroad also increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

This was because the Industrial Revolution not only increased the demand for workers in major cities, but also led to the development of ports and steamships.

For instance, since the SS Great Western's first voyage in 1838, steamships now regularly travelled between Bristol and New York, and since 1852, between Liverpool and Australia.

This meant that the new industrial jobs could be filled by migrants from abroad, as it was now much easier for them to travel to Britain and to settle in and around the growing port cities.

Really well done today.

You've done an absolutely fantastic job.

We're gonna finish off very quickly by just looking at a summary of what we've learned since we've looked at so much.

So from around 1750 to 1850, we learned that Britain was transformed by the Industrial Revolution.

We learned that the Industrial Revolution led to huge changes in industry, moving from largely agriculture to heavy industry.

This resulted in the rapid urbanisation of cities, usually port cities because of their role in trade.

But finally, that the changes in transport and industry led to a rapid increase in internal migration from rural areas to thriving urban cities.

It also increased migration from abroad as many new jobs and transport links were created by industrialization.

So really, really well done for your work state.

You've done a brilliant job.