Hello, and thank you for joining me today for another Oak Academy history lesson.

My name is Mrs. Knox, and I'll be guiding you through the resources and the materials required in today's lesson.

So let's get started.

Today's lesson is part of the Edexcel Historical Environment unit on Notting Hill, and we are looking at the issue of what Notting Hill can tell us about migration.

Today's lesson will focus on the Mangrove Nine, and by the end of the lesson you'll be able to describe the events that led to the arrests of the Mangrove Nine and explain why their trial was an important turning point in tackling racism.

Now, today's lesson will involve some vocabulary, so let's have a look at the key words we'll use today now.

The first word we'll use is British Black Panthers.

The British Black Panthers were a Black Power organisation which fought for the rights of Black people in the UK.

The second word we'll use is Old Bailey.

The Old Bailey is the nickname of the chief criminal Court in London, and it is named after the street it is on.

We'll also use the word jury.

The jury is a group of 12 people who review the evidence in a trial to give a verdict.

And finally, we'll use the word acquitted.

If you are acquitted, it means that you are freed of a criminal charge by being found not guilty.

Today's lesson will have two parts to it, so we'll get started now with part one, which is about Frank Crichlow and The Mangrove.

In the swinging '60s, All Saints Road in Notting Hill was a bustling and vibrant street.

It was the heart of the Black community in the area and was home to Black culture, food, fashion, and music.

Famous artists from the time, including Diana Ross, Bob Marley, and Jimi Hendrix all performed at venues along All Saints Road, and street performers like steel bands and reggae singers performed regularly on the pavement.

Lining the street were shops selling the latest fashions and bars selling alcohol without a licence, known as shebeens.

The road was also associated with drug use, and subsequently, the businesses along All Saints Road experienced frequent police raids.

The Mangrove was an all-night restaurant, which opened on All Saints Road in March, 1958.

It was owned by a man called Frank Crichlow, who had been born in Trinidad.

It quickly became a popular place for the Black community to meet and soon boasted a star-studded clientele too.

The restaurant served traditional West Indian food like chicken with rice and banana fritters and was decorated with murals of tropical mangrove trees.

For many, it seemed like a sanctuary where they could escape for a few hours from their drab homes and the cold English climate.

People not only went there for the delicious food, but also for the political discussion and support.

Customers were able to hear about jobs and to get help finding suitable accommodation.

The restaurant also provided an escape from racism and discrimination, although there was always a risk of a police raid.

Okay, let's have a quick check of your understanding so far.

I'd like you to answer this question.

On what road in Notting Hill did The Mangrove open in 1958? Was it A, Abbey Road, B, All Saints Road, or C, Denmark Street? Press pause and when you've got your answer, press play.

Well done if you said that the correct answer was B.

The Mangrove opened on All Saints Road in 1968.

Here's another quick check of your understanding.

I'd like you to answer this true or false question.

The Mangrove was a safe sanctuary for members of the Black community because it served West Indian food.

Is that true or false? Press pause now, and when you're ready to hear the answer, press play.

You should have said the correct answer is false.

But why is the answer false? Is it because, A, it offered a safe sanctuary from the problems of racism and poverty in Notting Hill or B, it provided a safe sanctuary to the singers and musicians of the Swinging Sixties? Press pause and when you're ready to hear the answer, press play.

Well done if you said that the correct justification was A.

The Mangrove offered a safe sanctuary from the problems of racism and poverty in Notting Hill.

However, in December, 1969, the local council took away Crichlow's all-night licence.

This meant he now had to close the restaurant at 11:00 PM and was only allowed to serve takeaway food.

The council said that the decision to withdraw the licence was because they believed the premises were being used by sex workers, drug dealers, and convicts.

However, Crichlow was convinced that the council were discriminating against his business and customers due to racial prejudice.

He said that despite being the target of numerous police raids, no drugs had ever been found at the restaurant.

The Mangrove received support from the newly formed British Black Panthers, the BBP, who helped to organise a protest march against the council's decision.

More widely, the protest was also to make a stand against police harassment of the Black community in Notting Hill.

And on the screen now, you can see a letter that was produced by the Action Committee explaining the reasons for the protest march.

Okay, here's another check of your understanding.

I'd like you to attempt this question.

Which organisation helped to organise a protest march to object to the police treatment of The Mangrove? Was it A, the British Black Party, B, the British Black Police, or C, the British Black Panthers? Press pause and when you've got your answer, press play.

That's right.

You should have said it was the British Black Panthers who helped to organise the protest march to defend The Mangrove restaurant.

Finally, in this section, I'd like you to complete this task.

I'd like you to describe two features of Caribbean culture on All Saints Road in the 1960s.

You can use some of the following sentence starters to help you.

Remember to try to give specific details in your answer.

Press pause now whilst you complete your work and then press play when you're ready to see what you might have written.

Welcome back.

Let's have a look at a possible answer.

One feature of Caribbean culture on All Saints Road in the 1960s was the presence of Black musicians and singers.

Artists like Diana Ross, Jimi Hendrix, and Bob Marley performed at venues on the road and there were also street performers such as steel bands and reggae singers.

Another feature of Caribbean culture on All Saints Road was the traditional West Indian food like Caribbean chicken with rice or banana fritters served at The Mangrove.

For Caribbean migrants, All Saints Road was a reminder of the sounds and the tastes of home.

It's time now to move on to the second section of today's lesson.

In this section, we'll focus on the Mangrove Nine.

On the 9th of August, 1970, the BBP protest went ahead outside The Mangrove.

Around 150 members of the local community gathered, many of them holding placards calling for an end to racism and discrimination.

There was also condemnation of the Metropolitan Police and their treatment of Caribbean migrants in Notting Hill.

Some of the placards said, "Kill the Pigs," which was an insulting reference to the police and a Black Power slogan used in America.

One woman, Barbara Beese, even held a decapitated pig's head in the air as she marched through the streets.

The protestors planned to march past some local police stations, so in readiness for the protest, large numbers of police in riot gear were on standby.

Estimates suggest that there were around twice as many police officers as protestors, with some figures suggesting there were as many as 500.

This quickly escalated tensions and fighting broke out.

24 officers were injured and 19 protestors were arrested.

Nine of the protestors were charged with inciting a riot, which carried a long prison sentence.

The group became known as the Mangrove Nine and included The Mangrove's owner, Frank Crichlow, along with Barbara Beese, Rupert Boyce, Rhodan Gordon, Darcus Howe, Anthony Innis, Altheia Jones-LeCointe, Rothwell Kentish, and Godfrey Millett.

Some of the Mangrove Nine were members of the British Black Panthers.

The Mangrove Nine's case was then sent to the Old Bailey rather than the local Crown Court, which was unusual as normally the higher court only dealt with very serious crimes like murder.

The group requested that they be tried by an all-Black jury.

However, the final jury only had two Black jurors.

Nevertheless, at the trial, evidence was brought forward showing that the police had demonstrated racist attitudes and that the judicial system was prejudiced against Black defendants.

Five of the Mangrove Nine were acquitted, and the others were only found guilty of minor offences.

More importantly, the judge concluded that the Met Police had acted with prejudice and discrimination against the Black community in their handling of the march.

This was significant because it was the first judicial acknowledgement that there was prejudice within the Met.

It was also an important first step for civil rights in Britain and empowered the Black community.

All right, it's time now for a check of your understanding.

I'd like you to answer this question.

How many protestors took part in the march organised by the British Black Panthers? Was it A, around 50 people, B, around 100 people, or C, around 150 people? Press pause and when you're ready for the answer, press play.

That's right, you should have said the correct answer was C.

There were 150 protestors who took part in the march.

The trial of the Mangrove Nine exposed the racist attitudes that Caribbean migrants faced on a daily basis to a wide audience.

Damaging headlines appeared in newspapers, which further undermined confidence in the police and justice system.

The first official recognition of racism was a turning point in the history of the Met Police.

Nevertheless, in more recent times, the Met has continued to be accused of institutional racism.

The murder of the Black teenager Stephen Lawrence in 1993 and the subsequent 1999 Macpherson Report into the police handling of the case showed ongoing racism within the Met and British society.

The report suggested that a zero-tolerance approach to racism was needed.

This was enhanced by the Equalities Act of 2000, which brought the police under anti-discrimination law in Britain.

The mother of Stephen Lawrence, Doreen Lawrence, much like the Mangrove Nine, has contributed to the ongoing fight against racism.

She has campaigned against racism in memory of her son and has helped to change attitudes within society.

She was awarded an OBE in 2003 for her work on improving community relations.

Okay, let's have another check now of your understanding.

I'd like you to answer this question.

True or false, the case of the Mangrove Nine ended racism within the Metropolitan Police.

Press pause now, and when you've got your answer, press play.

You should have said that the correct answer is false.

Why is the answer false? Is it because A, although it highlighted the issue of institutional racism, there is still evidence of racism in the MET Police? Or B, there is no longer any racism in the Met Police due to their zero tolerance policy? Press pause, and when you're ready for the answer, press play.

Well done if you said the correct justification was A.

Although the Mangrove Nine trial highlighted the issue of institutional racism, there is still evidence of racism in the Met Police.

Finally, I'd like you to do this task.

I'd like you to number the events of the Mangrove Nine protest in chronological order, using one for the earliest event, Press pause, and when you've completed your answer, press play.

Welcome back.

Let's have a look at what you should have said.

The first event was the local council took away Frank Crichlow's all-night licence.

Then, the BBP helped organise a protest march against the council's decision.

Then 150 people gathered outside The Mangrove for the march.

Then fighting broke out with 24 police officers injured and 19 protestors arrested.

Then nine were charged with inciting a riot.

The case was sent to the Old Bailey.

And finally, five were acquitted and none were found guilty of incitement.

Well done if you've got them all correct.

Finally, I'd like you to answer this question.

I'd like you to explain the significance of the Mangrove Nine trial for the development of race relations in Britain in the 20th century.

In your answer, try to cover two ways it was important, perhaps at the time, and then later.

Press pause, and when you're ready for the answer, press play.

Let's have a look at what you might have said.

One way in which the Mangrove Nine trial was important for the development of race relations in Britain in the 20th century is the judge's conclusion in the trial.

The judge concluded that the Met Police had acted with prejudice and discrimination against the Black community in their handling of the protest march.

This was significant because it was the first judicial acknowledgement that there was prejudice within the Met Police.

The publicity around the event and the trial put a spotlight on racism in Britain at the time, and it was a turning point in the development of race relations in Britain.

A second way in which the Mangrove Nine trial developed race relations in Britain in the 20th century is that in the longer term, campaigners and the government have built on the judge's admission of racial prejudice within the Met Police force.

The 1999 Macpherson Report condemned ongoing institutional racism within the Met, and the 2000 Equality Act further strengthened the zero tolerance approach now taken to racism within the police.

Furthermore, campaigners like Doreen Lawrence have used their own negative experiences of racial violence to try to change attitudes in Britain.

We've reached the end of our lesson today, so let's have a quick summary.

Frank Crichlow set up The Mangrove, an all-night restaurant, in 1958 on All Saints Road in Notting Hill.

It became the heart of the Black community and well-known stars regularly visited.

The police targeted the restaurant with frequent raids, claiming it was being used to deal drugs, and the council revoked its licence in 1969.

The British Black Panthers organised a protest march against the the council's decision and against police racism and discrimination.

The protest led to the arrest of the Mangrove Nine.

The Mangrove Nine were all acquitted of the crime of inciting a riot, and their trial confirmed racism within the Met Police.

Well done for all of your hard work in our lesson today.

I hope you feel confident that you've met your learning objective for the lesson.

(Mrs. Knox speaking indistinctly).