Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

In today's lesson, we'll be looking at how successful the civil rights movement was by 1975, bringing together lots of different things that you might already have learned about the civil rights movement.

But in order to do that, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, that's absolutely fine.

Just pause the video now, get everything you need, and then come back and press play when you're ready to get started.

Great, now you've got everything that we need.

Let's have a look at our lesson outcome for today.

And by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to make and evaluate judgments on the extent of progress in the civil rights movement by 1975.

And in order to do that, we need some key words.

We've only got one for today, busing.

And busing is a system of using coaches and buses to help black Americans attend integrated schools outside of their local area.

Now you've seen the definition, when we see it in the context of the lesson, it'll make so much more sense.

And since we've got our keyword, we can get started.

First, we're going to be looking at the civil rights movement from 1954 to 1975.

Now, the first thing to consider is political changes in this period.

Now, in 1968, Nixon was elected president of the United States of America.

Despite showing sympathy for the civil rights movement in the 1950s as president, he showed very little interest in bringing further change.

For example, he did not endorse a national holiday for Martin Luther King to honour his legacy.

And he responded very harshly to the actions of the Black Panther Party.

That said, the 1973 election did see more than 200 black Americans elected to positions than Nixon's Republican government.

But by 1975, the greatest political achievements of the civil rights movement seemed to lie in the major acts passed and the increase in federal intervention.

President Kennedy had shown the most commitment to the civil rights movement, and this commitment was honoured after Kennedy's assassination by his successor, Lyndon B.

Johnson.

Johnson went on to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fairer Housing Act of 1968.

All these acts brought greater freedom to black Americans, address segregation and discrimination in the workplace, voting restrictions and unfair housing practises.

Now, before we go on to consider other areas of change, success and progress, I'm going to pause and check your understanding of the political changes in this period before we move on.

So first I'd like you to tell me which of the following U.

S.

presidents oversaw the most political progress for the civil rights movement? Was it Kennedy, Johnson, or Nixon? Pause the video now, make a decision and come back when you've got an answer for me.

Well done, we know the answer is President Johnson, because even though much of the work was started under Kennedy, it was Johnson who oversaw the passing of the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, and the Fair Housing Act.

Now, I'd like you to tell me which two of the following actions suggest Nixon had little interest in supporting the civil rights movement.

Was it the A, Nixon did not endorse the national holidays to honour Martin Luther King, B, the 1973 election saw over 200 black Americans elected into Nixon's government, or C, that Nixon responded harshly to the actions of the Black Panthers.

Pause the video now, make a decision and come back when you've decided which two of the following actions suggest Nixon had little interest in supporting the civil rights movement.

Well done, we know that it is A and C.

He did not endorse a national holiday to honour Martin Luther King, and he responded very harshly to the actions of the Black Panthers.

Great work, now we can move on.

Now in considering changes in education, we go back to the 1950s.

In the 1950s, educational facilities were still segregated.

It was only the Brown versus Topeka ruling in 1954, ordering all schools to desegregate, that change began to happen.

And for many that case and that ruling marks the beginning of the civil rights movement, but many black Americans would continue to face obstacles in the 1950s and 1960s, despite this ruling.

They struggled to gain access to equal desegregated education.

For example, James Meredith was only able to enrol at the University of Mississippi with the support of the NAACP and President Kennedy in 1962.

And the Greens persistence on protesting against continued desegregation in facilities for university students.

Despite continued campaigning by the beginning of Nixon's presidency in 1968, 68% of black children in the South still attended segregated schools.

However, as a result of the busing initiative, this fell to 8% by 1974, which is progress.

But unfortunately, Nixon refused to support the Supreme Court ruling in the Swann versus Charlotte case in 1971, which pushed to expand the busing initiative to fully integrate schools.

Nixon argued that the full integration of schools would not benefit those involved.

So we can see there was lots of progress in education, but it was limited in different ways across the time period.

It was limited by those leading the educational facilities who did not want to integrate, for example, in the case of James Meredith, and greater success in the later part of the period was limited by Nixon who refused to support this Swann versus Charlotte case.

So we can see here that when we're talking about change and progress, it is complicated.

It's not as simple as saying there was loads of political change or there was no political change, or saying that there was loads of educational progress or saying that there was none at all.

It's complex.

There's both successes and limitations in each area that we've looked at.

So before we go on to look at our third and final area, let's pause and check our understanding about changes in education in this time period.

So first I'd like you to tell me what the Swann versus Charlotte ruling pushed for.

Was it A, ending the busing initiative? B, expanding the busing initiative, or C, limiting the busing initiative in Mississippi.

Excellent work.

We know B, they wanted to expand the initiative to help fully integrate schools.

Now, I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Nixon refused to support the Supreme Court's Swann versus Charlotte ruling.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and come back when you can tell me whether it's true or false.

Excellent, we know that this statement is true, but we need to think about why.

Is it true because Nixon argued that the full integration of schools would not benefit those involved? Is it true because Nixon intended to try and reintroduce the full segregation of schools across the U.

S.

? Pause the video now, and when you've got a decision, come back and press play.

Excellent, we know that this statement is true because Nixon argued the full integration of schools would not benefit those involved.

Now finally, we're going to consider economic changes in this period.

How far was progress made in terms of the economic position of black Americans? Now, economic changes introduced by Nixon to benefit black American businesses were one area where the President did seem willing to offer practical support to the civil rights movement.

In 1972, the office of Minority Business Enterprise was set up by Nixon.

The enterprise aimed to provide support to encourage black Americans to set up businesses and courts were also given greater power to enforce equality in employment.

And so more black Americans could point to progress in terms of economic progress by 1975.

However, in the same way that in terms of politics and education, it's complicated.

It's not necessarily as simple as a blanket statement such as there was or wasn't success, or there was or wasn't progress.

Because in the same time period where we're seeing black Americans being encouraged to set up businesses with support from the President, issues of poverty and unemployment amongst black Americans still remained higher than for white Americans.

Unemployment was around 5% for white Americans in 1970, while it was 8% for black Americans.

This difference becomes more drastic when you look at the statistics for teenagers where unemployment was at 15% for white Americans and 50% for Black American teenagers.

Now poverty levels had fallen for black Americans from 50% in 1960 to 30% in 1974.

So that's evidence that progress was being made, but it wasn't the equality that the civil rights movement was aiming for.

So again, we have a really complicated picture.

We've got the Office of Minority Business being set up to encourage black Americans to set up businesses, we have courts being given more power to support equality in the workplace, but we have unemployment levels higher amongst black Americans, but we also have levels of poverty falling.

So there's examples of progress and there's examples of limitations.

So if we were going to talk about how much progress there was, you have to be very careful to acknowledge both the successes and the limitations in this period, but still find a way to come to a clear judgement.

So we might say that there was greater progress economically than there was in terms of politics, or we might say that there was significant progress economically, however, there were still some limitations.

Making sure that we understand the nuance of progress in this period.

It's not just as clear as there was or wasn't progress.

Now, before we go on to look at how we might articulate that, we're going to check our understanding so far.

So first, what was the aim of the Office of the Minority Business Enterprise? Was it to encourage black Americans to set up businesses, to limit the number of businesses run by white people, or to encourage white businesses to hire black employees? Pause the video now, make a decision and come back when you've got an answer for me.

Excellent, we know that the aim of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise was to encourage black Americans to set up businesses.

Now, another true or false question.

I want you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

Poverty and unemployment remains higher amongst black Americans than among white Americans.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and then come back and press play.

Great work, we know that this statement is true, but we need to think about why.

Is this statement true because unemployment was at 8% for black Americans while it was 5% for white Americans? Or is it true because unemployment was 80% for black Americans while it was 50% for white Americans? Brilliant, we know that this statement is true because unemployment was 8% for black Americans, while it was 5% for white Americans.

Really well done.

Now, we're going to use what we've learned so far to complete our first practise task, and I'd like you to explain how successful the civil rights movement was in one of the following areas by 1975.

So either politics, economy, or education.

And in your response, I need you to make sure that you're showing examples of progress, examples of limitations, but also a clear judgement on the amount of success in the area you've chosen to talk about.

So pause the video now, give yourself about 10 minutes to complete this task and then come back when you're done.

Excellent, let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

So let's say you chose to talk about how successful the civil rights movement was in terms of education.

You might have said, there was significant progress in education by 1975, although it had been limited by the lack of support from President Nixon.

In the 1950s and 1960s, many Black American students still faced obstacles despite the Brown versus Topeka Supreme Court ruling in 1954 to desegregate education.

It was largely as a result of federal intervention led by President Kennedy that several black students were able to enrol and attend formally segregated schools and universities.

However, a huge shift would come following the busing initiative in the late 1960s.

Despite the work of the civil rights movement by 1964, 68% of black children still attended segregated schools.

By 1974, this had fallen to only 8%, a huge amount of progress.

In 1971, the Supreme Court ruling in Swann versus Charlotte pushed to expand the busing initiative to fully integrate schools.

Although Nixon refused to support this ruling, ultimately there was clearly significant progress in education with only 8% of black children attending segregated schools by 1974.

Although there could have been greater progress, had Nixon in support of the Swann V Charlotte ruling.

Really well done.

Hopefully you were able to make a clear judgement that we could see throughout your answer while still acknowledging the successes and limitations in whichever of the three areas you chose to talk about.

Really well done.

Now, in the second and final part of this lesson, we are going to be looking at how we might evaluate judgments.

So you've made a judgement on one of the three areas we've looked at, but what can we do with judgments that other people have made? What can we notice about them? What can we learn from them and what responses can we make to their judgments? So I'd like you to have a look at the contributions of the two students here.

Andeep has said, "In 1975, the civil rights movement has seen little success.

Following the election of President Nixon in 1968, it was clear that he had little intention of supporting any further change." Where as Laura has said, "In 1975, the civil rights movement had seen varying success in different areas of life.

The greatest success could be said to be evident in the extent of progress made in attempts to desegregate education." Now, having looked at these two students' contributions, which of these two students is downplaying the success of the civil rights movement by 1975? Pause the video and have a think.

Which of them is downplaying the success of the civil rights movement? Excellent, I'm hoping you said Andeep because his focus on the lack of success of the civil rights movement by 1975.

We can see that in his opening statement, the civil rights movement had seen little success.

So therefore, if we were going to evaluate his judgement , we could say that he's downplaying the success of the civil rights movement.

And it's really important that we're able to pick out these things, not just paraphrase the contributions that have been made, but understand what's being downplayed.

Because when evaluating judgments, we have to consider what's being downplayed, but also what's being emphasised and what's being overplayed.

So when we say downplayed, we're thinking about what's been left out, what's been dismissed, or what's been made to seem less important.

When we're thinking about emphasised, we're thinking about what this judgement has focused on.

What is it that this particular student is looking at when we're thinking about economics or education or politics or progress in any of these areas? Are they focusing on the whole area? Are they looking at something specific within that area? We need to think about what are they emphasising? What are they trying to get us to pay attention to? But finally, we also need to think about what are they overplaying? What are they maybe exaggerating? What are they making seem more important? Now, these three things will help us when evaluating judgments, considering what's downplayed, what's emphasised, and what's overplayed.

So let's have a go.

So let's look at these three students' contributions.

Alex has said, "Nixon was known to be hostile towards the civil rights movement, refusing to endorse a national holiday for Martin Luther King." Sam has said, "Nixon's support for the political change was limited, but there were many black Americans elected to the U.

S.

government in 1973." And Aisha has said, "Nixon's support for the civil rights movement led to huge progress in 1975, with over 200 black Americans elected to the U.

S.

government in 1973." So out of these students, which of the following students is overplaying the role of Nixon in the political success seen by 1975? Pause the video and if you need to, reread the statements, but think about which of them is overplaying the role of Nixon.

So maybe exaggerating something or making Nixon's role seem more important than it actually was.

Pause the video now, and when you've got a response, come back and press play.

Excellent, we know that it's Aisha, because here she's saying that Nixon's support for the civil rights movement led to huge progress.

We know that that wasn't quite the case.

So now that we've had a go, let's have a look at one student contribution and think about what they're downplaying, emphasising, and overplaying.

So Lucas says, "The civil rights movement saw many successes by 1975.

The greatest of these being progress in education, as a result of the busing initiative only 8% of black American children attended a segregated school by 1974." So I want you to pause the video and think about what is Lucas downplaying, what was he emphasising, and what was he overplaying? Great, so in thinking about what he's downplaying, we can see here that he's downplaying continued obstacles that black Americans face and Nixon's lack of support.

We can see that he's emphasising the impact of the busing initiative.

That's his focus.

That's what he wants us to pay attention to.

But also we can see that Lucas is overplaying the amount of success by not mentioning any limitations.

So had you read Lucas's contribution, you might assume that there was complete success in the area of education, and we know that's not quite the case.

So you're going to have a go at this independently with a quick check for understanding by looking at some student contributions.

So Izzy has said, "The civil rights movement found little success as a result of continued unemployment amongst black Americans." And Jun has said, "The civil rights movement was hugely successful as a result of the political progress that was made under Johnson." I'd like you to take a minute and think about what are these two students downplaying, emphasising, or overplaying? Brilliant, so in looking at Izzy's response, hopefully you said that Izzy is overplaying the lack of success by emphasising continued unemployment and downplaying decreasing poverty levels.

You may have then said Jun is overplaying the political progress by emphasising the role of Johnson and downplaying the role of Nixon.

Really well done for being able to pull out what's being overplayed, emphasised and downplayed.

Now we're going to use these quick summaries in order to help us with our final practise tasks.

So firstly, taking these two contributions, I would like you to explain who makes the more convincing judgement about the success of the civil rights movement by 1975.

Make sure to include what each judgement is downplaying, emphasising or overplaying, we've just looked at that, quotes from the students' judgement , but also at least two examples to support your decision.

Great, now let's have a look at what your answers might have included.

So you might have said that Jun makes the more convincing judgement as he emphasises the political progress that was made under Johnson.

This can be supported by several acts passed during Johnson's presidency.

The first is the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fairer Housing Act of 1968.

All these acts could be said to show huge success for the civil rights movement as they brought greater freedom for black Americans by addressing ongoing segregation, voting restrictions, and unfair housing practises.

However, it could be said that Jun downplays the role of Nixon in limiting these successes, as following his election in 1968, he refused to endorse a national holiday for Martin Luther King and responded harshly to the Black Panther Party.

Despite this, I still believe that Jun presents a more convincing argument as Nixon did not undo the work of these significant acts.

And in 1973, there were more than 200 black Americans elected to positions within the U.

S.

government.

This shows that although Nixon was hostile to support further political progress, the work of Johnson continued to lead to progress for black Americans within politics even under Nixon.

Really well done if you are able to do something similar with your response showing what's emphasised, what's downplayed, but ultimately why you still think they're the more convincing judgement.

Now, for the second part of this task, I'd like you to explain why the other student is making a valid but less convincing judgement , making sure to include all the same criteria from the first part of this task.

So if you said that Jun was the most convincing, like our example answer, you'll now explain why Izzy is making a valid but less convincing judgement.

However, if you found Izzy more convincing, you will now explain why Jun is making the valid but less convincing judgement.

So pause the video now and give yourself some time to respond to this task.

Excellent, let's have a look at what your final task for today might have included.

Although Izzy makes some convincing points, it is the less convincing argument.

Izzy is right to emphasise the continued unemployment amongst black Americans as the levels of unemployment amongst black Americans was 8% in 1970, whereas it was only 5% amongst white Americans.

However, by focusing solely on levels of unemployment, Izzy's argument is overplaying the lack of success economically, as she completely downplays the various examples of economic success within the civil rights movement, making it less convincing.

Izzy completely omits the introduction of the 1972 Office of Minority Business Enterprise by Nixon, which aimed to encourage black Americans to set up businesses.

She also omits the additional powers given to courts to push against continued discrimination in employment, therefore, showing that while Izzy rightly acknowledges continued levels of unemployment, she's completely downplaying other examples of success and therefore presents a less convincing argument.

Really well done if you were able to do something similar, using really specific details to show what they have overplayed, downplayed, where they have made some valid points, but ultimately it is a less convincing judgement.

Really well done for your work today.

To finish off, we're going to look at a summary of what we've covered.

So we learned that progress in politics was limited by Nixon.

He showed little intention of supporting the civil rights movement.

That said, the 1973 election saw a large number of black Americans elected into Nixon's government.

We also learned that although changes in education was slow, the busing initiative brought rapid progress in the 1960s.

However, this was in the face of a lack of support from Nixon.

And finally, one area Nixon offered some support was the economy, although rates of unemployment remained higher for black Americans.

So really, really well done for your work today.

You have made some fantastic judgements and even better evaluations.

I'm so impressed, and you should be too.

Well done again.