Hello, and welcome to this lesson on the emergence of the Black Power movement.

This lesson is part of a broader inquiry looking at how the civil rights movement changed after 1965.

As part of this inquiry, we'll be covering lots of different things, but for today, we're just going to be focusing on the emergence of the Black Power movement.

Now, for today's lesson, you're going to need a piece of paper and a pen.

If you don't have one, that's absolutely fine, not to worry.

Just pause the video now, get everything you need, and then come back and press play when you're ready to go.

Great work.

Now we've got our piece of paper and our pen and we're ready, let's have a look at the lesson outcome on this slide here.

So by the end of this lesson, you'll be able to say that you can explain the reasons for the emergence of Black Power, the role of Stokely Carmichael, and the significance of the Mexico Olympics.

But in order to do this, we're going to need some keywords.

And for today, we've got five: integrated, Black Power, self-determination, self-sufficiency, and separatism.

Now, it'll be great to see these words in the context of the lesson, but first we're gonna have a look at some definitions to get us started.

So integrated groups are groups with both Black and white Americans.

Black Power is the political name for groups aiming for self-determination for Black Americans.

Now, self-determination is another keyword, and that's when a person or group is able to control their own life or their own lives.

So Black Power is therefore the name of political groups aiming to help Black Americans control their own life or their own lives.

To be able to provide for yourself without any outside help is called self-sufficiency.

And separatism is the belief that keeping people separate is the right thing to do.

The Black Muslims believed in separating white and Black Americans.

Now we've had a look at our keywords, let's get started on today's lesson.

And today's lesson is going to be split into three different parts, but first we'll be looking at a guy called Stokely Carmichael.

Now, Stokely Carmichael was born in Trinidad and migrated to the US in 1952.

He attended the historically Black Howard University and was one of the students who took part in the Greensboro sit-in in 1960.

As a leading member of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, also known as SNCC, Carmichael also took part in the Freedom Rides of 1961.

He was part of an integrated group who travelled through states to test whether transport facilities had been desegregated.

Carmichael was arrested when the Freedom Riders reached Jackson, Mississippi and went to jail for 49 days.

He continued to take part in protests until he graduated in 1984 in the midst of Freedom Summer.

During Freedom Summer, Carmichael joined other members of SNCC to help increase voter registration amongst Black Americans.

He was particularly active in voter registration in Lowndes County, Alabama.

As a leading member of SNCC, Carmichael initially supported the non-violent approach that was advocated by Martin Luther King Jr.

However, as he witnessed a growing number of attacks against Black Americans, including murders, Carmichael became increasingly frustrated.

In Lowndes County, he was working to encourage Black Americans to vote for the Lowndes County Freedom Organisation, LCFO, whose slogan was "Black Power for Black People," and this was a phrase that would stick with Carmichael.

As chairman of SNCC in 1966 whilst leading a march in Mississippi, he called for his followers to follow the Black Power movement.

Now, before we go on to find out a little bit more about what happened when Carmichael started to call for his followers to follow the Black Power movement, or even what this Black Power movement really involved or aimed to achieve, we're going to pause and check our understanding so far.

So firstly, I'd like you to tell me which two of the following statements about Stokely Carmichael are true.

A, he was born in Barbados, B, he attended Howard University, C, he was a member of the SCLC, or D, he was arrested for his role in the Freedom Rides.

Pause the video now, make a decision, and when you've got an answer, come back and press play.

Excellent work.

We know that Carmichael attended Howard University, which was a historically Black university, but we also know that he was arrested for his role in the Freedom Rides in Jackson, Mississippi, where he would be imprisoned for 49 days.

Let's have a look at another question.

Why had Stokely Carmichael become frustrated by the non-violent methods in the civil rights movement? Was it A, the continuing racist violence against Black Americans, B, the international publicity these methods achieved, C, their association with Martin Luther King, or D, they led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964? Pause the video now, and when you've got an answer for me, come back and press play.

Excellent.

We know that Stokely Carmichael had become frustrated by the non-violent methods as a result of the continuing racist violence against Black Americans.

Now, we're gonna put what we've learnt so far into practise.

I'd like you to write an account of Carmichael's role in the civil rights movement from 1961 to '66.

In your response, I'd like you to make sure you use the following details: Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, but you can just write SNCC, that's absolutely fine, integrated, which is one of our keywords, Jackson, Mississippi, Lowndes County, and Black Power.

So pause the video now, give yourself 5 to 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Excellent work.

Now let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

Stokely Carmichael played an active role in the civil rights movement from 1961 as a leading member of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee.

Carmichael was part of an integrated group of Freedom Riders who were arrested on reaching Jackson, Mississippi.

Carmichael also played a role in Freedom Summer, being active in voter registration drives in Lowndes County, Alabama, where he was working to encourage Black Americans to vote for the Lowndes County Freedom Organisation, the LCFO.

The slogan of the LCFO was "Black Power for Black People," and although Carmichael initially supported King's non-violent methods, he had become increasingly frustrated with the growing number of attacks against Black Americans and would be won over by the Black Power movement.

If you managed to get all those details and keywords in, really, really well done.

If not, you can pause the video now, make a note of a couple things that you'd like to add to your answer, and then come back and press play when you're done for us to start the next part of the lesson.

Now, in this part of the lesson, we're going to be looking at the Black Power movement.

Remember, in that last part we were talking about Stokely Carmichael calling his followers to follow the Black Power movement.

Now, Black Power was a phrase brought into mainstream media by Stokely Carmichael.

The Black Power movement encouraged self-determination amongst Black Americans, political and economic self-sufficiency, and pride in their heritage.

Remember, self-determination and self-sufficiency is the ability to be able to control and provide for yourself or for a group of people which you consider yourself a part of.

However, the Black Power movement received a lot of criticism, as it also encouraged methods of self-defense and supported the idea of separatism.

Remember, that's another one of our keywords.

This is the belief that white and Black Americans should live and act separately.

This directly contradicted the belief that non-violent direct action and the use of integrated groups were the best way for the civil rights movement to achieve its aims. Although Malcolm X had been assassinated prior to Carmichael's use of the slogan Black Power, Malcolm X's beliefs and teachings had been a huge inspiration to Carmichael and other supporters of the Black Power movement.

The movement was inspired by Malcolm X's encouragement of pride in the heritage of Black Americans and his attitudes developed in his later life.

To Carmichael, these emphasised the civil rights movement as part of a broader fight for human rights around the world.

Black Power meant different things to different people.

For some, the primary focus was to encourage self-sufficiency and pride among Black Americans.

However, for others, the focus was placed on the acceptance of the need to use self-defense against white oppression if necessary.

Many white Americans interpreted the Black Power movement as a violent anti-white organisation, and as a result, many leaders of the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King, publicly criticised the movement as causing unnecessary divisions.

Now, before we go on to look at when this movement really came in to the spotlight, we're going to pause and check our understanding so far and then what we've learnt into practise.

So to check our understanding so far, I'd like you to have a small discussion with the person next to you.

If you're doing this lesson at home by yourself, not to worry, you can have a go at articulating some of these ideas out loud or jotting them down.

But if you're doing this lesson in class or with another person, this is a great chance to have a discussion about some of the ideas we've talked about.

So I'd like you to have a short discussion about what did Stokely Carmichael and the Black Power movement support/encourage amongst Black Americans? So stop and first have a think about what was it they encouraged? What were some of their key ideas? Brilliant.

So in your discussion, I'm hoping that you covered the following things, and I'm sure you did.

Ideas about self-determination, about the provision of political and economic self-sufficiency.

So the fact that both in terms of politics and in terms of the economy, so things like money, jobs, employment, they'll be able to provide for themselves.

Pride in their heritage, methods of self-defense if necessary, but also separatism.

And remember, it was these ideas that directly contradicted with the non-violent approach of many civil rights groups.

Now I'd like you to tell me whether this statement is true or false.

The Black Power movement encouraged violent methods in all circumstances.

Think about the phrasing of that question before you jump to an answer.

Pause the video now, give yourself a second to think, and then come back and press play when you've got an answer.

Excellent.

We know that this statement is false, but as always, we need to think about why.

It's not quite enough to just say a statement is false.

Is it because the Black Power movement supported King's call to non-violent direct action, or because it encouraged violence only in self-defense? So again, have a think.

When you've got an answer, come back and press play.

Brilliant work.

We know that this statement is false.

It's because they only encouraged violence in the case of self-defense.

It wasn't violence just for violence's sake.

It was solely in the case of self-defense.

So now what I'd like you to do to put this into practise is to read Andeep's account of the Black Power movement.

So first we'll read it together.

He says, "The phrase 'Black Power' was made popular by Malcolm X.

The movement encouraged self-determination, self-sufficiency, and pride in their heritage amongst Black Americans.

The movement gained praise for their use of non-violence.

In addition to this, they also supported integration.

This directly contradicted King's methods and commitment to non-violent direct action.

Although the movement meant different things to different people, it was interpreted by most white Americans as a violent, anti-white organisation.

This movement also received public support from Martin Luther King." Now, you probably realised as we were reading, there were quite a few things in there that weren't correct.

So the first thing I'd like you to do is to identify the five errors in Andeep's account.

So pause the video now and identify those five errors for me, and then come back and press play when you're done.

Brilliant! Hopefully you identified these five.

Andeep said that the phrase Black Power was made popular by Malcolm X.

The movement gained praised for their use of non-violent.

In addition, he said that they supported integration, and also that the movement received public support from Martin Luther King.

Now, you're probably already thinking about why these phrases are incorrect, which is great, because that's your next task.

I'd now like you to correct the five errors in Andeep's statement.

So pause the video now and give yourself 5 to 10 minutes to correct these errors, and when you're done, come back and press play.

Brilliant work! So hopefully your corrected paragraph looks something like this.

"The phrase 'Black Power' was made popular by Stokely Carmichael.

The movement encouraged self-determination, self-sufficiency, and pride in their heritage amongst Black Americans.

The movement faced criticism for their use of violence.

In addition to this, they also supported separatism.

This directly contrasted King's methods and commitment to non-violent direct action.

Although the movement meant different things to different people, it was interpreted by most white Americans as a violent, anti-white organisation.

The movement also received public criticism from Martin Luther King." So if you made all of those corrections, really well done.

If not, just pause the video now and add any amendments that you need.

Excellent work.

So in the third and final part of our lesson, we're going to be looking at the Mexico Olympics of 1968.

At the 1968 Mexico Olympics, the Black Power movement gained international publicity.

This was because the US winners of the men's relay, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who we can see on our slide here, each wore a single black glove and clenched their fist in the air as the American national anthem was played.

This was hugely significant, as the single black glove was considered the uniform of the Black Power movement and the Black Panther Party.

While this moment brought international attention to the Black Power movement, the athletes' actions were not welcomed at all, especially not by those who were running the Olympics.

They were criticised for bringing politics into sport.

Smith and Carlos were sent back to the USA and received numerous death threats for their actions.

Despite this harsh response, they had achieved their aim of bringing attention to the movement.

So the Mexico Olympics was a huge moment for the Black Power movement.

It had gained a lot of national attention, but it was at this moment that it gained international attention, because these two athletic champions brought attention to the issues that many Black Americans were still facing.

So before we go on to look at why many attitudes had changed in the late 1960s, we're just going to pause and check our understanding so far.

So which two of the following people used their victory in the Mexico Olympics to raise awareness of the Black Power movement? Was it A, John Carlos, B, Malcolm X, C, Stokely Carmichael, or D, Tommie Smith? Pause the video now and come back when you've got an answer.

Excellent! It was John Carlos and Tommie Smith.

We know that Malcolm X had been assassinated by the time the Black Power movement became popular, but his ideas did inspire the movement, and it was Stokely Carmichael who brought the Black Power movement national attention.

Now I'd like you to have a short discussion again with the person next to you, or have a go at articulating out loud if you're doing this lesson alone, and either tell me or the person next to you what happened to Tommie Smith and John Carlos after their show of support for the Black Power movement at the Mexico Olympics.

And try to really elaborate on your answer.

Don't just say what happened, but explain why they received this response, particularly for those running the Olympics.

Pause the video now, start your discussion, and then come back when you're done.

Excellent.

Hopefully your discussions included mentioning that they were criticised for bringing politics into sport, that they were sent back to the USA, and that they received numerous death threats for their actions.

Really well done.

Let's have a look at the final part of today's lesson.

So we mentioned that the Mexico Olympics brought international attention to the Black Power movement, but I had also said at the end, in the late 1960s, attitudes were beginning to change, and the Black Power movement had been growing and support for the movement had been growing since 1966.

The assassination of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, the brother of Robert Kennedy, in 1968 had resulted in this support rapidly increasing.

People were looking to support a militant approach to fighting racial injustice, particularly younger civil rights activists.

And we can see Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy pictured here.

They were huge figures in the civil rights movement and their assassination frustrated many.

For many Black Americans, they'd felt that their assassination was a rejection of their commitment to non-violent protest.

It had seemed to them that the non-violent tactics of the civil rights movement had achieved very little, and they still faced daily discrimination and violence from the police and white supremacist organisations in their everyday lives, and therefore, support for the Black Power movement and their support for self-defense when necessary gained a lot of support and attention in the late 1960s.

Now, before we finish up for today, we're going to check our understanding one last time and have a go at our final practise task.

So firstly, I'd like you to tell me which two events led to the increasing support for the Black Power movement.

Was it A, the assassination of Martin Luther King, B, the assassination of President Kennedy, or C, the assassination of Robert Kennedy? Pause the video now, make a decision, and come back when you have an answer for me.

Excellent work.

We know that it's the assassination of Martin Luther King and the assassination of Robert Kennedy, both in 1968.

So for our final task for today, I'd like you to explain to me why support for the Black Power movement increased from 1966.

And in your response, I'd like you to make sure you include the Mexico Olympics, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, Martin Luther King, and Robert Kennedy.

So think about what we've been talking about in this last part of the lesson.

Why was there increasing support for the Black Power movement from 1966? Pause the video now, give yourself 10 minutes to complete this task, and then come back when you're done.

Excellent work.

Now let's have a look at what your answer might have included.

So you might have said: From 1966, support for the Black Power movement increased as the movement gained international attention.

The main reason for this was the role of Tommie Smith and John Carlos in the Mexico Olympics of 1968.

After winning the men's relay race, they each wore a single black glove and held a salute in the air as the American national anthem played, a tribute to the Black Power movement.

Although their actions were widely criticised, the movement gained significant attention.

In addition to this, the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy led to increasing support for the movement as many younger civil rights activists felt that the non-violent tactics they had been in using had achieved very little.

So really well done for your work today, and especially fantastic if you managed to get in all those extra details in your final response.

Again, if not, not to worry.

Just pause the video now, make a note of them, and then come back and press play when you're done and we'll have a look at a summary of what we've learnt today.

Excellent! So today we have covered so much.

We learnt that Stokely Carmichael, like many younger civil rights activists, was frustrated by the lack of progress in the civil rights movement.

We also learnt that he led several other members of SNCC to reject many existing groups and create their own political force known as the Black Power movement.

We learnt that the Black Power movement faced a lot of criticism because some people believed it was a violent, anti-white organisation.

The Mexico Olympics of 1968 raised the profile of the Black Power movement, with Tommie Smith and John Carlos pledging their support.

So we've covered so much.

You have done brilliantly this lesson.

I'm so impressed! Really, really well done.