Hello, and thank you for joining me for this Oak Academy history lesson.

My name is Mrs. Knox, and today, I'll be guiding you through the resources you need to be successful with this lesson.

So let's begin.

Today's lesson is part of the Edexcel GCSE historical environment topic of Notting Hill.

We are asking the question, what does Notting Hill tell us about migration? In today's lesson, we'll be looking at the influence of Caribbean cultures on Notting Hill, and by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to describe how the area of Notting Hill came to reflect the culture of the migrants who moved there after World War II.

Now, there are several key words we'll use in our lesson today, so let's have a look at those now.

The first word is shebeen.

It refers to a music and dance party organised by Caribbean residents of Notting Hill in response to a lack of migrant-friendly leisure entertainment often held in basements or other migrant-owned venues.

We'll also use the word ska, which is a style of music from Jamaica, making use of horns and trumpets alongside other instruments.

And we'll also use the word reggae.

Reggae is a style of music that developed from ska in the 1960s with a focus on the use of keyboards.

We'll also use the term self-help, which is the use of personal or collective effort to achieve something without relying on the government.

And finally, we'll come across the term pardner schemes.

Pardner schemes allowed Caribbean migrants to make use of credit by paying into a communal fund.

Today's lesson is going to be in three parts, so we'll start now on part one, which will focus on the distinct Caribbean cultures in Notting Hill.

When Caribbean migrants from the Windrush generation came to Notting Hill, they brought with them the colourful and vibrant traditions of their homelands.

Countries like Trinidad, Jamaica, and Tobago have a rich cultural heritage and the influence of Caribbean culture played a huge part in the development of Notting Hill.

Lively calypso music and energetic dances like limbo, salsa, and rumba all became popular in Britain, partly due to the Caribbean carnival held in the 1960s, which introduced new audiences to these styles of dance.

Some of these dances had African roots and had originally evolved from dancing styles brought to the Caribbean by enslaved Africans.

In addition to the new dancing styles, food tastes in Notting Hill also evolved due to the opening of Caribbean restaurants and cafes in the area.

These sold foods like roti, which is a round flatbread, jerk chicken and rice and peas.

The legacy of Caribbean cuisine can still be seen today with Caribbean street food having become popular across Britain.

Let's have a quick check now of your understanding so far.

I'd like you to answer this question.

The traditions of which of these countries were brought to Notting Hill by the Windrush generation? Was it a, Thailand, Jordan and Tonga, b, Trinidad, Jamaica and Tobago, or c, Tanzania, Japan and Taiwan.

Press pause, and then where you've got your answer, press play.

You should have said the correct answer was b.

The cultures of Trinidad, Jamaica, and Tobago were brought to Notting Hill by the Windrush generation.

Many Caribbean migrants felt nostalgia for their homelands when they came to Britain and wanted to recreate the familiarity of their home customs. They were shunned, that means rejected by many white people, and so they took comfort in forming their own community within a community.

They celebrated their own customs and traditions in many ways, for example, by attending shebeens.

These were parties often held in the basements of people's homes where the Black community could come together to drink alcohol and to dance to music styles like ska, reggae, and rhythm and blues.

Furthermore, it was in the 1960s that the Notting Hill Carnival, today famous the world over, was first devised.

It led to the increase in popularity of reggae music and musicians like Bob Marley amongst white British people.

The carnival was a way of showcasing Caribbean food, costumes and music to new audiences.

Time for another check of your understanding.

I'd like you to answer this true or false question.

Caribbean migrants celebrated their own traditions because they disliked British culture.

Is that true or false? Press pause and then press play to hear the correct answer.

You should have said the correct answer is false.

Why is the answer false? Is it because a, they were made to feel unwelcome and excluded from British traditions so turned to their own traditions instead, or b, they wanted to show their culture was superior to the food, music, and dance in the UK? Press pause and then press play to hear the correct answer.

You should have said the correct answer was a, they were made to feel unwelcome and excluded from British traditions, so turn to their own traditions instead.

Here's another check of your understanding now.

Where were shebeens often held? A, in sports halls and theatres in West London, b, in local hotels around Notting Hill, or c, in the basements of Caribbean migrants' homes.

Press pause and then press play when you're ready for the answer.

Well done if you said the correct answer was c.

shebeens were often held in the basements of Caribbean migrants homes.

Finally in this section, have a go now at this task.

I'd like you to describe three ways in which Caribbean migrants influence the culture of Notting Hill.

You might want to cover some of the following areas in your answer: food, music, and dance.

Press pause until you've completed the task and then press play to see what you might have written.

Welcome back.

Let's see how you got on.

Your answer could have included the following.

One way Caribbean migrants influenced the culture of Notting Hill is through introducing new types of food.

They brought their distinct cuisine with them to Britain from places like Trinidad, Jamaica, and Tobago.

This included foods such as roti and jerk chicken.

Today, these types of dishes are popular across Britain as street food items. Secondly, Caribbean migrants also influenced musical styles in Notting Hill.

Ska, reggae and rhythm and blues music were all performed in shebeens.

Our musicians, such as Bob Marley, made reggae music popular with a wider audience.

A third way that Caribbean migrants influenced culture of Notting Hill is through the introduction of new styles of dance.

High energy dances like limbo, salsa and rumba became popular, partly due to the Notting Hill Carnival which introduced new audiences to these styles of dance.

We're ready to move on now to the second section of the lesson today.

This section will look at All Saints Road and the Portobello Road Market.

One of the most famous roads in Notting Hill is All Saints Road.

In the 1950s, it became a melting pot of communities from the Caribbean and the influence of their cultures came to reshape this part of West London.

It was this street that housed the Mangrove, a popular West Indian restaurant, which opened in 1968 and was at the heart of the Black community in Notting Hill.

All Saints Road was a fashionable and bustling place by the 1960s with a mixture of barbershops, coffee bars, fashion retailers, and music sellers.

It came to represent the Swinging Sixties and its association with freedom of expression and youth culture attracted many famous names of the day, such as the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix and Bob Marley.

However, there was a darker side to All Saints Road.

The road was also known for having a thriving drugs trade and was also associated with alcohol being sold illegally without a licence in shebeens.

Let's have a check now of your understanding.

What kind of businesses sprang up in Notting Hill with the arrival of Caribbean migrants? Was it a, record shops, markets, cafes and barbers, b, banks, gyms, beauty salons and flower shops, or c, ice cream parlours, home improvement shops and bakeries? Press pause and then press play to hear the correct answer.

Well done if you said the correct answer is a.

Record shops, markets, cafes, and barbers all sprung up in Notting Hill with the arrival of Caribbean migrants.

Running parallel to All Saints Road is Portobello Road, which, today, is still the location of one of the world's oldest street markets, Portobello Road Market, which is over 150 years old.

To begin with, the market was very similar to other London markets and sold essentials and food items to local customers.

However, rag-and-bone men started to sell their wares there in the 1940s along with other bric-a-brac antique dealers.

This started to attract visitors to the area as people enjoyed pottering amongst the stalls and the crowds and taking in the atmosphere.

Portobello Road Market has been changed and influenced by the people and local cultures that evolved in the local area over time.

For example, the arrival of Irish immigrants in the second half of the 19th century and Spanish immigrants in the 1930s changed the nature of the market as it tried to cater to the tastes of its new customers.

The same was true of the influx of Caribbean migrants in the 1950s and 1960s.

Subsequently, many businesses, cafes, bars and restaurants, including the Mangrove, opened along All Saints Road and Portobello Roads.

Here's another check now of your understanding.

I'd like you to answer this true or false question.

Portobello market has remained unchanged for the past 150 years.

Is that true or false? Press pause and then press play to hear the answer.

You should have said the correct answer is false, but why is the answer false? Is it because a, over the years, it has been influenced by the arrival of Spanish, Irish and Caribbean migrants, or b, over the years, it has been influenced by the arrival of German, Scottish, and Caribbean migrants.

Press pause and then press play to hear the correct answer.

You should have said the correct justification was a.

Over the years, it has been influenced by the arrival of Spanish, Irish and Caribbean migrants.

Two well-known clubs in Notting Hill, which were frequented by the Black community were the Jazz Club and the Calypso Bar.

Many of the clubs popular with Caribbean migrants were nicknamed shebeens, which is an Irish word, meaning an unlicensed pub.

In Notting Hill, Shebeens were essentially alternative social venues for the Black community as they were unwelcome at many licenced bars and clubs due to the colour bar, which prevented them from being allowed entry to all white establishments.

Shebeens were regularly shut down by the police for serving alcohol without a licence, for breaking the opening arrears of their licence or for other illegal activities such as prostitution and drug dealing.

The community saw this as police harassment and because there was a high demand for shebeens, they would open again under a different name, which was a short term and resourceful way of getting around the original shebeen being shut down.

Here's another check now of your understanding.

With a partner, I'd like you to discuss the reasons why so many of the clubs and cafes in Notting Hill were closed and then reopened under a different name.

Press pause to have your conversation and then press play when you are ready to see what you could have discussed.

Welcome back, let's have a look at some of the points you could have raised.

You could have said that they were closed down for trading without a licence or breaking the terms of their licence.

They were sometimes closed down due to the police finding drugs on the premises during a raid, and there was a high demand for shebeens and opening under a new name got around legal problems and showed resilience.

Finally, in this section, I'd now like you to complete the following task.

I'd like you to read and then spot and correct the mistakes in this description of life in All Saints Road and Portobello Market.

Press pause until you've had the chance to read carefully and complete your answer and then press play to see what you should have written.

Welcome back.

Let's see how you got on.

Your answer should have read, All Saints Road was at the heart of Swinging 60s London.

It was popular with younger people and attractive businesses and performers.

The Mangrove restaurant was on All Saints Road and opened there in 1968.

Portobello Road ran parallel to All Saints Road and was famous for its market, which drew crowds to the area.

The popularity of the area led to a demand for clubs and music venues, which led to the opening of shebeens.

The Black community had little choice but go to illegal venues as they were barred from many all-white clubs.

Their clubs were often raided by the police for trading without a licence.

Well done if you spotted all of those mistakes.

It's time now for the final section of today's lesson.

In this section, we'll recap self-help organisations.

Due to the discrimination and racism directed towards Caribbean migrants in Notting Hill, immigrants tended to develop their own support network within the area.

This started when they first arrived through the support of family and friends and continued as they became established in the local area.

Caribbean clubs, cafes, music and fashion all helped the Black communities to feel more at home in London.

Importantly, the Black community developed tight-knit support networks based on the notion of self-help.

For example, the children of Caribbean migrants were often given less encouragement and opportunities than their white counterparts at school as it was wrongly believed that they did not have the same abilities as white pupils.

To combat this, supplemental schooling was offered by Caribbean communities to help these children reach their full potential.

Another example of where the Caribbean community found ways to combat discrimination was within the difficult area of housing.

Few reputable landlords were willing to lend homes to the Black community and many banks and building societies would not lend to this community, and so a self-help solution was developed, known as pardner schemes.

This involved a group of Caribbean migrants, the pardners or partners, putting their savings together in order to buy a house.

They would live together as co-owners, which allowed them to have a higher standard of living than they would have had they rented from the few white landlords who did allow Black tenants.

Finally, to take account of the fact that many Caribbean people were ignored and excluded by white British people, more emphasis was placed on celebrating Caribbean culture.

Parents ensured they instilled a sense of pride in their children and passed on Caribbean traditions.

From the 1960s, the annual celebration of the Notting Hill Carnival further instilled a sense of pride in the community's history, identity, and culture through the celebration of Caribbean food, music, and dance.

These actions illustrate some of the ways in which Caribbean migrants were resourceful in finding solutions to overcome the problems they faced and to stand up to the racism and discrimination they experienced.

Time for another check of your understanding now.

What problem did the self-help pardner schemes help Caribbean migrants to solve? Was it a, low-paid jobs, b, poor educational opportunities, or c, unaffordable housing? Press pause and then press play to hear the correct answer.

You should have said the correct answer was c.

The self-help pardner schemes helped Caribbean migrants to afford housing.

Here's another quick check of your understanding.

True or false? Caribbean migrants were unable to improve their lives in Notting Hill.

Press pause, and when you've got your answer ready, press play.

You should have said the correct answer is false, but why is the answer false? Is it because a, Caribbean migrants used a variety of self-help schemes to gain support and maintain a sense of pride, or b, Caribbean migrants were supported by the government and by local people in Notting Hill.

Press pause and then press play.

Well done if you said the correct answer was a, Caribbean migrants use a variety of self-help schemes to gain support and maintain a sense of pride.

Finally today, I'd like you to complete this task.

I'd like you to read Sam's opinion and then write one paragraph using three pieces of evidence to support her.

Sam says, "Caribbean migrants were resourceful at overcoming the challenges of racism and discrimination in Notting Hill.

They did not allow it to hold them back." You could include some of the following points: pardner schemes, supplementary schooling, and the celebration of Caribbean culture.

Press pause whilst you complete your answer and then press play to see what you could have written.

Welcome back.

Let's see how you got on with your answer.

Your answer could have included the following.

Sam is right to say that Caribbean migrants found ways to combat the racism and discrimination they faced in Notting Hill.

Firstly, they did not allow their children to receive an inferior education to white children, and so they supplemented their children's education.

Secondly, they did not accept that they had to live in overpriced slum housing and instead they pooled their resources to afford the deposit on decent housing through the use of pardner schemes.

Finally, they instilled a sense of pride in their own history, identity, and culture through the celebration of Caribbean food, music, and dance.

This evolved into the annual celebration that is the Notting Hill Carnival today.

We've now reached the end of today's lesson, so let's have a summary of everything you should have learned today.

Caribbean migrants influenced the culture of Notting Hill.

For example, migrant-run shops, cafes, and shebeens became popular in the area.

Clubs promoting ska and reggae became popular, and these music styles reached a wide audience.

All Saints Road and Portobello Road Market were at the heart of migrant culture in Notting Hill and remained popular today.

Caribbean migrants had to rely on self-help, such as pardner schemes and supplementary education programmes.

Well done for all of your hard work in the lesson today, and I hope that you feel confident that you've met your learning objective.

I look forward to you joining me in a future lesson.