Hello, I'm Mr. Marchant, and I'll be your history teacher for today.

I'm really looking forward to starting our learning journey together, and my role will be to make sure that you can meet today's learning objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the boom years in the USA, where we're asking ourselves how did the boom affect the American people? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain the impact of Henry Ford and the growth of the US car industry.

There are four key words which are gonna help us navigate our way through today's lesson.

Those are assembly line, trade union, strike, and investment.

An assembly line is a production line in a factory where goods are produced in large numbers.

A trade union is an organisation of workers formed to protect their collective interests.

A strike is a period of time when people refuse to work in order to demand better working conditions.

And the act of putting money into a business is known as an investment.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts, and we'll begin by focusing on Henry Ford's methods.

Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford Motor Company.

Ford began manufacturing cars in 1903.

By the 1920s, Ford was widely considered one of the most successful businessmen in the entirety of the USA.

Henry Ford was associated with many business methods.

For one, Ford kept tight control over his workers.

In particular, Ford refused to allow the employees in his factories to organise themselves into trade unions or to go on strike.

In fact, Ford's company even had a special department set up which was used to monitor workers and intimidate or even attack those who attempted to organise unions.

This helped to keep the costs of running the Ford Motor Company low throughout the 1920s.

Henry Ford's development of the world's first moving assembly line was even more important for reducing costs at the company.

This was used to manufacture just one type of car, the Model T, which was the only one Ford produced for many years.

An electric conveyor belt was set up in Ford's factories to carry partly-built model T's past workers.

Workers remained in the same place throughout the day and were responsible for just one or two small jobs, such as fitting wheels or doors as a car moved past them.

Before Ford developed the moving assembly line, it took roughly 12.

5 hours to manufacture each individual Model T.

By the late 1920s, a Model T could be constructed in one of Ford's factories in just 1.

5 hours.

So let's think about what we've heard so far and make sure that our knowledge is secure.

How did Henry Ford benefit from opposing trade unions? Did it keep large numbers of employees working for him? Was it that it kept running costs in factories low or that it kept workers happy and motivated? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

By opposing trade unions, Henry Ford was able to keep running costs in his factories low.

For example, trade unions are likely to ask for improved wages for workers.

By preventing that, Henry Ford was able to prevent having to pay too much to his employees.

And now I want you to complete the gap in the following sentence.

The only car produced by Ford was the blank.

So how would we fill that gap? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the gap should have been filled by saying Model T.

The only car produced by Ford was the Model T, and this was the case for many years.

By having just one focus on what they had to build, this also helped Ford to make sure that the running costs in his factories were kept low, and that his assembly lines could be as efficient as possible.

So let's try one more question.

We have a statement that says, "Ford expected each worker on an assembly line "to become skilled in a wide range of tasks." Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false.

But we need to be able to justify our response, so two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that workers on assembly lines were responsible for just one or two small jobs, which they became more productive at.

The second says that workers on assembly lines were responsible for assembling one complete product, which they became productive at.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A.

Workers on assembly lines were responsible for just one or two small jobs, such as fitting wheels or doors, which they became more productive at.

As workers became more productive, the whole job of constructing each car could happen more quickly and the costs fell.

So we're now in a good position to put all of our knowledge into practise.

I want you to study the three statements about Henry Ford's methods.

Those three statements say, "Ford's assembly lines only focused "on manufacturing one type of vehicle, the Model T." "Ford's assembly lines had little impact "on productivity in his factories." And "Ford encouraged workers in his factories "to organise themselves into trade unions." So thinking about those three statements, firstly, I want you to identify which statements are true and which statements are false, and then I want you to rewrite any false statements so that they are true.

You should add detail to develop any of those statements which you're correcting.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all your hard work on that task.

So I asked you first to identify which statements were true and which were false.

Our first statement was true, but both our second and our third statement were false.

So they're ones which we would need to correct for the second part of our task.

For task two, I asked you to rewrite any full statements so that they were true, to add detail to develop those corrected statements.

So your answers may have included, "Ford's assembly lines significantly improved "productivity in his factories.

"The time taken to produce a model T "fell from 12.

5 hours to just 1.

5 hours." And "Ford discouraged workers in his factories "from organising trade unions.

"Ford even had a special department set up, "which used violence and intimidation "to oppose unions and strikes." So really well done if your own answers look something like those models, which we've just seen.

And now we're ready to move on to the second part of our lesson for today, where we're gonna focus on the immediate effects of Henry Ford's methods.

Henry Ford's methods had a significant impact in the 1920s.

Ford's methods had an immediate impact on Henry Ford's business itself, consumers, and workers.

The use of assembly lines reduced the cost of production significantly, and so Henry Ford could sell his cars for less, yet still make a profit for himself.

In 1911, a Model T cost nearly $800, but this had fallen to just $295 by 1928.

As the price of the Model T fell, car ownership became a more realistic prospect for many Americans.

15 million people purchased Model Ts between 1911 and 1929.

In fact, by 1926, nearly half of all the cars driven in the USA were Fords.

The success of the Model T also produced large profits for both Henry Ford and his company.

By 1928, Ford was personally earning over $25,000 per day.

That's equivalent to more than $2 million per day in today's money.

And this made Henry Ford one of the richest men in the world.

So let's make sure that our understanding of what we've just heard is secure.

Which statement is most accurate? Mass production made Model T's less affordable.

Mass production made Model T's more affordable.

Or mass production had little impact on how affordable Model T's were.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was B.

Mass production made Model T's more affordable.

In fact, their cost fell from nearly $800 in 1911 to just $295 by 1928.

And let's try another question.

How many Americans purchased Model Ts between 1911 and 1929? Was it 1 million, 5 million, 15 million, or 45 million? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was C.

Nearly 15 million Americans purchased Model Ts between 1911 and 1929.

Ford's methods had both positive and negative effects for workers in his factories.

The success of the Model T encouraged many other American car manufacturers to introduce assembly lines of their own and mass produce their vehicles.

This created new jobs, and by 1925, over 500,000 people worked in the USA's car industry, many of whom were employed by the Ford Motor Company.

However, many of those who worked on assembly lines found that the work they had to complete was dull, repetitive, and boring.

For mass production to work most effectively, individual workers had to be kept completing the smallest range of tasks possible.

Furthermore, whilst Henry Ford's opposition to trade unions helped to reduce costs for his company, it made it harder for his employees to improve their working conditions.

Many faced intimidation or even lost their jobs if they attempted to organise other workers into trade unions or to strike.

Other business owners followed Ford's lead and were also unwilling to cooperate with trade unions.

So let's make sure that we fully understand what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing value for the following sentence.

By 1925, blank people worked in the US car industry.

So what's the missing value? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the missing value was 500,000.

By 1925, 500,000 people worked in the US car industry.

And let's try another.

This time, we've got a statement that says, "Workers did not benefit as much "as Henry Ford from mass production." Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was true, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that more jobs were created in the car industry, but much of this work was boring and repetitive.

The second says that new jobs with interesting work were created in the car industry, but very few people were actually employed.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was A.

More jobs were created in the car industry, but much of this work was boring and repetitive.

This could make work feel quite difficult and uninspiring for employees in places like Henry Ford's factories.

So now we're ready to put everything that we've learned so far into practise.

I want you to describe two benefits of mass production in the car industry.

The two benefits you identify must clearly differ from one another, and you may consider how different groups, i.

e.

employers, consumers, or workers, were affected.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to describe two benefits of mass production in the car industry.

And your answer may have included, "Employers like Henry Ford became very wealthy "as a result of mass production in the car industry.

"For example, by 1928, Ford was personally earning "over $25,000 per day." You may also have written, "It became easier for consumers "to purchase their own cars "as they be became more affordable.

"The cost of a Model T fell from nearly $800 in 1911 "to just $295 by 1928." So if your own responses look something like those models, really well done.

And now we're ready to move on to the third and final part of our lesson for today, where we're gonna focus on some of the spinoff effects from Henry Ford's methods.

Many other areas of the US economy beyond the car industry were affected by Henry Ford's methods and success.

These impacts can be considered spinoff effects.

So let's just start by framing our understanding of what we're really talking about when we say spinoff effects.

I want you to focus on the image which you can see on the screen.

This will help you with the following question.

Other than the car itself, what else might an owner need in order to drive their car? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your answers.

Okay, well done for all of your effort there.

So I asked, what else might a car owner need in order to drive their car, other than the vehicle itself? Well, some things that we might consider.

They might need leather in order for the roofs and seats to have been made.

They would need glass for the window of the car to have been manufactured.

Petrol would be needed as fuel for the car.

And rubber would be needed for its tyres.

We could also think about the need for roads.

The vehicles need to be driven on something, and ideally that would be roads.

So there's more need for roads across America as a result of people owning cars.

So this will help us start to consider how some spinoff effects might have occurred from the increasing production of cars as a result of Henry Ford's methods.

The success of Ford and the car industry benefited many other parts of the American economy, as we've said.

For instance, the increase in car manufacturing did not just create jobs in the car factories themselves.

Those factories had to be supplied with goods, such as glass for the windows, tyres for the wheels, and leather for the seats.

As a result, car making used 65% of America's leather and over 75% of its rubber and glass in the 1920s.

Consequently, for every worker in a car factory, it's been estimated that there were 10 more workers making the parts that cars needed.

Increases in car ownership encouraged growth and investment in other parts of the US economy too.

During the 1920s, roughly $1 billion was invested each year into building highways as the national network of roads in America expanded.

The construction industry benefited further by building houses outside of towns as those who owned cars now had the ability to drive to work, meaning they no longer needed to live near offices or factories in the centre of cities.

Furthermore, increased car ownership also boosted tourism as people could drive to holiday destinations.

In turn, this helped to develop the USA's hospitality sector, as many roadside hotels, garages and restaurants were built to accommodate people as they travelled.

The oil industry also benefited from the increase in American car ownership.

The petrol used to fuel cars like the Model T was produced by oil manufacturers.

In fact, cars used 90% of all America's petrol by the late 1920s.

As a result, investment in the oil industry increased, and these companies grew in size and wealth.

So let's think about what we've just heard about some of the spinoff effects from the development of the car industry.

How did the increase in car production affect the US glass and rubber industries? Did it cause them to shrink by taking away their workers? Cause them to grow by increasing demand for their products? Or had no clear impact on the development of these industries? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

Increased car production led the US glass and rubber industries to grow because it increased demand for their products.

Glass was used to make windows in cars, and rubber was used to manufacture tyres.

In fact, over 75% of all rubber and glass used in the USA was used up by the car industry during the 1920s.

And let's try another question.

Which of the following was not a spinoff effect of the increase in car production? The relocation of people to the outskirts of towns and cities.

Increased investment in the oil industry.

Expansion of the US network of railroads.

Or the development of the hospitality sector.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was C.

The expansion of the US network of railroads was not a spinoff effect of the increase in car production.

In fact, the amount of people travelling by train on railroads decreased during the 1920s as more people now had their own vehicles, their own cars to drive from one destination to another.

So we're now in a good position to put all of our understanding of the spinoff effects of the developments in the car industry into practise.

So I want you to answer the following question.

In what ways were the lives of American people affected by the growth of the car industry in the 1920s? I want you to write two paragraphs, which should both explain separate ways in which the USA was affected.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you, "In what ways were the lives "of American people affected by the growth "of the car industry in the 1920s?" Your answer may have included: "The growth of the car industry helped lead to investment "and growth in other industries which supplied it.

"For example, it has been estimated that "for each job in a car factory, 10 other jobs were created "to supply the parts used in car production.

"75% of all rubber and glass was used "in car manufacturing in the USA.

"As a result, when manufacturing of cars increased, "demand for the products produced in other industries "also increased, generating jobs "and higher profits in other parts of the economy." So well done if one of your paragraphs looks something like that.

Your answer may also have included: "The growth of the car industry helped lead "to changes in the locations where people lived.

"Many new housing developments began to emerge "on the outskirts of towns and cities during the 1920s.

"And large numbers of people, mainly those "who were more wealthy, moved to these areas.

"This occurred because car ownership made it possible "for these people to live further away "from their places at work, which were often "in city centres, while still being able "to commute effectively." So really well done if in your own answer you were able to produce two paragraphs, which like our models identified separate effects and impacts of the development of the car industry and fully explain those.

So we've now reached the end of our lesson for today, which puts us in a good position to summarise our learning.

We've seen that Henry Ford became a successful car manufacturer, in part because of his introduction of the moving assembly line.

Cars like Ford's Model T became more affordable due to mass production and increases in popularity.

Increases in car production generated investment and growth in other industries which supplied it.

And the USA's road network grew to accommodate increased car ownership, and other industries like hospitality and oil also received increased investment as car ownership rose.

So really well done for all of your hard work throughout today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to work alongside you, and I look forward to seeing you again in future as we think further about the boom in the USA and ask ourselves how did it affect the American people.