Lesson video

Hello and welcome to lesson four of six in the Key Stage Three History Year Seven Inquiry, Why did kings struggle to rule England? Today's lesson is about Henry the Third, and the title is, How did the barons reduce royal power under Henry the Third? For today's lesson, you're going to need some paper, pen or pencil, and a quiet space so you can work really, really hard and do lots and lots of thinking.

So please can you make sure you get the title written down and if you need to, can you go and find a nice quiet spot to go and work in.

So pause the video now if you need to.

Brilliant, let's crack on with the lesson.

Today's lesson then.

We're going to start off with a recap on Henry's rule.

That's just goin' over what we looked at last lesson.

We're then going to see how the barons helped to reduce royal power, and who went through this process.

So we'll look at, after the recap, the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, then the creation of Parliament in 1265.

Finally, we're going to look at Simon de Montfort's rule of England.

Then we're going to bring it all together and see why Henry struggled to rule England.

Let's crack on with the recap, then, just some simple, multiple choice questions.

First one.

But before I you can answer the question, I want to say and remind you, you can either the answer.

You can shout it out or point it out.

I don't mind which.

If you need to and have a bit of a think then pause the video.

So question one.

How did Magna Carta limits John's power? I'm going to let you read the options and then I'm going to count down five, four, three, two, one.

Oh, I know you've got this right! Let's see the answers.

Yes, yes, of course, John had to rule with a council of 25 barons.

He could no longer rule by himself.

He could not sell justice like he had done before.

And he needed the barons agreement to create taxes.

Now, remember that tax, the barons really hated on the jump.

What was it? Oh, I'm really struggling.

Beings with S.

Oh, what was it? What was it? I can hear ya shoutin' it out! Scutage, obviously it was scutage.

How silly of me to forget.

Question two, which of these places did Henry try to buy, causing him to upset the Pope and the barons? Have a quick think.

Which one was it? Which one was it? Five, four, three.

I know you've already got the answer, but two, one I know you've got it.

The answer is obviously Sicily.

Final question, which of these was not a reason why the barons lost faith in Henry? Think carefully again.

What was it? Five, four, three, two, one.

You got it.

You ready for the answer? Of course you are.

The answer is failing to lower taxes.

So now that we've just had a quick recap on Henry the Third's reign from last lesson, let's see what happens to have his power reduced.

This is a timeline of Henry as King of England.

We've got in 1215, a really important document was signed.

And that was John signing Magna Carta.

1216, Henry becomes King.

And one of the first things he does as a nine year old is reissue Magna Carta.

1258, you have the Provisions of Oxford.

Things don't improve.

So then you have the Second Barons' War.

Remember the First Barons' War was when the English barons rebelled against his father, John.

So Henry is almost repeating the same mistakes his father made.

Then we've got parliament being created in 1265 before finally our time ends with 1272 when Henry dies.

So there's some really important changes in this time period.

So let's start with this.

What can you see in this picture? Now we've done this sort of activity a couple of times before, so I know you're becoming expert at it.

So look at the picture carefully and I've just given you a little poser to think about.

Does this picture show the barons are supporting Henry? So look at the picture.

Have a really good think.

If you need to, pause the video now.

Well done, I'm going to give you some hints just in case you're just struggling a little bit.

So if we look at it, what do you think the meaning is? You've got a baron at the back of the picture with a sword raised.

You've got barons all in the picture wearing armour, they're ready to fight.

And then you've got a baron and if you're really, really clever and you look carefully at the picture, you can work out the name of that person.

It's S de M.

He's holding something out to Henry and you've got somebody whispering in Henry's ear.

So thinking about this, does this picture show that the barons are supporting Henry? So to answer this, we've got two sentence starters.

In this picture I can see.

So what can you see? Think back to what we said previously, this means that Henry was/was not supported by the bones because.

So we're going to let you have a choice.

You may wish to think carefully about the previous lesson.

We saw a picture of Henry's coronation and that showed him to be a good King.

But yet here we've got something slightly different.

So is this showing that Henry was supported by the barons? So pause the video for about a couple of minutes whilst you answer using those question starters, if you want to, this question.

Pause the video now.

Fantastic! I know you will have worked really hard answering this question, and I want to remind you that even if you haven't been put what I have done, I'm sure your answer is absolutely brilliant so well done.

Here's what I said.

In this picture, I could see the barons dressed as soldiers and armed with swords, so I've took two of those things I've pointed out a couple of slides ago.

This means that Henry did not, it should be, was not supported by the barons because they are threatening Henry with war.

Why else would the barons be dressed in that armour? Why would they have their helmet on? Why would they have their swords if they were not trying to threaten him? So they're trying to threaten Henry with war if he does not agree to their demands.

What are their demands? Their demands are the documents that Simon de Montfort.

And I hope and I know you found out his name 'cause you just looked at the bottom of the picture where some writing is.

Where Simon de Montfort is holding a document out for Henry to sign.

And they're threatening him saying, we are ready to fight if you do not sign this.

So Henry has lost the support of the barons and this leads us very nicely into the Provisions of Oxfords.

So what were they? We just established that the barons had lost the support for Henry.

They wanted changes.

Now, Henry should have been ruling within MC, MC.

Oh, what was it? Oh, I can hear you're shouting out already.

Yes, that's it.

Magna Carta! So he should have been ruling with the barons' support and getting them to advise him.

Unfortunately, Henry decided that he wanted to have foreigners help him.

Especially French foreigners again, just like John.

And so the English barons, instead of going straight to fighting, they want Henry to change his ways.

They want him to sign a document called the Provisions of Oxford, which is going to limit his power.

And this is what it did.

Henry would have to rule with a council 15 barons.

Those barons would choose all the important positions in Henry's government.

So now Henry is really only king in name.

The real power is being held by the barons of England.

They can decide what laws to create and to pass.

They can decide on taxation.

They can almost decide on who they go to war with.

So Henry has been stripped of all his power, but things, although they get better and Henry does follow the Provisions of Oxford, just like his father, John, he doesn't really want to continually follow them.

So he tries to find an escape route and he does, but then he makes a same mistakes again.

He doesn't learn from them, which is incredibly silly.

And so we get to the creation of Parliament.

Now, I've given you a lovely image of Simon de Montfort to the right.

He is the ringleader of the rebel barons.

And when Henry has upset enough of the barons for the second time, Simon decides enough is enough.

And he actually leads the barons in a war against Henry, and he captures Henry and his son, the heir to the throne called Edward.

Now Simon then goes to rule England for a short period of time.

And what he does is he creates Parliament to help him rule properly.

Parliament was made up of barons, of which Simon was one, bishops, but then he did something completely unexpected.

Something the barons themselves had never, ever thought of.

Simon to get a bigger and wider support for his rule, he now asks two knights from each shire, which is an area of England and two townsmen from each town to join the barons and the bishops in Parliament to help make decisions.

So what Simon was doing here was actually both getting power to the barons, but also taking it away.

So now the knights who were beneath the barons in the feudal system and the townsmen who were almost basically peasants.

Now they had a say in how England was ruled so that reduced the power of the barons.

So if we look at this in a little bit more detail, we have the feudal system that we've looked at a couple of times during this inquiry.

We've already said that with Magna Carta and now the Provisions of Oxford, this bond between the king and the barons, where the king is the most powerful person in the country, has been shattered.

That is no longer the case.

And the barons are happy to rule with the king as long as he takes their advice.

But with Parliament now created, this link beneath the barons, the knights, and the ordinary people who are well and truly below the barons, they are given a right to have a say in how England is run.

So that is stripping away some of the power from the king and the barons.

The knight and the ordinary people now can question the advice the barons are giving to the king, as well as questioning how the king can rule.

So there's a lot of information there.

So let's do a little bit of a recap.

Bit of a change.

I'm not doin' multiple choice this time.

I've given you five sentences.

These five sentences reflect key and core bits of the information that we have gone through.

I have given you starting letters or I've taken the vowels out.

So for example, on question one or statement one, I've taken the vowels out of that last word.

Now, I'm going to ask you to pause the video in a moment and have a go at writing those sentences down and filling them in.

And then we're going to go through them.

You're going to take probably about five minutes to do this.

I know it's going to be quite challenging, but I'm absolutely positive that you are going to get every single one correct, okay? Pause the video now You have done unbelievably well.

I'm so proud of how hard you've worked.

So let's go through these questions, these statements.

Number one, Henry upset the barons and the Pope when he tried to buy Sicily.

So Sicily, spelled S-I-C-I-L-Y.

I know you got the spelling, correct.

Statement two, the barons grew tired of Henry's use of.

What's the answer there? Something advisors.

Now it began with F.

Well done, foreign.

F-O-R-E-I-G-N.

Really proud of you for spelling that one correctly.

If you made a mistake, doesn't matter, you can always correct it.

Statement three.

The barons forced Henry to sign? Oh, were you cheeky and rewound this video so you could get the spelling correct? I hope you didn't.

It was the provisions.

P-R-O-V-I-S-I-O-N-S.

Of Oxford.

O-X-F-O-R-D.

In, oh, drum roll, 1258! The leader of the rebel barons was Simon de Montfort.

M-O-N-T-F-O-R-T.

And the final one, statement five, in 1264 Parliament, we've got to remember to spell this word correctly, so please correct it if you've got it wrong.

P-A-R-L-I- A lot of people forget that I.

A-M-E-N-T.

Was created and it made up of barons, bishops, two knights from each shire and two townsmen from each town.

I'm so impressed by you.

I know every single one of you has both got your spellings correct and got five out of five on those! Well done.

So let's continue in looking at how Henry had his royal power reduced during his reign.

So we've already looked at Provisions of Oxford with the council of 15, we've looked at the creation of Parliament, with statement number five, but did anything else happen? Well, yes.

Simon de Montfort decided that he was going to rule England virtually by himself whilst he had Henry captive so he held him prisoner after the Second Barons' War.

Now you would've thought Simon would've learnt some of the mistakes that Henry had made.

Well, he didn't.

I don't think people really thought about the mistakes others had made to try and learn lessons from this time period.

Henry didn't, Simon didn't.

How silly they are.

Simon ruled with a council of nine, not 15 like Henry had been made to rule with, but nine.

Simon made sure that those nine people were all of his either family or friends.

So he didn't invite the leading English barons to rule with him.

That is very similar to Henry and John ruling with foreign advisers who were often family or friends.

So Simon is not very clever at this moment in time, but to even it out and to help him gain more support, he does create Parliament.

Now, unfortunately, with the council of nine, with the barons thinking the Parliaments may not be such a good idea because they're not being questioned by the knights and the townsmen, these ordinary people.

They quickly turn against Simon's rule and they support Henry the Third's son Edward and at the Battle of Evesham which is a lovely diagram and a picture to your right, Simon is defeated and his body is cut to pieces, but England will never be the same.

Parliament has now been created.

The knights and the ordinary people are never going to want to give up their right to have a say in how the country's ruled, just like the barons didn't want to give up their right to advise the king.

So now England has changed.

If we then consider this question, why did Henry struggle to rule England? It should be fairly obvious.

Just pause the video for 30 seconds whilst you just jot down some ideas.

Well done, I know you will have got a lot of these.

I'm fairly sure he may have got even more than me.

So here goes.

Henry struggled to rule England because he had to follow Magna Carta, whether he liked it or not, he had to rule with the support of the English barons.

Sorry, that's my dogs barkin'.

Unfortunately, he didn't want to rule with the English barons.

He wanted to rule by himself so he used foreign advisers and this upset the barons, and he pushed them into creating the Provisions of Oxford.

When he failed to follow those, it forced the barons, particularly Simon de Montfort, to effectively remove him from power.

And they created a Parliament to help rule.

So Henry really struggled to rule England because he failed to gain the support of the people that he needed to, namely the barons.

Let's look at the glossary.

Now we know you're going to pause the video soon and turn to the next page and look through the slides.

But before you do, here are some key words.

Civil war.

This is the first time you may have come across this term.

It's when a country is split between two sides who fight each other over who should rule.

So a civil war in England at the time was the Second and First Barons' War.

You've got the King who wants to rule by himself and with his favourites against the English barons who want to help him rule.

So the two sides fight each other, and it's called a civil war.

Parliament, remember the spellings.

The L-I-A, the lia in the middle of it, is a meeting of people who then pass laws and representative governments.

That's a really, really fancy set of words.

What it means is it's the idea that people from a larger group from all ways of life.

So not just the king, not just the barons, not just the knights, but also ordinary people make decisions on how to run a country.

So for Simon, it was, as I've just mentioned, he believed to help rule England, the barons, the bishops, the knights, and the townsmen, in this case, freemen, should all have a say in how the country is run, alongside the king.

So let's have a look at the comprehension questions.

By the way, I'm not going to go out to get an ice cream.

Question one.

What caused the barons to turn against Henry? Question two, how was Henry's power limited in 1258? Question three, who was the leader of the rebel barons? Question four, which group of people made up Parliament? Question five, why was Simon unable to keep power? And again, I've given you a starter sentence, 'cause it's a why question.

Simon was unable to keep power because, and then you've got your extension question.

Why did Parliament make ruling England more difficult? I'd like you to pause the video now, turn on to the next page and read the slides and have a go at answering the comprehension questions.

I know you're going to go through those really, really quickly 'cause you already know the answers and they're all going to be absolutely correct.

So I'd like us to really push and have a good go at the extension question as well.

So please pause the video now.

Well done.

I cannot believe how hard you worked on those questions.

Let's see how you did.

I already know you got five out of five.

And you've done the extension question obviously, but let's see.

What caused the barons to turn against Henry? Well, quite simple, failing to buy Sicily and work with them.

Yep, it's an acceptable answer, but let's add a bit of detail to turn that into a good answer.

Remember, full sentences using key words from the question will always help you improve your answer.

So a good answer.

The barons turned against Henry because he was not getting their advice.

Instead, he was ruling with foreign advisors.

Henry also lost a lot of money trying to buy the crown of Sicily and in losing wars.

Therefore this made the barons turn against him.

Question two, how was Henry's power limited in 1258? Apologies, the dog barkin' at a train there.

Acceptable answer, Henry had to rule with the barons.

Nice and simple.

But let's try and do a bit more of a detail using some key words.

So a good answer is the Provisions of Oxford made Henry rule with a council of 15 barons.

All important jobs in ruling the country were chosen by these 15 barons.

Henry had lost all his power and now had to rule with the barons' support.

So that's a really, really good answer.

Question three, who is the leader of the rebel barons? An acceptable one is just Simon de Montfort.

But let's use the question to answer it.

The leader of the rebel barons was Simon de Montfort.

Question four.

Which groups of people make up parliament? The acceptable answer, barons, bishops, knights, and townsmen.

So you just list them.

You could have been incredibly cheeky and looked back at your recap question, that we did and the sentence and borrowed some of that.

So good answer is going to give a bit more detail.

So this is what I put down.

The groups of people who made up Parliament were the barons, bishops, knights and townsmen.

There would be two knights from each shire in England, and two townsmen from each town.

This gave ordinary people a say in how to rule England for the first time.

It started to reduce the power that the barons had over the king.

Now, you may not have written exactly the same as me for those answers, but as long as you've attempted a full sentence and used keywords from the question, I know you will have got them right so well done for working really, really hard.

So let's go onto this why question? Why was Simon unable to keep power? Well, an acceptable answer to be fair, it's not that great would be he upset the barons.

But, we need to develop that.

We need to add some explanation as well.

So I've turned around and said again, remember, you may not have written the same thing but that doesn't matter.

Simon made many of the same mistakes Henry had made.

So I'm comparing in this way, Henry and Simon straight away.

Simon gave jobs to his family and friends instead of leading barons.

He also created Parliament.

So I've given two bits of detail for you.

This meant that the barons were now being questioned by the knight and ordinary townsmen so you've got bits of explanation.

And I'm now developing it even more by saying this threatened to reduce the power of the barons.

This pushed many barons into supporting Henry's son, Edward.

These barons with Edward defeated and killed Simon de Montfort.

So there's a lot more of an answer there.

And you've got almost like a cause and consequence.

The cause of Simon being unable to keep power and the consequence right at the end that he's defeated and killed.

So you may have attempted the extension question, but if you haven't, we're going to have a go through this first.

So the question is, how did Parliament limit the power of the kings? I've given you some sentence starters.

Parliaments limited the power of the kings by.

This can be shown by, which allows you to show detail.

This meant that, or you could use because to help explain.

Therefore, parliaments limited the power of the kings because, so you have a concluding sentence.

And I've given you a key words as usual.

This time though, I'm not going to plan the answer with you.

I'm going to ask you to write a paragraph using those sentences and everything that we've looked at during this presentation and on your slides from the earlier work.

And then I'm going to give you a model paragraph.

So pause the video for about three, four minutes until you write your paragraph.

So pause the video now.

Well done! I know that that has really tested you but despite thinking really, really hard and knowing that's a tough question, I know you've done it.

So here is what I created.

Please remember you may not have written the same thing, but if you've got the same ideas, then you will be correct and really well done for having a go at it.

I turned round and wrote, Parliament limited the power of kings by allowing more people a say in how England was ruled.

This meant that the King of England now had to rule with the support.

Now that's in bold and underlined 'cause it's one of the keywords I gave you, of the barons, bishops, knights, and townsmen.

So I've already used some of my key words that I've asked you to use.

Parliament would help the King make and set taxes.

Now I've used all of my key words.

It was the ordinary people and the barons who would pay these taxes, so they may want something in return for paying them.

This meant that the king would need to overcome these problems through talking with these groups.

Therefore parliament limited the power of kings because the king had to gain the support of more people in order to rule effectively.

So if you need to, pause the video, think about your paragraph.

Think about what you've just seen.

You may not have written it yet.

You may have gone straight to this model paragraph.

Please don't copy it out, but look at how it's been structured.

Look at how the keywords have been used.

And if you need to pause the video again and just have a reflection on what is written.

Okay, I'm going to put on the slide that contains the question and the statements for you to have a go at if you haven't done so already.

Here you go.

So if you haven't or you wish to redo your answer based on the paragraph that you've just seen, then please pause the video now.

You know what, I'm so impressed by you redoing your answer based on the model paragraph.

It's fantastic that you looked at your work, you compared it to a model answer, and then you thought to yourself, how do I improve mine? And then you've actually gone and done it.

That's absolutely brilliant, well done.

So thank you for today.

If you wish to share your work, then please ask your parents, guardian, or carer to do so.

And I'd like to say a big well done to you for working incredibly hard today.

And I look forward to seeing you for lesson five of six, which is going to be about Edward the First.