Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton and I'll be your teacher today guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right.

Let's get started.

We will be thinking about our big inquiry question.

What stopped Edward I uniting all of Britain? This is the question we will use to investigate Edward I's Reign.

We know that Edward had a reputation as a fearsome warrior and a just ruler within England.

Edward believed he should rule all of Britain.

After the Welsh revolted against his rule, Edward finally conquered Wales in 1283.

An opportunity now presented itself in Scotsman.

By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to describe Edward I, first campaign in Scotland in 1296.

Before we begin, there are a few key words that we need to understand.

Showing allegiance is to be loyal to a lord or monarch.

To sack a settlement is to attack it with much destruction and steal things from it.

An oath of fealty is a formal promise to be loyal to a monarch.

Today's lesson is split into two parts.

The first part we will look at the Scottish succession crisis before moving on to Edward I, first campaign in Scotland.

Right.

Let's start with the Scottish succession crisis.

Edward, the first had reasserted authority over England after a civil war had divided the country.

He'd also conquered Wales after defeating resistance, but had shown he could be a heavy handed ruler.

Now turning to Scotland, Edward continued with his efforts to unite Britain under his rule.

However, Scotland had an experienced government and monarchy.

Since Edward had already conquered Wales, Edward's initial aim was to have the Scottish pay him homage.

When the heir to the Scottish throne Margaret the Maid of Norway died in 1290, there were multiple claimants to the throne.

To avoid a possible civil war, the Scots asked Edward I to help judge the best claimants.

Edward picked John Balliol.

He was a landowner in both England and Scotland.

Edward believed Balliol would follow his orders and bring Scotland more closely under his control.

In 1292 when Balliol became king of Scotland, he immediately paid homage to Edward for the entire kingdom, something which previously Scottish kings have never done.

Look at the illustration.

We can see the King of Scots, John Balliol on one knee paying homage to Edward I seated on the throne.

Edward had now become the overlord of Scotland.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Fill in the missing details to correctly complete this sentence.

The first is a person's name.

Pause the video, have a go and come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's check the answers.

In 1290, the Scots asked Edward I to help judge the best claimants for the Scottish throne.

Edward picked John Balliol, who accepted Edward as overlord of Scotland.

As their overlord Edward I expected the Scots to provide knights to assist him in fighting the French.

Military service was a requirement of the feudal system.

However, the Scots were angered by Edwards demands and his interference in Scottish justice.

This involved Scottish families who disagreed with the Scottish law taking their cases to English courts.

Angered by Edwards demands the Scots instead sided with the French king, beginning the relationship between France and Scotland known as the Auld Alliance.

Its existence was a deadly threat to England.

The anger caused by Edwards interference led to the Scots invading northern England.

In response, Edward invaded Scotland in 1296.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

Why did Scotland invade Northern England? Select two correct answers.

A, Edward interfered in Scottish justice.

B, Edward ordered Scottish Knights for military service.

C, Edward made an alliance between England and France.

Pause the video, select two correct answers and come right back.

Okay, good.

Welcome back.

Well done if you knew it was A, Edward interfered in Scottish justice and B, Edward ordered Scottish Knights for Military Service.

Okay, let's move on to task A.

Complete the following sentence starters.

And you can see I've given you three sentences that are incomplete and I want you to use your knowledge to complete those sentences.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's check the answers.

Now you could have completed the sentences in many different ways.

Have a look at the examples I have here.

Edward I first became overlord of Scotland after a succession crisis in 1290 caused the Scots to invite Edward to help judge the best claimant for the throne.

Edward picked John Balliol, who then recognised Edward as overlord of Scotland.

As overlord Edward I began interfering in Scottish justice by allowing Scottish cases to be heard in English courts.

Edward also ordered Scottish knights to assist him in fighting the French.

Angered by Edward's demands, the Scots began an alliance with France known as the Auld Alliance and invaded northern England.

Okay, great we've reached the halfway point of the lesson, so let's move on to the second part of the lesson, Edward I first first campaign in Scotland.

Edward had reason to think he could unite England and Scotland under his kingship.

Scotland's rulers swore allegiance to Edward.

Scottish Kings married English royalty, owned lands in England and participated in English parliaments.

Look at the drawing.

This shows King Alexander III of Scotland highlighted in green in parliaments with Edward I and the Welsh Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.

Scottish rulers did fight against English rulers, but they also fought for England, such as when the Earl of Carrick, the father of Robert the Bruce helped Edward in Wales.

There were many personal family connections between England and Scotland.

The heir of Scotland, Margaret, the Maid of Norway, was due to marry Edward I son, prince Edward, before she died.

And this raised the possibility of a United England and Scotland under one kingship.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

Why did Edward believe he could unite England and Scotland? Select three correct answers.

A, Scotland's rulers swore allegiance to Edward.

B, Scottish kings often married English royalty.

C, Edward owned lots of land in Scotland.

D, Scottish leaders fought for England.

Pause the video, select three correct answers, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was A, Scotland's rulers swore allegiance to Edward.

B, Scottish kings often married English royalty and D Scottish leaders fought for England.

Okay, let's continue.

By 1296, Edward was almost 60 years old and despite his long hair, having long since turned white still held his reputation for being a fearsome warrior.

Edward's first campaign in Scotland involved an army of 25,000 soldiers and 1000 knights, a larger army than the one used in Wales.

Once again, Edward's army included Scottish soldiers and the Earl of Carrick, the father of Robert the Bruce.

Edward wanted to demolish the Scottish rebellion and was brutal in warfare.

In March, 1296, Edward first laid siege to Berwick Castle and then sacked the town resulting in thousands of people being killed, many burning to death.

This was intended to act as a warning to the rest of the country.

However, the Scots responded by invading Northumbria in northern England.

In April, Edward's army went on to defeat the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar.

Strangely, Dunbar Castle was the home of the Earl of March who was fighting with the English, but his wife had decided to fight Edward's army.

If we look at the image, we can see the Earl of March's wife in Dunbar castle besieged by the English forces.

Nonetheless, Edward finally stormed a victory in Sterling where the Scottish army had fled before he had arrived.

John Balliol was captured, taken prisoner, and surrendered the kingdom of Scotland in July.

Edward had swiftly and ruthlessly conquered Scotland.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

How did Edward respond to the Scottish rebellion in 1296? A, he brutally sacked Berwick, killing thousands.

B, he brutally sacked Northumbria burning the castle.

C, he cooperated with the Scottish rebels.

Pause the video, have a think and come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done If you knew it was A, he brutally sacked Berwick, killing thousands.

Edward once again ruled over Scotland as overlord, and to prove his dominance, he removed an important symbol of the Scottish kingdom, the Stone of Destiny.

This stone had been used in the coronations of Scotland's kings for 400 years.

Edward took the stone to London where it was placed beneath the English coronation throne to symbolise English domination over Scotland.

Have a look at the photo.

We can see the actual Stone of Destiny beneath King Edwards chair.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

Fill in the two correct missing words.

And the hint here is that they rhyme.

Pause the video, have a think and come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and let's check those answers.

Edward removed the Stone of Destiny, which had been used in the coronations of Scotland's kings for 400 years.

Edward took the stone to London where it was placed beneath the English coronation throne, and we can see stone and throne is the rhyme referred to in the hint.

Edward Swift victory in Scotland added to his fearsome reputation as a warrior and conqueror.

However, Edward's rule over Scotland created resistance.

Many Scots began to feel anger towards Edward's rule.

Even those who had initially supported him, such as Robert the Bruce, the Earl of Carrick's son.

Edward had continued his demands for Scottish soldiers and taxes to assist him in fighting the French.

He ordered landowners in Scotland to swear an oath of fealty.

He used Scottish land and resources for himself and his supporters.

Scottish anger was building and would soon break out into open rebellion.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

True or false, Edward's rule created further resistance from the Scots.

Is that true or false? Pause video.

Have a think and come right back.

Okay.

Welcome back.

Yes, well done if you knew that was true.

Edward's rule did create further resistance from the Scots.

But let's dig a little bit deeper there.

Why is that true? I want you to justify your answer.

Is it because A, he ordered Scottish landowners to swear an oath of fealty and used Scottish land and resources for himself and his supporters.

Or B, he ordered the Scottish king to swear an oath of fealty and pay him homage as overlord.

Pause the video.

Have a think and come right back.

Okay, good and well done if you knew it was A, he ordered Scottish landowners to swear an oath of fealty and use Scottish land and resources for himself and his supporters.

Okay, let's move on to task B.

Starting with the earliest sort these events into time order.

And you can see I've given you four events.

Edward takes the Stone of Destiny.

Edward orders Scottish knights for military service.

The heir to the Scottish throne dies and Scotland begins the Auld Alliance.

So I want you to think carefully in the order that these events take place.

So I want 'em to go in time order.

So chronological order and you can place them into the boxes on the right hand side.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and come right back.

Okay, good.

Welcome back.

Let's check those answers.

So the first event on our list should be, the heir to the Scottish throne dies.

And then after that, Edward orders Scottish knights for Military Service.

And then this will cause Scotland to begin their Auld Alliance with the French.

And then this will eventually end up with Edward invading Scotland and taking the Stone of Destiny.

Okay, let's move on to the second part of task B.

Describe in one or two paragraphs, Edward I first campaign in Scotland in 1296.

In your answer, include as many of the following words as you can.

Swift, brutal, sacked, Stone of Destiny.

So I want you to take all the knowledge you've learned in today's lesson and apply that in your answer, and you can use these words to help you complete your answer.

Try to use as many of those words as you can.

So we have brutal, sacked, Stone of Destiny.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

So we could have answered this question in many different ways.

So have a look at the example I've given here, and you can compare it with what you have.

Edward I first was a fearsome warrior, and his first campaign in Scotland in 1296 was swift and brutal because he wanted to demolish the Scottish rebellion.

It involved a larger army than the one used in Wales and included Scottish soldiers and the Earl of Carrick, the father of Robert the Bruce.

Edward sacked the town of Berwick resulting in thousands of people being killed, many being burnt to death.

This was to act as a warning to the rest of the country.

John Balliol was captured and taken prisoner.

Then to prove his dominance Edward took the Stone of Destiny to London where it was placed beneath the English coronation throne.

Okay, excellent.

Let's summarise today's lesson on Edward I and Scotland.

In 1292, Edward became overlord of Scotland.

Many Scots resisted Edward's rule and invaded northern England.

Edward believed he could unite England and Scotland because many Scottish leaders cooperated with Edward.

Edward responded brutally to the Scottish rebellion and Edward's rule placed more demands on the Scots and created further resistance.

Okay, well done on a brilliant lesson.

Thank you for joining me for this fascinating story of Edward I and Scotland.

I will see you next time when we continue to investigate what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain.

See you in the next lesson.