Hello, and welcome to today's lesson looking at King's campaign in the North.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how the civil rights movement changed after 1965.

In the course of this inquiry, we'll cover lots of things, from the role of Malcolm X to the emergence of the Black Power Movement and the Black Panther Party, as well as many other things.

But for today, we're just going to be focusing on King's campaign in the North.

And in order to do that, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, absolutely fine.

Not to worry.

Just pause the video now, get everything you need and then come back and press Play when you're ready to go.

Excellent work.

So now we're ready to go.

We can have a look at our lesson outcome for today.

So by the end of the lesson, you'll be able to say that you can explain the reasons for King's campaign in the North, make a judgement on the success of the campaign, and describe the impact of King's assassination.

But in order to do that, 'cause it's quite a chunky lesson outcome for today, we're going to need some key words.

For today, we have just one, and that keyword is redlining.

Now, redlining was the process used in Chicago to limit black Americans to specific run-down areas of the city.

This is going to be very important in understanding why Martin Luther King chose to settle in Chicago and how that movement played out.

And therefore, it only makes sense to start off by looking at the Chicago Freedom Movement.

Now, if you have a look on the slide here, we can see an outline of the map of the USA, and annotated is Chicago in the states of Illinois.

Now, after celebrating the success of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Dr.

Martin Luther King Jr.

turned his attention to the North.

In 1966, King and his family moved to Chicago, annotated here, to begin to tackle issues brought about by the lack of economic opportunities for black Americans, poor housing and poverty.

This campaign became known as the Chicago Freedom Movement.

Now, you might be wondering, of all the states in the North, why did King settle in Chicago? Now, since the end of the Second World War, Chicago had a large black American community, as many had fled the South in the Great Migration.

So this was a time when many black Americans were leaving southern states and moving to northern states.

However, what the city of Chicago would do was introduce various restrictions that limited the areas that black Americans could live in through a process known as redlining.

Remember our key word for today.

Redlining forced Americans to live in certain parts of Chicago, areas that the city officials had no intention of maintaining, and they would often write off as unsafe.

Black Americans would also struggle to buy homes, as they'd be forced into agreements that left them paying two or three times as much the value of the house, and they didn't have any security.

So missing a single payment could lead to immediate eviction and so many face poverty.

Those that did not end up living on the streets were often left in dangerous, unsafe housing.

This housing often had no heating despite Chicago's very harsh winters, and they were often rat infested as Martin Luther King would soon find out.

And so in response to these conditions, Martin Luther King launched the Chicago Freedom Movement.

The Chicago Freedom Movement involved mass meetings to hear the concerns and fears of black residents in order to figure out how to bring attention to the problem.

After a series of strikes and boycotts and other forms of non-violent direct action, Freedom Sunday took place.

On the 10th of July 1966, Freedom Sunday saw 30,000 residents of Chicago, led by King, march to City Hall to post a list of their demands.

Now, before we go on to look at the successes but also limitations of this movement, we're going to pause, check your understanding, and put it into practise.

So I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The work of Martin Luther King ended in 1965, with the Voting Rights Act.

So pause the video now, tell me whether you think this statement is true or false.

Excellent.

We know that this statement is very much false, but as always, you need to tell me why.

Can't just tell me this statement is false.

So is this statement false because in 1966, he turned his attention to fighting racial injustice in northern states? Or is it false because he decided to use new methods to continue to fight racial injustice in southern states? Pause the video, make a decision, and when you've got an answer for me, come back and press Play.

Excellent.

We know that this statement is false because in 1966, he turned his attention to fighting racial injustice in northern states.

Now, having a look at what we spoke about earlier, I'd like you to tell me which two of the following statements explains why King chose to move to Chicago.

Is it a, Chicago had a large black American community, b, Chicago officials had invited King to Chicago, c, King was born and raised in Chicago, or d, redlining limited the areas black Americans could live in? Excellent.

So hopefully you said a and d, Chicago had a large black American community, but as a result of redlining, they were forced to live in some of the worst areas of Chicago.

Hence, why King chose to move to Chicago.

Really well done.

Now, I'd like you to have a quick discussion with the person next to you.

If you're doing this lesson by yourself, absolutely not to worry.

Have a go at articulating a response out loud or jotting it down if you feel more comfortable to do so.

So giving yourself a couple of minutes, either with the person next to you or out loud if you're doing it by yourself, what did the Chicago Freedom Movement involve? So again, pause the video, give yourself a couple of minutes.

When you finish your discussion or articulating out loud, come back and press Play.

So your answer might have included that it used non-violent direct action to attempt to bring about change, that it involved mass meetings to hear the concerns and fears of black residents, that there are non-violent strikes, boycotts and, on the 10th of July 1966, Freedom Sunday saw 30,000 residents of Chicago, led by King, march to City Hall to post a list of their demands.

Really well done, especially if you were able to include all of those details.

So hopefully your discussions were a great way to set up for this practise task because now I'd like you to write an account of the Chicago Freedom Movement, making sure to include the reasons why King chose to settle in Chicago but also what the Chicago Freedom Movement involved.

So pause the video now, give yourself 5 to 10 minutes to write a response and then come back and press Play when you're done.

Brilliant.

Now let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

So you could have said, after the Second World War, Chicago had a large black American community following the Great Migration.

However, this large community was forced to live in run-down areas of Chicago as a result of redlining.

This led to large numbers of black Americans living on the streets or in dangerous housing.

So when King turned his attention to the North in 1966, he chose Chicago to tackle the issues brought about by the lack of economic opportunities for black Americans.

King launched the Chicago Freedom Movement, which involved large meetings to hear the concerns of black Americans and organised strikes and boycotts in order to push for change.

Freedom Summer on the 10th of July 1966 involved 30,000 Chicago residents marching to City Hall, led by King.

Really well done.

If there's any details there that you didn't get, just pause the video now, make a note of them underneath your answer and then we can move on to the next part of the lesson.

Great work.

So in the second part of the lesson, we're going to be looking at the achievements of the movement but also the opposition that they faced.

So for some residents of Chicago, the campaign was seen as a success because the mayor, Richard Daley, responded by negotiating an agreement with King to commit to fairer housing policies, albeit reluctantly.

In August 1966, Daley committed the Chicago Housing Authority to building more public housing in what had been white neighbourhoods and making mortgages available to all residents of Chicago.

The SELC also received a $4 million federal grant to improve housing in Chicago, although the conditions were so poor that this was a relatively small amount of funding that made little real difference.

So for many, it was seen as a success, or for some, at least.

But if we have a look at the slide here, we've got a photograph of some of the resistance to the Chicago Freedom Movement from the local white residents, especially when protesting for fairer housing policies.

We can see signs that say, "Keep white neighbourhoods white," so we know that although some may have seen it as a success, this picture alone suggests to us very clearly that there was a lot of opposition.

So there were many for whom the Chicago Freedom Movement was a failure.

The negotiation between Mayor Daley and Dr.

King was seen as too little, too late for some, bringing very little actual change for the residents of Chicago.

Civil rights activists had faced a great deal of opposition during their campaign in the North.

During Freedom Sunday, angry mobs of white Americans had attacked the marchers, throwing glass, rocks, setting their cars on fire.

And in earlier march at Marquette Park, bottles and bricks were thrown at protestors.

King would later admit that the resistance he faced in Marquette Park was more violent and hostile than anything he'd seen during his campaign in the South, and much of the opposition to Martin Luther King's campaign in the North came because people criticised his attitude towards housing and the need for fairer housing reforms as being communists.

Remember, this was in the context of the Cold War, so if anything was seen as too communists, it was deeply criticised by many members of the American public.

Even the white church organisations who were willing to support the civil rights movement were reluctant to support the cause for housing reform, as it would likely lead to higher taxes for white residents in order to fund these changes.

In addition to this, amongst white Americans in predominantly white neighbourhoods, there were also fears that integrated neighbourhoods would decrease the value of their homes.

So despite those successes that I mentioned earlier, albeit limited, for many, the movement was seen as a failure because of the amount of opposition they faced and the lack of support from even white church organisations that had typically supported the civil rights movement.

Now, before we go on to look at the third and final part of our lesson, we're going to pause, check our understanding, and put our learning into practise from this part of the lesson.

So firstly, I know that I mentioned lots of reasons why this campaign was largely seen as a failure, but what I would like you to do is to focus on the successes just for now.

So with the person next to you or have a go at explaining it out loud, why did some declare this campaign as a success? So pause the video now, give yourself one or two minutes to explain to each other.

Make sure both people in the conversation have a go at explaining.

If you're doing it by yourself, not to worry.

Just have a go explaining out loud and try and jot down some of those key ideas and then come back and press Play when that's done.

Excellent.

So hopefully in your discussion, you mentioned that Mayor Daley negotiates an agreement with King, that he committed the Chicago Housing Authority to building more public housing, and that the SCLC received a $4 million federal grant to improve housing in Chicago.

If not, not to worry, we've addressed them now.

So make a note of them if you're worried you're gonna forget, but we're gonna move on to another quick check of our understanding.

So having discussed the successes, now I'd like you to explain why others declared the campaign a failure.

So we've looked at the negotiations, the commitment to building more public housing, and the grant received, but why was it considered a failure by so many? So pause the video now, have a second discussion, or if you're doing it by yourself, not to worry, have a go at articulating out loud again and then come back in a couple minutes when you're done.

Really well done.

So in your discussions, you might have mentioned that those negotiations that some saw as a success was seen as too little, too late by many, bringing little change, that marchers were violently attacked during Freedom Sunday, the resistance that King faced was even more violent and hostile than anything he'd experienced in the South, that even white churches that had supported the civil rights movement were reluctant to support housing reforms, as it was likely to mean higher taxes for white residents.

Really well done if you've got all of those things into your discussion.

If not and again, there's a couple of things you're worried might slip your mind, you can pause the video now and just make a note of them.

So for this part of the lesson, what I'd like you to do is explain why Jun's statement is an oversimplification of both the achievements of the Chicago Freedom Movement and the opposition King faced.

So let's have a read of Jun's contribution together.

Jun has said, "The Chicago Freedom Movement was considered a success by all, as it led to Mayor Daley agreeing to make changes, despite some violent opposition." Now, hopefully having read that, you can see why it's an oversimplification of both the achievements and the opposition the movement faced.

So pause the video now, give yourself 5 to 10 minutes to explain why this statement is an oversimplification and then come back when you're done.

Great work.

So in your response, you might have said something like this: Jun oversimplifies the success of the Chicago Freedom Movement because he argues that it was successful because of the negotiations agreed between Mayor Daley and King.

However, Jun omits that these negotiations led to a commitment to more public housing.

They were made reluctantly by Daley.

In addition, he misses out the significant $4 million federal grant that the SCRC received to improve housing in Chicago, although the changes that it brought were minimal because of the extent of poverty in Chicago.

Jun also oversimplified the opposition that the Chicago Freedom Movement faced.

On Freedom Sunday, the marchers had rocks and glass thrown at them as well as their cars being set on fire.

King would later state that the opposition he faced in Chicago was even more violent and hostile than anything he'd seen in the South, much more than "some violent opposition," as Jun describes it.

Really well done.

Hopefully we're able to explain why both the successes and the opposition and movement faced have been oversimplified by Jun.

Again, if there's anything that you missed that you want to get down, you can pause the video now and just make a note of them.

So in the third and final part of today's lesson, we're going to be looking at the assassination of Martin Luther King.

Now, in April 1968, King was visiting Memphis to support a campaign for black refuge collectors who were demanding the same pay as their white coworkers, showing his growing commitment to tackling social and economic issues beyond the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

As he struggled to control younger civil rights activists who looked for more radical approaches to tackle racial injustice, moving away from the commitment to nonviolent action, King began to widen his activism to include not just social and economic issues but also join the campaign against US involvement in Vietnam.

On the 4th of April 1968, Martin Luther King Jr.

was assassinated by a white racist called James Earl Ray.

Ray was arrested, put on trial, and jailed for the murder of Martin Luther King.

The shock of the news shook the nation.

King's death triggered rioting in more than 100 cities.

President Johnson called for people to end the violence in the name of King, who he called the Apostle of Non-Violence.

In the aftermath of King's death, Johnson would passed the Fair Housing Act, honouring King's final work in fighting for fairer housing practises.

However, we can see here in the thousands of people marching to Central Park of New York to mourn the death of Martin Luther King that this would have a huge impact on the nation and it would take more than a Fair Housing Act to settle these thousands of marchers mourning the loss of one of the most famous civil rights leaders.

Unfortunately, the assassination would only cause further tension between black and white Americans.

Many black Americans were broken by the assassination and felt they should join those looking to fight more radical ways to push for change.

They felt the assassination of King was a rejection of their attempts to fight for freedom with a commitment to non-violence.

Despite this, King remains the most famous civil rights leader of his time, known for his political achievements and continued commitment to a fairer America.

Now, before we finish up for today, we're just gonna check our understanding about the key details on the assassination of Martin Luther King and its impact and put what we've learned today.

So first, I'd like you to tell me, in which year was Martin Luther King assassinated.

1964, the year the Civil Rights Act became law, 1965, the year the Voting Rights Act became law, or 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act became law? Pause the video now and press Play again when you've got an answer.

Correct.

It was 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act became law because remember, Johnson passed this following King's assassination in order to honour his final work in fighting for fairer housing practises.

Now, I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The assassination of King increased many people's faith that non-violent action could achieve equality for black Americans.

So have a read of the statement again if you need to.

Pause the video and press Play when you know whether it's true or false.

Excellent.

We know that this statement is false.

The assassination of King did not increase many people's faith that non-violent action could achieve equality for black Americans.

But you need to tell me why.

Is this statement false because King's assassination was seen as proof that more radical actions than non-violence would require to achieve change? Or because the Fair Housing Act was seen as proof that Dr.

King's non-violent actions had achieved real change? Again, pause the video, reread those statements if you need to and come back and press Play when you've got an answer for me.

Excellent.

We know that this statement is true because of statement a, King's assassination was seen as proof that more radical actions than non-violence were needed to achieve change.

So what I'd like you to do for our final task today is to explain the impact of the assassination of Martin Luther King, making sure to include the following in your response: Fair Housing Act, 100 cities, non-violent, and radical methods.

So pause the video now to give yourself 5 to 10 minutes, maybe a little bit more if you feel you need to finish off that response to explain the impact of the assassination of Martin Luther King, and come back and press Play when you're done.

Excellent work.

Let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

So you might have said, on the 4th of April 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated, and his death shook the nation.

Following his death, President Johnson introduced the Fair Housing Act to honour King's commitment to fighting for fairer housing practises.

However, his death would also lead to riots breaking out across more than 100 cities, despite King's commitment to non-violent direct action to push for change.

King's assassination would only serve to increase tension across the US, as many civil rights activists felt that his assassination was a rejection of their commitment to non-violent methods and therefore looked to more radical methods to push for change.

Really, really well done there.

If there's a few details that you didn't quite get down that you'd like to include, you can pause the video now and just make a note of them underneath your response.

Excellent work today.

The final thing we are going to do is look at a summary of what we have learned.

So Martin Luther King moved with his family to the northern USA in 1966 to tackle issues of poverty and poor housing for black Americans.

They settled in Chicago as a result of the large number of black Americans living in poverty in the city as a result of redlining.

We also learned that the Chicago Freedom Movement used non-violent direct action to attempt to bring about change.

Some celebrated the movement as a success, but most felt it was a failure that brought little actual change.

And when King was assassinated in 1968, riots broke out across the US and many looked for more radical forms of protest.

However, he is still remembered as one of the most famous civil rights leaders of his time.

Really, really well done today.

We've covered lots of information and you've done some really great work.

You should be very, very proud of yourself today.

Well done.