Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how the Civil Rights Movement developed from 1954 to 1960.

In the course of this inquiry, we'll be looking at lots of different events in this period, as well as the context of racism and discrimination by 1954.

However, in this lesson, we're just going to be focusing on the civil rights organisations that are really important if we're going to understand how the movement developed.

Now for this lesson, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, that's absolutely fine.

Just pause the video now, get everything you need, and then come back and press paper when you're ready to get started.

Great work.

Now we can get started.

So you can see here our lesson outcome, and by the end of the lesson you'll be able to describe the early civil rights organisations.

But in order to do that, we're going to need some keywords.

And for today, we've got five; injustice, civil rights, direct action, boycott, and sit-ins.

Now it's all good and well to see these in the context of the lesson, but we should probably have a look at some definitions before we get started.

So when something is not carried out fairly or justly, it's called an injustice.

Civil rights are the rights of everyone to have political and social freedom and equality.

Direct action is the use of demonstrations or protests to achieve a goal rather than negotiation.

When you refuse to use a service as a form of protest, it is known as a boycott.

And then finally sit-ins are when you sit somewhere and refuse to move as a form of protest.

Now that we've had a look at some of these keywords, let's get started on today's lesson.

In the first part of our lesson, we'll be looking at an organisation that is known as the NAACP.

Although the Jim Crow laws were enforced by local authorities and often involved violence, there were several organisations set up to help Black Americans fight against the injustice they faced in their everyday lives.

So you might have really learned about the Jim Crow laws and how those laws that segregated Black Americans from White Americans impacted their everyday lives, every aspect of life.

And they were enforced in every state in the south and some in the north, and they were enforced violently, like I said.

But what we're going to look at this lesson is different organisations that helped Americans fight against these injustices.

And one of these organisations was the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, the NAACP.

The NAACP was founded in New York in 1909 by several civil rights activists, including two we can see on our slide here.

On the left, we can see W.

E.

B Du Bois, he was the first Black American to earn a PhD from Harvard University.

And then on the right we can see a photo of Ida B.

Wells.

She was a Black American woman known for her tireless campaigns against lynching.

Lynching was something that had become commonplace, especially in the south, but also in the north.

And she fought to raise awareness of fact that this was happening right before people's eyes and often in public.

The organisation was set up to ensure that the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were carried out.

These amendments ended slavery, that's the 13th, gave every American equal protection under the law the 14th, and gave every American the right to vote, the 15th.

The NAACP chose to fight racial injustice in the courts.

As many of the founding members had legal experience, they could help Black Americans take their cases to the courts.

This was really important 'cause Jim Crow state laws had been made legal because of Plessy versus Ferguson.

And that case would ruled that segregation was legal if it was separate but equal.

So if the NAACP could prove that that was not the case, that these facilities were separate and very much not equal, then they might be able to challenge these Jim Crow laws.

So before we go on, to look in a little bit more detail about the successes of the NAACP, we're going to pause for now and check our understanding so far.

I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The NAACP chose to fight racial injustice in the courts.

Pause the video now, and when you think you know the answer, come back and press play.

Great work.

We know that this statement is true.

They did choose to fight racial injustice in the courts, but we need to think about why they chose to do that.

Is this because many of the founding members had legal experience and they could help Black Americans take their cases to courts? Or was it the fact that founding members had little legal experience, but still chose to help Black Americans in court? Pause the video again, and when you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Good work.

We know that it's A.

We know that they chose to fight racial injustice in the courts 'cause many of the founding members had legal experience and they could help Black Americans take their cases to court.

Now let's go have a look at some of the successes that they saw as a result of this chosen method.

Now, membership of the NAACP grew rapidly as they were able to successfully support Black Americans take their injustices to court.

We can see here that in 1915, the NAACP won a case that ruled the grandfather clause was illegal.

The clause was one of several methods used to stop Black Americans voting by limiting voting to those whose grandfather could vote.

Hence the name grandfather clause.

Now, this limitation meant it was impossible for those who descended from enslaved people to be able to vote.

But by winning a case in the Supreme Court that ruled this was illegal, they were able to get a step closer to dismantling Jim Crow laws.

Then in 1917, they succeeded in getting Supreme Court to rule that segregated housing was illegal.

And by 1919, they were around 90,000 members, both Black and White Americans and over 300 local branches in the USA.

And then by 1946, the NAACP had around 600,000 members.

The second World War was one of the reasons for this as the increase in membership was the result of many Black Americans returning from fighting the Nazis in Europe, and they now felt that they should join the fight against racism at home.

So now we've had a look at the NAACP and their work in the early 20th century.

We're going to pause, check our understanding, and then put this part of the lesson into practise.

I'd like you to tell me which two of the following forms of segregation had the NAACP successfully challenged by 1919? Was it a segregation in education? B, segregation in housing, or C, the grandfather clause.

Pause the video now when you've made a decision, come back and press play.

Fantastic work, we know that one of the things they challenged was segregation in housing.

Another was the grandfather clause.

Challenging segregation and education would come later and that would be a massive victory.

I'd like you to answer a second question just before we go to our practise task.

Why did American involvement in the Second World War increase NAACP membership? Was it because the NAACP ran many war propaganda campaigns that gained them greater support? Was it because many Black Americans had fought racism abroad and felt they should now join the fight at home? Or was it C, the US government had promised to introduce a Civil Rights Act after the war? Again, pause the video and when you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Brilliant, we know that it's because many Black Americans had fought racism abroad and felt they should now join the fight at home.

So in order to put our learning into practise, I'd like you to complete this table.

All you need to do is have a read of the statement and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.

If it's true, you just put a T in the box.

If it's false, you put an F.

Pause the video now.

Give yourself about five minutes to read through each statement and fill in the column on the right and then come back and press play and we'll have a look at what your table should look like.

Brilliant work, if you have a look on the slide here, we can see what your table should look like.

So the first statement, the NAACP was founded in 1909.

We know that's true.

The NAACP chose to fight racial injustice in the courts.

We also know that's true.

By 1919, the NAACP had failed to challenge any form of segregation.

Now we know that's false because they'd had the court rule that the grandfather clause was illegal and the Supreme Court ruled that segregated housing was illegal.

By 1919, the NAACP had 90,000 members made up of only Black Americans.

Well, that was almost true, but overall it's false.

And that's because their membership by 1919 was made up of 90,000 Black and White Americans, which was really important because it meant they were getting support from lots of different parts of society.

And then finally, by 1946, the NAACP had around 600,000 members.

We know that's true.

Great work in this part of the lesson, let's move on to look at another early civil rights organisation.

In this part of the lesson, we're going to be looking at another civil rights organisation in the 20th century known as CORE.

Now CORE stood for the Congress of Racial Equality, and this was another organisation set up to fight injustice in 1942.

It was started by a group of Black and White students in Chicago.

It was inspired by the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's use of non-violence in the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule.

So CORE also used non-violent, direct action against racial injustice.

However, they were not like the NAACP and they did not look to take cases to court.

They focused solely on staging boycotts and sit-ins.

And here on the slide you can see members of CORE at what was known as the Greensboro Sit-In in 1960.

Now, before we go on to look at a little bit more about this organisation, we're just gonna pause and check our understanding so far.

So I'd like you to remind me, how did CORE fight racial inustice? Was it A, there were prepared to use violence in demonstrations.

B, they staged boycotts and sit-ins.

Or C, they took cases to court.

I'd like you to pause the video now, make a decision and when you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Great work, we know that CORE staged boycotts and sit-ins.

They were not like the NAACP who took cases to court and they didn't believe in using violence, and they'd been inspired by Gandhi's work in achieving independence in India.

Now let's find a little bit more about how CORE contributed to the Civil Rights Movement.

Now, when CORE was founded, direct action had only been used on a small scale and without much success.

But CORE trained groups of students on how best to resist physical and verbal abuse when carrying out a sit-in.

Students receive training on how to remain calm and refrain from retaliating and the best position to hold when being physically attacked.

Sit-ins proved to be a hugely successful tactic and gained a lot of support from White and Black Americans as images and video footage of sit-in spread across the USA and the world.

It became very difficult for many to ignore the harsh realities of racism in the USA.

We can see here a photograph of Black Americans being served after a successful two day sit-in in Oklahoma.

However, it was not until the 1960s that CORE became one of the leading organisations of the Civil Rights Movement as direct action had become a more commonly used tactic to fight against racial injustice.

That doesn't mean that they had no successes before 1960, but it had just been used on a smaller scale.

It was in the 1960s that we see the mass use of direct action.

Before we go on to look at our third and final organisation in today's lesson, we're going to pause, check our understanding and put our learning about CORE into practise.

So I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Sit-ins prove to be a hugely successful tactic.

Pause the video, when you think you know whether this statement is true or false come back and press play.

Excellent work, we know that this is true.

Sit-ins did prove to be a hugely successful tactic, but we need to think about why.

Why was it that call was so determined to use non-violent, direct actions such as boycotts and sit-ins as opposed to taking cases to court? Was it because A, they gained support from huge numbers of Black Americans, although they alienated many White Americans? Or was it because B, they gained support from both Black and White Americans as it became difficult to ignore the realities of racism? Again, pause the video.

Have a think about what we've just learned, and when you've got an answer, come back and press play.

Really good work, we know the answer is B, sit-ins were hugely successful because of increased support from both Black and White Americans as it became difficult to ignore the realities of racism.

By gaining more support for the Civil Rights Movement, it would help them fight racial injustice.

So now I'd like you to put what we've learned into practise by identifying the five main errors in Jacob's statement.

So Jacob said that, "CORE was set up in 1940 by a group of Black students in Chicago and was inspired by the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's use of violent direct action.

They used boycotts and sit-ins to challenge injustice, much like the NAACP.

These sit-ins became a successful tactic as they gained the support of Black and White Americans.

It meant that CORE became a leading civil rights organisation in the 1940s." So pause the video, give yourself five minutes to read through that again and read through it slowly if you need to to find the five errors in Jacob's statement.

When you found them, come back and press play.

Great work, let's have a look at those five errors in Jacob's statement, and hopefully he found the same five.

So he said CORE was set up in 1940, not quite, by a group of Black students, there's something missing there, by the Indian leader, Mahatma Gandhi's use of violent direct action.

Not sure about that one.

They used boycotts and sit-ins to challenge injustice, much like the NAACP.

Don't think that's correct either.

And then finally, he said that these sit-ins became a successful tactic as they gained support of the Black and White Americans.

It meant that CORE became a leading civil rights organisation from 1940s.

I'm not sure about that one either.

So therefore, for the second practise task in this part of the lesson, I'd like you to rewrite Jacob's statement, correcting those five errors using what we've learned in this part of the lesson.

So pause the video now.

Give yourself up to 10 minutes to rewrite this paragraph, correcting those errors, and then come back and press play.

Fantastic, let's have a look at what the corrected statement should look like.

"CORE was set up in 1942 by a group of Black and White students in Chicago and was inspired by the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's use of non-violent, direct action.

They used boycotts and sit-ins to challenge injustice, unlike the NAACP.

These sit-ins became a successful tactic as they gained the support of Black and White Americans.

It meant that CORE became a leading civil rights organisation from the 1960s", not the forties.

Really great work, if you've made all those corrections, if there's a couple that you've missed, absolutely fine.

Just pause the video now and make those amendments.

So in the third and final part of today's lesson, we'll be looking at church organisations as one of the civil rights organisations in the 20th century.

So as well as the NAACP and CORE, there were other groups fighting for civil rights, including Christian Church organisations.

A large reason for this was because the church was the centre of most Black communities, particularly in the south.

This meant that churches were often used as meeting spaces for sit-ins, marches, and other forms of protests.

Here we can see a photo of civil rights activists gathering in a local church in 1956.

We can see that there's lots of people there.

So as the church was the centre of the community, it meant that it'd be easy to gain lots of support and also to spread their message to lots of people in the community.

Now, before we look at the reasons why this became an increasingly popular form of organisation, we're going to pause and check our understanding.

So is this statement true or false? Church organisations played a large role in the fight for civil rights.

Tell me very quickly whether this is true or false.

If you need a minute to think, absolutely fine.

Just pause the video.

Great work, we know that this statement is true, but we always need to go further than just saying whether a statement is true or not.

Is this statement true because church leaders were always supported by government leaders? Or is it true because churches were the centre for most Black communities? Pause the video now, when you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Great work, we know that this statement is true because churches were the centre of most Black communities.

Second question, before we move on to look at church organisations in a bit more detail, I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Civil rights organisations only operated in the north.

Pause the video now.

Have a good think about the statement in its entirety and then come back and press play when you think you have an answer.

Well, we know that this statement is false, but we have to think about why.

Is it false because many church organisations that oppose racism operated in the South or because the civil rights organization's NAACP and CORE both began in southern states? Again, pause the video and when you think you have an answer, come back and press play.

Great work, many church organisations that oppose racism operated in the South.

Remember I said it was particularly in the South, that the church was the centre of most Black communities.

But when we say many, or particularly or most, it meant there was always some exceptions.

There were some church organisations that operated in the north as well.

So as I said, we're going to look in more detail about why these organisations became increasingly popular throughout the Civil Rights Movement.

And that was because many church organisations had civil rights leaders who were employed by the church.

That meant that they did not risk losing their job if they spoke out against racism.

It meant that it became more common for church organisations to take a leading role in local protests for civil rights.

So people like Martin Luther King Jr are an example of a church leader who became a famous civil rights leader because his job meant that he wasn't risking becoming unemployed by speaking out against civil rights issues.

It meant that he would still have money to help support other organisations and the church organisation in fighting against racial injustice.

So as we can see here, we have Martin Luther King and Andrew Young.

Andrew Young is another example of a pastor who also became a civil rights activist.

Now we've had a look at the NAACP, CORE and church organisations.

Let's have a final check of our understanding before our final practise test for today.

Why was it more common for church leaders and organisations to take a leading role in local protests? Was it because a church leaders were less likely to be attacked by racist groups who oppose the Civil Rights Movement? B, churches were usually supported by local governors to protest against racial injustice, or C, those employed by the church were less likely to be fired for speaking out against racial injustice? Pause the video now, make a decision and come back and press play when you think you have an answer.

Great work.

The answer is C.

It's because those employed by the church were less likely to be fired for speaking out against racial injustice.

So now I'd like you to write two paragraphs describing early civil rights organisations.

Make sure to use the names of the organisations that we've learned about, so the NAACP, CORE, and church organisations, as well as the following details in your response.

So Plessy versus Ferguson, nonviolent, direct action, southern states, and Martin Luther King Jr.

Pause the video now, give yourself 10 to 15 minutes to complete these two paragraphs and then come back and press play for us to have a look at what your answer might have included.

Really fantastic work.

So your answer might look something like this.

The NAACP was formed in 1909 by several civil rights activists who chose to fight injustice in the court after the Plessy versus Ferguson case, or that segregation was legal if it was separate but equal.

The NAACP were very successful and had 600,000 members, both Black and White by 1946.

Another group, CORE, was set up in 1942 by Black and White students in Chicago.

They chose to use non-violent, direct action such as boycotts and sit-ins.

This proved to be more successful in the latest civil rights movement as CORE became a leading group in the 1960s.

So if you managed to get all those key details in there and those keywords that you can see in bold, really well done.

Let's have a look at what your second paragraph might have looked like.

Church organisations also played a leading role, especially in southern states where the church was the centre of most Black communities.

As church leaders were often employed by the church and did not risk unemployment when speaking out against racism, many civil rights leaders began as church leaders.

For example, Martin Luther King.

You've done absolutely fantastic this lesson, ending writing two brilliant paragraphs.

If there's some details that you've missed and you want to add, not to worry at all, pause now and add them to your answer.

So let's finish off today's lesson, looking at a summary of what we've learned about civil rights organisations in the 20th century.

So now we've got to the end of this lesson.

We know that several groups were formed to help Black Americans fight against the daily injustice that they faced.

We learned that the NAACP was one of the earlier organisations founded in 1909 and was formed by several civil rights activists who successfully began to fighting justice, through legal action.

We also learned that CORE was formed in 1942 by Black and White students who would fight injustice with non-violent, direct action.

And finally, we learned that church organisations played an important role, especially in the South.

Many famous civil rights leaders began as church leaders, as they did not face the same risk of unemployment that other Black Americans faced.

Really good work this lesson, well done.