Hello, my name is Mr. Williams and I'm going to be your history teacher for today.

Today's lesson is part of a series of lessons that focuses on Cold War crises that took place between 1958 and 1970.

I'm really looking forward to teaching you today, so let's get started.

By the end of today's lesson, you will be able to explain the causes and consequences of the Cold War crisis that took place between 1958 and 1970.

There are five keywords essential to understanding today's lesson.

They are: Crisis, a time of very great difficulty and danger.

Ultimatum, a demand that, if rejected, will bring about an end of peaceful talks and could lead to forceful action.

Revolution, a rapid and important change.

Blockade, an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.

And Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of Eastern European countries led by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

It was formed in 1955 in response to NATO.

Our lesson today will be split into three parts.

And in the first part of the lesson, we're going to be learning about the causes and consequences of the Second Berlin Crisis that took place between 1958 and 1963.

The timeline on the screen provides an overview of the content that we'll be learning about in today's lesson.

We're going to begin with the Second Berlin Crisis that led to the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961.

Before moving on to learn about the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, and we'll finish by learning about the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968.

In 1949, Germany had been divided into two countries, the Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany, and the Democratic Republic of Germany or East Germany.

West Germany was capitalist and democratic, and compared to East Germany, it had more freedom and was more prosperous.

East Germany was communist, and compared to West Germany, it had less freedom and was less prosperous.

Germany's capital city, Berlin, had also been divided between East and West.

West Germany and West Berlin were part of the American sphere of influence while East Germany and East Berlin were part of the Soviet sphere of influence.

At the heart of the Second Berlin Crisis was a refugee crisis.

West Berlin acted as a window to the West, allowing people in East Berlin to see the highest standards of living enjoyed by people in the West.

By 1958, approximately one in six people had left East Germany to seek a better life in West Germany, and most refugees left East Germany via Berlin.

Let's check your understanding.

Is this statement true or false? By 1958, many refugees were leaving East Germany to start a new life in West Germany.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that the statement was true, but, as always, we need to be able to justify our response.

So, on the screen are two justifications.

A says people wanted to move from East Germany to West Germany because West Germany was more prosperous.

And B says people wanted to move from East Germany to West Germany because West Germany was less prosperous.

Which of these justifications is correct? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that the correct justification was A, people wanted to move from East Germany to West Germany because West Germany was more prosperous.

The refugee crisis concerned Khrushchev greatly.

He believed that the only way to stop the movement from East to West was to ensure that all of Berlin became part of East Germany.

To achieve this, Khrushchev knew that it would be necessary to force the USA, Britain, and France to abandon West Berlin.

On the 27th of November 1958, Khrushchev delivered the Berlin Ultimatum.

He gave Britain, France, and the USA six months to remove their troops from West Berlin, or he would transfer access control to the East German authorities.

The refugee crisis and Khrushchev's response with the Berlin Ultimatum were the cause of the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 to 1963.

And between 1958 and 1961, four summits were held to resolve the future of Berlin.

The first summits to take place took place in Geneva in May 1959.

Although no agreement was reached about the future of Berlin, Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to the USA for further talks later that year.

In September, Khrushchev visited Eisenhower at the Presidential Ranch of Camp David in the USA.

No agreement was reached about Berlin, but the summit did appear to establish better relations, and the two leaders agreed to meet in Paris the following summer.

Before the Paris Summit of May 1960, however, the USSR announced they had shot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory.

Eisenhower refused to apologise and Khrushchev refused to participate in the summit.

The last of the four summits took place in Vienna in June 1961.

In January 1961, John F.

Kennedy had become the US president, replacing Eisenhower.

Khrushchev believed he could get the better of Kennedy, but Kennedy was determined not to appear weak and not give way over control of Berlin.

The Vienna Summit of June 1961 failed to reach an agreement about the future of Berlin.

Tensions increased and more refugees left East Germany.

In response, the East German authorities began to build the Berlin Wall on the 13th of August 1961.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

The Vienna Summit led to a decrease in tensions between the USA and the USSR.

Is this statement true or false? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that statement was false, but let's try and justify our answer now.

So on the screen are two justifications, A and B.

A says the Vienna Summits led to an increase intentions because the USA and USSR could not agree about the future of Berlin.

And justification B says the Vienna summits led to an increase intentions because, during the summit, the USSR seized control of West Berlin.

Which of these justifications is correct? Pause the video now, and press play When you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, very well done if you said that the correct answer was A, the Vienna Summit led to an increase intentions because the USA and USSR could not agree about the future of Berlin.

Let's do another quick check.

In which year did construction begin on the Berlin Wall? Was it A, 1958, B, 1959, C, 1960, or D, 1961? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that the correct answer was 1961.

Construction began on the Berlin Wall in 1961 after Kennedy and Khrushchev failed to reach an agreement about the future of Berlin at the Vienna Summit.

The Berlin Wall was completed by the summer of 1961.

Once complete, the wall was over 96 miles long, 3.

6 metres high, and heavily guarded.

Between 1961 and 1989, at least 130 people were murdered by East German border guards as they attempted to escape across the wall to West Berlin.

What were the consequences of the building of the Berlin Wall? The Berlin Wall stopped the flow of refugees leaving for the West through East Berlin.

Until it fell in 1989, the wall divided Germany and Berlin between the communist East and the capitalist, democratic West.

In the short term, the wall reduced tensions and made it less likely that the superpowers would go to war over the future of Berlin.

The wall was exploited as a propaganda victory by the West since it seemed to show that given a choice people preferred life in the capitalist West over life in the communist East.

In June 1963, president Kennedy, JFK, visited West Berlin.

His visit was extremely popular amongst the population of West Berlin, and 1 1/2 million people lined the streets to cheer him.

For JFK and many others in the West, West Berlin became a symbol of freedom and defiance against communism, and President Kennedy played to this when in a speech he declared, "Ich bin ein Berliner.

I am a Berliner." Let's check your understanding.

Is this statement true or false? The construction of the Berlin Wall temporarily reduce tensions between the USA and the USSR.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, very well done if you said that statement was true.

Let's try and justify that response.

On the screen are two justifications.

A says the construction of the wall temporarily reduced tensions by confirming the division of Berlin.

And justification B says the construction of the wall temporarily reduced tensions by uniting the city under East Germany's control.

Which of these justifications is correct? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you chose justification A.

The construction of the wall temporarily reduced tensions between the USA and the USSR by confirming the division of Berlin.

We're now ready for the first practise task of today's lesson, and I want you to answer this question.

Why had a crisis developed over the future of Berlin by the end of 1958? You should write one paragraph to explain your answer, and you should try and use the following words.

Divided, prosperous, refugee, and ultimatum.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to go through a model answer.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that first question.

You were asked, why had a crisis developed over the future of Berlin by the end of 1958? And your answer may include, since 1949, Germany had been divided into two countries, East Germany, which was communist, and West Germany, which was a capitalist democratic society.

Berlin had also been divided between East and West.

West Germany was more prosperous, so many people left East Germany as refugees to seek a better life in the West.

By 1958, approximately one in six people had left East Germany, mostly through Berlin.

The refugee crisis led to Khrushchev issuing an ultimatum in November 1958 to try and pressure the Western powers, the USA, Britain, and France, to abandon Berlin so that the whole city could become part of East Germany.

Very well done if your answer looks similar to the one that we've just gone through.

For the second part of this first practise task, I want you to answer this question.

What were the consequences of the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961? Again, you should write one paragraph to explain your answer, and you should try to use the following words, divided, refugees, tension, and propaganda.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to go through a model response.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that second question.

You were asked, what were the consequences of the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961? And your answer may include, the Berlin wall ended the refugee crisis by making it extremely difficult to escape from East Germany into the West through Berlin.

The Berlin Wall confirmed that Berlin and Germany would remain divided between the communist East and capitalist, democratic West.

In the short term, this reduced tension between the superpowers because it meant that the USA and the USSR were less likely to come into conflict about the future of Berlin.

The Western powers used the wall in their propaganda because the fact that it had been built seemed to show that people prefer to live in the West than under communist rule.

Very well done for all of your hard work on this first practise task, and well done if your answer to the second question is similar to the one that we've just gone through.

we're now ready to move on to the second part of today's lesson in which we'll be learning about the causes and consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis, which took place in October 1962.

The timeline on the screen provides an overview of some of the key events associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962.

It's not possible to understand the Cuban Missile Crisis without first understanding the Cuban Revolution, which took place in January 1959, and then the subsequent Bay of Pigs Invasion, which took place in April 1961.

See, that's where we're gonna start this second part of the lesson, let's learn a little bit about Cuba before 1959.

Cuba is a Caribbean island which is 155 kilometres from the American mainland.

Before 1959, it was considered part of America's sphere of influence.

By the 1950s, the USA had developed strong economic interest in Cuba, and US companies controlled the trade in sugar, which was Cuba's main export.

From 1952, Cuba had been ruled by the unpopular pro-American dictator Fulgencio Batista.

In January 1959, Batista's government was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, and replaced by Fidel Castro, a nationalist.

Castro did not want the USA to dominate the Cuban economy, and he took control of all American property in Cuba.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

The paragraph on the screen contains some mistakes and is incorrect.

I want you to identify and correct the mistakes.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done for your hard work.

You were asked to identify and correct the mistakes in the paragraph, and the corrected paragraph should read as follows.

The Cuban Revolution took place in January 1959.

Fidel Castro overthrew the unpopular US-backed government of Fulgencio Batista.

Castro, a nationalist, replaced Batista as leader of Cuba.

Well done if you identified and corrected all of those mistakes.

Let's learn now about the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

The USA were to instal a friendly government in Cuba, the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA, therefore trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro.

On the 17th of April 1961, Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro, but they were easily defeated by the Cuban army.

The failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion strengthened Castro's position as leader and damaged the reputation of the USA and President Kennedy, JFK.

Castro declared himself to be a communist, and Cuba developed stronger ties with the USSR.

JFK was concerned that the USSR would use Cuba as a base to threaten the USA.

On the 14th of October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane discovered Soviet's intermediate range ballistic missile launch sites on Cuba.

This was the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Before we look at the American response, we need to understand Khrushchev's motivation facing Soviet missiles in Cuba.

And there's probably three main reasons.

Number one, it was to restore the balance of power and pressure the USA to remove their missile bases from Turkey.

Number two, it was to restore his personal prestige in response to criticism from powerful people in the Soviet Communist Party.

And finally, number three, it was to prevent Castro's communist government from being overthrown by the USA.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

On the 14th of October 1962, how did America become aware of the Soviets missile base being built on Cuba? Was it A, reports from anti-Castro Cuban exiles, B, photographs from a U2 spy plane, or C, they discovered them when they invaded Cuba? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said the correct answer was B, the USA first became aware of the Soviet missile base being built on Cuba as a result of photographs taken by a U-2 spy plane.

Shortly after the discovery of the Soviet missile bases, JFK was notified that Soviet ships carrying missiles were on their way to Cuba, and he had to decide how to respond.

He set up an executive committee known as ExComm to advise him during the crisis, which lasted for 13 days.

On the 20th of October, JFK decided to set up a blockade to prevent any Soviet ships from entering Cuba.

If the Soviet ships ignored the blockade, there were serious concerns it could spark a nuclear war between the USA and the USSR.

On the morning of the 24th of October, the missile carrying Soviet ships accompanied by a Soviet submarine approached the American blockade, and the world held its breath.

Then, suddenly, at 10:32 AM, the Soviet ships either stopped or turned around.

Although the Soviet ships had decided not to break the American blockade around Cuba, the missile crisis was not over.

JFK announced that the USA would invade Cuba, unless Soviets missiles and missile bases were removed from the island.

On the 26th of October 1962, Khrushchev sent a telegram offering to remove Soviets missiles if the USA promised not to invade Cuba.

The next day, before Kennedy had chance to respond to the first telegram, Khrushchev sent a second telegram offering to remove Soviets missiles if the USA removed their missile bases from Turkey.

JFK accepted the terms of the first telegram and made a secret agreement later on to remove US missile bases from Turkey.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

The paragraph on the screen contains some mistakes and is incorrect.

I want you to identify all of the mistakes and correct them.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the corrected paragraph.

Okay, well done for your hard work, you are asked to identify and correct the mistakes, and the corrected paragraph should read something like this.

On the 26th of October, Khrushchev sent JFK a telegram offering to remove Soviets missiles from Cuba if the USA promised not to invade Cuba.

The next day, Khrushchev sent a second telegram offering to remove Soviets missiles from Cuba if the USA removed their missiles from Turkey.

JFK agreed to the terms of the first telegram.

Let's take a moment now to learn about the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Firstly, JFK's reputation was enhanced by his handling of the crisis, and his popularity increased.

By contrast, Khrushchev's reputation was damaged by the crisis, and it was one factor that led to his replacement by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964.

The crisis demonstrated the dangers of brinkmanship, pursuing a dangerous policy to the threshold of confrontation, and it led to the USA and USSR taking steps to reduce the risk of a future crisis.

In June 1963, for example, the USA and the USSR established a hotline to allow for immediate communication between both nations' leaders.

The crisis led to the signing of several treaties concerning nuclear weapons.

As part of the Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the USA, the USSR, and the UK agreed to ban the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater.

As part of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the USA and the USSR agreed not to use space for military purposes, and promised not to put nuclear weapons into orbit.

And finally, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 meant that countries with nuclear weapons committed to not sharing their nuclear technology with other countries.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

Which treaty committed the USA and USSR to not sharing their nuclear technology with other countries? Was it the Test Ban Treaty of 1960, the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, or the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

The correct answer is the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968.

Well done if you've got that correct.

We're now ready for the second practise task of today's lesson.

I want you to explain the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 for relations between the USA and New USSR.

You should identify two ways it was important for relations between the two countries, and write two paragraphs to explain how.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to go through a model answer.

Okay, well done for your hard work on that second practise task.

You were asked to explain the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 for relations between the USA and the USSR.

For your first paragraph, Your answer may include the following.

One reason why the Cuban Missile Crisis was important for relations between the USA and the USSR was because, in the short term, it led to a serious increase in tensions.

This was because Khrushchev's decision to place Soviet missiles in Cuba and Kennedy's decision to blockade the island almost led to a nuclear conflict between the two superpowers.

Although war was avoided, Khrushchev was furious with Kennedy because he was forced to back down and remove Soviet missiles and missile bases from Cuba.

Well done if your first paragraph looks similar to the one that we've just gone through.

For your second paragraph, you could've written something like this.

Another reason why the Cuban Missile Crisis was important for relations between the USA and the USSR is because it led to the two countries taking action to avoid the risk of a similar crisis happening in the future.

This is because the crisis could have led to nuclear war and had revealed the dangers of pursuing a policy of brinkmanship.

To prevent a misunderstanding from leading to conflict in the future, a hotline was established which enabled the leaders of the USA and USSR to speak to one another quickly and directly.

Well done for all of your hard work on that second practise task, and well done if you've written an answer that's similar to our model answer.

We're now ready to move on to the third and final part of today's lesson in which we'll be learning about the causes and consequences of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Czechoslovakia had been a Soviet satellite state since 1948 and had been ruled by Antonin Novotny since 1957.

Novotny's government was unpopular.

And by the 1960s, Czech people began to protest against their lack of freedom and falling living standards.

In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek replaced Novotny as first secretary of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party, the most important position in the party.

Dubcek believed communism could only survive in Czechoslovakia if action were taken to remove its worst features.

As a result, in spring 1968, Dubcek introduced a series of reforms known as the Prague Spring.

Dubcek's reforms included a 10-year programme to make Czechoslovakia more democratic and actions to increase personal freedom, for example, ending censorship and limiting the powers of the secret police.

Dubcek supporters referred to his reforms as socialism with a human face.

Let's check your understanding.

Which Czech leader introduced the Prague Spring reforms? Was it A, Klement Gottwald, B, Antonin Novotny, C, Alexander Dubcek? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, the correct answer is C, Alexander Dubcek.

Well done if you got that correct.

Let's look now at the Soviet response to the Prague Spring reforms. Brezhnev, the new Soviet leader was concerned about the Prague Spring and believed the reforms would weaken communism.

Brezhnev's biggest concern was that Dubcek might leave the Warsaw Pact, which would undermine the alliance and pose a threat to the security of the USSR.

Other Warsaw Pact leaders also wanted Brezhnev to take action to stop people demanding reform in their countries.

On the 20th of August 1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia with support from other Warsaw Pact members.

Despite resistance by ordinary Czechs, there was no armed resistance by the Czech army, and Dubcek was arrested and taken to Moscow.

The invasion demonstrated the USSR's willingness to use force to maintain control over its satellite states.

The Soviet leader Brezhnev justified the invasion of Czechoslovakia by stating that it was necessary for the USSR to protect the Warsaw Pact.

The right to invade countries in Eastern Europe that threatened the Warsaw Pact became known as the Brezhnev doctrine.

Let's check your understanding now.

True or false.

The Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia after the country left the Warsaw Pact.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, very well done if you said the correct answer is false, but let's try now and justify that answer.

So on the screen are two justifications.

A says the Soviets Union invaded Czechoslovakia because Brezhnev was worried the country might leave the Warsaw Pact, and B says the Soviets Union invaded Czechoslovakia because Brezhnev wanted to force the country to leave the Warsaw Pact.

Which of these justifications is correct? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, the correct answer is justification A.

The Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia because Brezhnev was worried that the country might leave the pact.

Very well done if you've got that correct.

Let's do another quick check.

When the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia, what happened to Alexander Dubcek? A, he was killed fighting the invading army.

B, he was captured and executed, C, he was arrested and sent to Moscow, or D, he escaped and fled to France.

Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said the correct answer was C.

When the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubcek was arrested and sent to Moscow.

After the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, Alexander Dubcek was replaced as leader by Gustav Husak who reversed the Prague Spring reforms. Husak began a period of normalisation to reestablish strict communist control.

The invasion of Czechoslovakia damaged the USSR's relationship with other communist countries.

For example, Albania left the Warsaw Pact in protest.

The USA did not intervene to support Czechoslovakia, but they condemned the Soviet invasion.

And as a consequence, this increased tensions in the short term.

Time for a quick check of your understanding.

True or false.

The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia led to a long-term increase in tension between the USA and USSR.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, that's false, but let's try and justify that response.

So on the screen are two justifications.

A says the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia reduced tensions between the USA and USSR.

And B says the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia led to a short term increase in tensions between the USA and USSR.

Which of those justifications is correct? Pause the video now, and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said the correct answer is justification B.

The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia did lead to an increase in tensions between the USA and the USSR, but it was just a short-term increase.

We're now ready for the final practise task of today's lesson, and I'd like you to explain two consequences of Alexander Dubcek becoming the leader of Czechoslovakia in January 1968.

As part of this question, you should identify two consequences and write one paragraph per consequence to explain each one.

Pause the video now and press play again when you're ready to see a model answer.

Okay, very well done for your efforts on that final practise task.

You were asked to explain two consequences of Alexander Dubcek becoming the leader of Czechoslovakia in January 1968, and your answer may include the following.

One consequence of Dubcek becoming leader of Czechoslovakia in January 1968 was that he initiated a programme of reforms known as the Prague Spring.

Dubcek believed communism could only survive in Czechoslovakia if action was taken to remove its worst features.

As a result, his reforms aim to increase the freedom of ordinary Czech, for example, by reducing the power of the secret police and ending censorship.

Dubcek's reforms led to increased tensions with other Warsaw Pact countries who feared that the reforms would weaken communism.

For your second paragraph, you could've written, another consequence of Dubcek becoming leader of Czechoslovak in January 1968 was that it led to the Soviet invasion of the country in August 1968.

This is because, as part of his reform programme, Dubcek threatened to take Czechoslovakia out of the Warsaw Pact.

Brezhnev did not want to permit this because it would appear to weaken the communist alliance and threaten the security of the USSR.

As a consequence, the USSR led an invasion of Czechoslovakia to remove Dubcek from power and ensure that the country did not leave the Warsaw Pact.

Very well done for all of your hard work on that final practise task, and well done If your answer looks similar to the model answer that we've just gone through.

We're near the end of our lesson now.

So before we finish, let's take a moment to stop and recap the key learning points from today's lesson.

A series of crises increased Cold War tensions between 1958 and 1970.

The Second Berlin Crisis resulted in the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, which confirmed the division of Germany and Berlin between the communist East and the capitalist democratic West until 1989.

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 al most led to a nuclear war between the USA and the USSR and highlighted the dangers of brinkmanship.

It resulted in the superpowers taking action to reduce the chance that future misunderstandings would lead to war.

And finally, Dubcek's Prague Spring reforms led to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, which increased tensions with the USA and damaged the USSR's relationship with some other communist countries.

Well done for all of your hard work in today's lesson.

It's been a real pleasure to teach you, and I look forward to teaching you again in the near future.