Hello, I'm Mr. Marchant, and I'll be your history teacher for today.

I'm really looking forward to starting our learning journey together, and my role will be to make sure that you can meet today's learning objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the New Deal and World War II in the USA, where we're asking ourselves, how far did the American economy recover in the 1930s and 1940s? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to evaluate the impact of the New Deal and Second World War on American recovery from the Great Depression.

There is one key word which will help us navigate our way through today's lesson, that is stimulated.

Something is stimulated, if it is encouraged to develop, grow, or increase its activity.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts, and we'll begin by focusing on the New Deal.

The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted for years afterwards.

During the Great Depression, the USA suffered from a range of problems, including banking crisis, business failures, agricultural crisis, high unemployment, and increased poverty.

The New Deal was introduced in 1933 after the election of President Roosevelt.

The New Deal remained in force until 1939.

Roosevelt intended for the New Deal to stimulate growth and help the US recover from the Great Depression.

So let's reflect on what we've heard so far.

I want you to write the missing years from the following two sentences.

In our first sentence, it says, "The New Deal was introduced in," blank, and the second sentence says, "By," blank, "President Roosevelt considered that the New Deal had come to an end." So what are the two missing years? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answers.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the missing years were 1933 and 1939.

The New Deal was introduced in 1933.

By 1939, in other words, six years later, President Roosevelt considered that the New Deal had come to an end.

So let's consider the impact of the New Deal on some of the different economic problems which the USA faced during the Great Depression.

And we'll begin by considering the banking sector, Americans lost confidence in their banks at the start of the Great Depression.

Roosevelt introduced the Emergency Banking Act in 1933 to try and address this issue.

He declared a four-day bank holiday in which all American banks were closed, and only well-run, reliable banks were reopened.

This was successful.

As over $1 billion was returned by customers to their bank accounts.

The Emergency Banking Act gave them confidence that those banks which did reopen, could be trusted with their money, and as savers returned money to their bank accounts, this meant that banks were able to begin lending again, especially to businesses which would help them to grow.

So let's reflect on what we've heard.

What was the purpose of the Emergency Banking Act? Was it to create more jobs in the banking sector, to increase the number of banks in the US, or to restore confidence in the banking sector? Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was C.

The purpose of the Emergency Banking Act was to restore confidence in the banking sector.

Roosevelt closed down all America banks for a four-day bank holiday, and only those judged well run and reliable were allowed to reopen, which ultimately helped to restore confidence in the banking sector.

So now we can think about the New Deal and American agriculture.

Overproduction was a key agricultural problem at the time of the Great Depression.

The Agricultural Adjustment Agency, or the AAA, was an Alphabet Agency set up under the New Deal, and it was intended to support farmers, the AAA paid farmers to produce less crops.

Now, whilst this can sound controversial, by reducing the supply of agricultural products, their prices started to increase again, which meant that farmers saw their incomes rise during the 1930s.

The Farm Credit Association, the FCA, was also set up under the New Deal and loaned $100 million in 18 months.

Farmers' incomes doubled between 1933 and 1939.

Poverty was also addressed by the New Deal.

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, or FERA, provided immediate relief for those who were in need.

This included $500 million being provided to states, which could be spent on soup kitchens, blankets, clothing, and other types of help for those who are living in poverty.

The Social Security Act was also introduced in 1935, as part of the second New Deal.

Social Security provided pensions for the elderly and payments for other groups like the unemployed and sick to protect them from falling into poverty.

$35 million was being paid per year by 1940 in Social Security, shown just how large that scheme became.

Unemployment was also a key focus of President Roosevelt's New Deal.

The New Deal funded millions of jobs.

Roosevelt hoped to prime the pump.

By this, he believed that if he could create new jobs, workers would earn a wage and spend more with their new income, helping businesses to recover and in turn creating new jobs, which would ultimately lead to economic recovery.

The Civil Works Administration, or the CWA, provided temporary work for 4 million men building Public Works and the Civilian Conservation Corps, the CCC, employed 2.

5 million 18 to 25-year-olds on rural projects such as planting trees and digging canals.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

I want you to name three Alphabet Agencies set up to help support economic recovery as part of the New Deal.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your answers.

Well done to everybody who named any three from the following.

There was the AAA, the Agricultural Adjustment Agency, the FCA, the Farm Credit Association, FERA, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the CWA, the Civil Works Administration, and the CCC, the Civilian Conservation Corps.

And now we can consider the New Deal and its effect on women and African Americans.

There were no New Deal agencies or programmes which were aimed specifically at women or African Americans.

Women were excluded from the CCC, for example.

It exclusively hired 18 to 25-year-old men to complete its conservation work.

Other New Deal agencies were also guilty of continuing forms of discrimination.

The National Recovery Administration, the NRA, had codes which actually encouraged employers to pay lower wages for women than for men.

65% of African American workers were unable to claim Social Security meanwhile.

Now, this was not a restriction because of their race, it was because not all jobs were covered by Social Security, but the jobs that weren't covered, things like domestic service, so working within households, or working as farmers, tended to be jobs in which many African Americans worked.

The Works Progress Administration, the WPA, did provide some jobs for women, and 200,000 African American men did gain work through the CCC.

So there were certainly some benefits for the New Deal for these two groups.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

We have a statement on the screen that reads, "Some New Deal agencies specifically targeted women and African Americans." Is that statement true or false? Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that "The New Deal provided no help to African Americans and women to avoid creating further job competition for white men." And the second justification says, "Some agencies, such as the CWA, helped women and African Americans, but none targeted them specifically." So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here, and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay.

Well done to everybody who said the correct justification was B, "Some agencies, such as the CWA, helped women and African Americans, but none targeted them specifically." So we are now in a good position to put all of our knowledge about the New Deal into practise.

I want you to complete two parts for Task A.

Firstly, I want you to match each of the problems from the Great Depression.

So agricultural crisis, banking crisis, poverty and unemployment with the New Deal responses designed to help resolve them, and then for the second part of Task A, I want you to briefly explain how each of the New Deal responses were intended to solve the problems they were responding to.

So pause video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your answers.

Okay, well done for all your hard work on that task.

For the first part of Task A, I asked you to match each of the problems from the Great Depression with the New Deal responses designed to help resolve it.

For agricultural crisis, you should have matched this with Alphabet Agencies like the AAA.

For the Banking Crisis, You should have matched this with the Emergency Banking Act being introduced.

For poverty, you should have matched this with Social Security introduced in 1935.

And therefore for unemployment, you should have matched that up with the CWA and CCC were set up to prime the pump, that phrase of Franklin D.

Roosevelt.

And then I asked you to briefly explain how each of the New Deal responses were intended to solve the problems they were responding to.

So your answers may have included Social Security provided regular payments to vulnerable groups like the elderly, sick, and unemployed, to help protect them from poverty.

The Emergency Banking Act closed all banks in the US and only reopened those judged to be reliable, helping to restore confidence in American banks.

The AAA helped overcome overproduction by paying farmers to produce less, which eventually led to food prices rising again.

And the CWA and CCC provided jobs for the unemployed related to public works, such as building roads and schools, or planting trees and digging canals.

So really well done if your own responses looked something similar to those models which we've just seen.

We are now ready to move on to the second part of our lesson where we are going to focus on World War II.

The Second World War began in September, 1939.

The US began fighting in the War in December, 1941, two years later.

The Armed Forces and Defence Industries helped the country to recover from the Great Depression.

So let's think first about industry during World War II, wartime demand helped industries such as ship building, oil, iron, and more.

These were all industries which traditionally benefited from wartime demand.

The War Production Board, or WPB, was also set up by the US government during World War II and converted industries like car manufacturing from peacetime to wartime production.

Companies received government contracts in order to produce things that were needed for the war effort.

Almost twice as many fighter planes were manufactured in 1944, as in 1941, partly because some companies, such as the Ford Motor Company, which would ordinarily manufacture cars, shifted their production to manufacturing planes for the Armed Forces.

New industries were also able to develop during the Second World War.

For instance, the pharmaceutical industry benefited massively from the War.

It actually mass-produced 2 million doses of penicillin and antibiotic in preparation for the 1944 D-Day offensive alone.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

Why did production in the pharmaceutical industry increase during World War II? Was it because factories in the industry were converted to produce parts for weapons, because medicines like penicillin were mass produced to treat wounded soldiers or because ordinary Americans had more money to spend, so demand for medicine increased? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

The pharmaceutical industry grew in size during World War II because medicines like penicillin were mass produced so that wounded soldiers could be treated.

Let's think about agriculture during the Second World War.

Demand for American produced foods increased during the War, there was high demand from the US Armed Forces, but also from the allies of America.

Food shipments made up 13% of Lend Lease aid.

By 1945, the Soviet Union alone had received over 3 million tonnes of American food products.

Wheat exports were also 10 times larger in 1945 than they had been in 1941.

Demonstrating the growth in American agriculture.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing word from the following sentence, "During World War II, 13% of Lend Lease aid provided by the USA consisted of," blank, "Shipments." So what's the missing word? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the missing word was food.

During World War II, 13% of Lend Lease aid provided by the USA consisted of food shipments, the allies of the USA placed high demand on American produced food.

So now we can consider unemployment during World War II, large scale recruitment took place into the American Armed Forces during the War.

In fact, 16 million Americans served over the course of the War.

As a result of this unemployment in the USA began to fall.

But unemployment didn't just fall because more people were fighting in the Army, in the Navy, in the Air Force.

In fact, the needs of the US Armed Forces and of the USA's foreign allies stimulated demand in defence industries and millions in new jobs were therefore created on the home front so that production levels could be increased.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

Which statement is most accurate about employment during World War II? Is it that new employment was created in the Armed Forces and on the home front, that new employment was created in the Armed Forces, but not on the home front, that new employment was created on the home front, but not in the Armed Forces, or that little new employment was created in either the Armed Forces or on the home front.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well Done to everybody who said the correct answer was A,.

new employment was created in the Armed Forces and on the home front in the USA during World War II, 16 million Americans served in the Armed Forces whilst millions of new jobs were created on the home front in order to keep the war efforts supplied.

So finally, we can think about the experiences of women and African Americans During World War II.

Employment opportunities increased for both women and African Americans.

Roughly 1 million African Americans fought for the US so they gained jobs in the Armed Forces.

The female workforce increased from 12 million to 19 million over the course of the War.

By 1945, 36% in American workforce was made up by women, but discrimination did continue against both women and African Americans.

For instance, women continued to be paid less for completing the same work as men.

And investigations revealed that there was one aircraft manufacturer which hired just 10 African Americans, despite employing a workforce of 30,000 people.

So let's check what we've just heard.

Which two examples best demonstrate that some Americans continued to face discrimination when looking for work during World War II? Is it that roughly 1 million African Americans fought for the US, that women gained new jobs but were paid less than men, that the female workforce grew from 12 million to 19 million, or that one aircraft manufacturer hired 10 African Americans from a workforce of 30,000 people? Remember, you're looking for two examples in this question.

So pause video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answers.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answers were B and D.

We can tell that there was still discrimination against women and African Americans when they looked for work during World War II because women were able to gain new jobs, but were often paid less than their work for men doing the same jobs.

And there was one aircraft manufacturer, which despite hiring 30,000 people, employed just 10 African Americans.

We are now in a good position to put all of our knowledge about World War II into practise.

We have four statements, and they say discrimination towards women and African Americans stopped during the War, only sectors of the economy which could produce weapons were stimulated by World War II, only white men benefited from the new job opportunities created by World War II and production in American factories increased during World War II.

So firstly, I want you to identify whether each of those statements is true or false.

Once you've done that, I want you to rewrite any of the full statements so that they are true.

You should provide additional factual detail to support your corrections.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to identify whether each of our statements was true or false.

You should have said that the first statement was false and that our second statement was also false.

Our third statement was also false.

But our fourth statement that production in American factories increased during World War II was true.

So well done if you identified each of those correctly.

So for part two at Task B, I asked you to rewrite any of the full statements so that they were true and to provide additional factual details to support your corrections.

Your answers may have included discrimination towards women and African-Americans did not stop during the war.

For example, female workers continued to be paid less than men for the same work.

Many sectors of the economy were stimulated by World War II, even those which did not produce weapons.

For example, 13% of all Lend Leas aid produced and supplied by the USA consisted of food products and Americans from different backgrounds benefited from the new job opportunities created by World War II.

7 million women entered the workforce and 1 million African Americans joined the Armed Forces.

So really well done if your own answers looked something similar to those models, which we've just seen.

And that means we are now ready to move on to the third and final part of our lesson for today, where we are gonna focus on evaluating US recovery from the Great Depression.

Americans at the time, and historians since, have debated what was more important for the USA's recovery from the Great Depression, the New Deal, or World War II? When making judgements, historians can use criteria to frame their interpretations.

Criteria are common standards or tests which can be used to judge things against.

Using criteria helps make historical judgments clearer and more convincing.

So let's check that our understanding of what we've just heard is secure.

Why do historians use criteria when making historical judgments? Is it to provide factual details to clearly justify their conclusions or to consider both sides of an argument? Pause the video here, and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B, historians use criteria to help clearly justify their conclusions by using certain tests or standards to help judge something, it makes it easier for others to understand why historians make the conclusions that they do.

Historians judging the causes of American recovery could refer to any of the following criteria were the benefits sustained over time? When using this criteria, you would have to consider how long the benefits lasted for.

They could also think about were the benefits widespread? In other words, they should consider the experiences of different groups of Americans or different sectors of the economy and consider whether they benefited.

And they could also consider was there any fundamental change? Were there changes that were major and clearly different to what had occurred before? So let's reflect on the criteria we've just heard about.

Which scenario represents a situation where change could be judged as limited because it was not very widespread.

Large numbers of people benefited from economic change, but most people from minority backgrounds did not.

The causes of overproduction were not addressed, so it was likely that producers would struggle again in future, or people's incomes rose for two years, but then continued to fall again for the next couple of years.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was A.

For all of our options, historians would be justified in saying that change had been limited, but is only in A that that change could be described as limited, because it was not very widespread.

We can see it's not very widespread because it tells us that even though many people benefited, people from minority backgrounds, or specifically, most people from minority backgrounds did not.

So there were large numbers of people excluded from the benefits of these changes.

So I want you to study the information in the table on the screen.

The table shows the US unemployment rate from 1930 to 1945.

How does our table suggest that the New deal had a less sustained impact on US recovery than World War II? Pause video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, so thinking about our table, we can see that under the New Deal, in other words, between 1933 and 1939, unemployment initially fell from 24.

9% to 16.

9% by 1936.

But it had actually then increased between 1936 and 1939 when the New deal ended.

By contrast, if we consider unemployment during the years of World War II from 1939 to 1945, it fell consistently, and this suggests that recovery was more sustained during World War II than it was under the New Deal.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

We have a statement on the screen that reads unemployment rates between 1933 and 1939 prove that the New Deal was a complete success.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our answer.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that unemployment was higher in 1939 than it had been when the New deal began in 1933.

The second says that unemployment was lower in 1939 than in 1933, but higher than it had been in 1936.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

It would be incorrect to argue that unemployment rates between 1933 and 1939 proved the New Deal was a complete success, because although unemployment was lower in 1939 than it had been in 1933, there was actually a slight increase in unemployment rates between 1936 and 1939.

Now, I want you to consider some different data.

If you study the information in the graph, it shows us the number of bank failures in the USA between 1928 and 1941.

Does the line graph suggest that the New Deal or World War II led to more fundamental change in the US economy, and how can you tell? Pause video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response? Okay, so if we think about our line graph, we know that the New deal began in 1933.

Between 1933 and 1934, we can see on the graph that there was a steep decline in bank failures from nearly 4,000 in 1933 to less than 100 in 1934.

Therefore, the graph suggests that the New Deal led to more fundamental change, because that's when we see the biggest change happen.

Even though it would also be true to note that the number of bank failures remained very low throughout the years of World War II.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

Which information best demonstrates that the Emergency Banking Act led to fundamental change? Is it that after forcing all banks to close for a four-day bank holiday, the government refused to allow many to reopen, that there were more than 1000 bank failures in every year from 1930 to 1933, but never more than 100 after 1934, or that from 1939 to 1942, the number of bank failures remain consistently low, averaging less than 50 per year.

Pause the video here, and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, welcome to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

The fact that there were more than 1000 bank failures in every year from 1930 to 1933, but never more than 100 after 1934 suggests that President Roosevelt's 1933 Emergency Banking Act led to fundamental change.

We can see that it had a major impact on the number of bank failures.

So we're now in a good position to put all of our knowledge into practise.

Which of the following was more important for helping the American economy to improve after the Great Depression? Was it the New Deal policies or World War II? I want you to refer to both bullet points as part of your answer, and you should use criteria, thinking about ideas like how sustained was the impact, how fundamental was the impact, how widespread was the impact to help explain and evaluate the importance of each factor.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all of your effort on that task.

So I asked you which of the following was more important for helping the American economy to improve after the Great Depression, the New Deal policies or World War II? Your answer may have included The New Deal was very important for helping the American economy to recover after the Great Depression.

For example, the 1933 Emergency Banking Act temporarily closed all banks in the country and only reopened those which were judged to be reliable, this helped restore confidence in American banks and allowed them to begin lending again as $1 billion was returned to bank accounts.

This was a fundamental change because it brought the USA's banking crisis to an end.

Whereas 1,500 banks closed in 1932, and 4,000 closed in 1933.

Bank failures remained below 100 in every year after 1934.

Your answer may also have included World War II was more important for recovery than the New Deal as it led to more widespread benefits.

16 million Americans served in the Armed Forces and millions more found jobs in industries supplying the war effort.

This included 7 million women who entered the workforce.

As a result, unemployment fell to 1.

9% by 1945.

By contrast, when the New Deal ended in 1939, unemployment had declined but was still at 17.

9%.

This shows that unlike during World War II, many Americans did not find new work under the New Deal, such as women who are not offered work by agencies like the CCC.

So really well done if your own answer looked something like those models, which we've just seen.

And that means we've reached the end of today's lesson, which puts us in a good position to summarise our learning.

We've seen that the New Deal was introduced by President Roosevelt to help the US economy recover from the Great Depression.

Despite the New Deal, many Americans continued to struggle economically during the 1930s.

The demand of the American Armed Forces and supplying Lend Lease aid during World War II stimulated the US economy.

Unemployment dropped and investment increased during the War.

Economic recovery in the USA was felt unevenly.

White men tended to experience more benefits than women and African Americans.

So really well done for all of your work in today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to help guide you through the resources and to think collectively about how the New Deal and how World War II helped the economy to recover during the 1930s and the 1940s.