Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton, and I'll be your teacher today guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right, let's get started.

Over the next few lessons, we will be thinking about our big inquiry question, "What stopped Edward I uniting all of Britain?" This is the question we will use to investigate Edward I's reign.

Edward I had the nickname Longshanks because he was so tall.

But he was also known to many as the Hammer of the Scots because of his ambitions to conquer Scotland.

He was a truly formidable king, both a warrior and a just ruler.

Edward believed he should rule all of Britain.

But this ambition was never realised.

So we are going to investigate what stopped Edward I uniting all of Britain.

So let's start at the beginning.

If Edward wishes to unite Britain, he must first unite England.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain how Edward I successfully united England.

Before we begin, there are a few key words that we need to understand.

Parliament, just, antisemitism, and knightly class.

Parliament, or talking meeting, is the group of political representatives who make laws, grant taxes, and advise the king.

Just, is when something or someone is fair or morally correct.

Antisemitism, is hate or cruel treatment directed at Jewish people.

And the knightly class, is the group of landholders beneath the barons.

This lesson has two parts.

In the first part, we will look at who was Edward I, and in the second part, we'll look at how did Edward I unite England.

Let's start with looking at who was Edward I.

Edward was a strong leader and skilled in warfare.

This was in contrast to Edward's father, Henry III.

Henry III was a weak king, and had spent the later years of his reign fighting a civil war against his barons.

Therefore, Edward's early adulthood was spent on the battlefield.

It was here where he'd outshone his father in warfare.

He was likened to a leopard, powerful and unpredictable.

Despite having Norman ancestry, Edward was named after the last Saxon King of England, Edward the Confessor.

Edward I was also known to his followers as Longshanks due to the length of his limbs.

At over 6 feet tall, he towered over those around him.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

True or false? People say Edward I was like a leopard.

Is that true or false? Pause the video, have a think, then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was true.

But why is that true? What I want you to do is justify your answer.

Is it true because he was powerful and unpredictable in warfare, or because he was sneaky and cunning in his actions? Pause the video, have a think, come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and well done if you knew it was A, because he was powerful and unpredictable in warfare.

Okay, let's continue the story.

Edward was on crusade with his wife, Eleanor of Castile when he learnt he had become King of England.

If we look at the image on the left, it's a mediaeval manuscript showing Edward and Eleanor of Castile.

Edward also wanted to recover the lands lost by his grandfather, King John.

If you have a look at the map on the left, we can see all the lands that King John lost.

The story goes that at his coronation, Edward removed his crown and said he would not wear it again until he had recovered the lands that had been lost by his grandfather or given away by his father.

Edward wanted an empire which stretched throughout England, Wales, Scotland, and France.

But before he could build a united empire, Edward needed a united England.

Edward I wanted to unite England after it had been divided by a civil war between the king and his barons.

This war happened during his father's reign.

The image shows Edward's father, Henry III, fighting his barons.

The war was caused by a struggle over how much power the king should share with parliaments.

Edward believed he could unite England by showing he was willing to rule with parliament and be a just ruler.

This would prove Edward was a fair ruler of his people.

This could help unite him and his people.

The image shows Edward I holding discussions with bishops and attendants.

And we can imagine Edward listening to his advisors and showing his willingness to work with his people.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Why did Edward need to unite England after his father's reign? Is it A, because there had been a civil war between Henry III and his barons, B, because there had been a conflict between Henry III and the church, C, because there had been a war between Henry III and Prince Edward? Pause the video, have a think, then come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew it was A, because there had been a civil war between Henry III and his barons.

Okay, let's have another check.

How did Edwards show his people he was a just ruler? Was it A, by conquering the barons, B, by ignoring local justice, C, by sharing power with parliaments? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

Yes, well done If you knew it was C, by sharing power with parliaments.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to Task A.

What I want you to do is use the words below to complete the text correctly.

And you can see I've given you five words to use, and you can use those words to complete the text below.

Have a go at that task and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Okay, let's check your answers.

"Edward's early adulthood was spent on the battlefield and he was a skilled warrior.

Being tall meant he became known as Longshanks.

He had equally high ambitions and wanted to recover the lands given away by his father.

However, England had recently recovered from a civil war caused by a struggle over how much power the king should share with his people.

Edward believed he could unite England by showing he was a just king who was willing to rule with parliament." Okay, great.

We've now reached the second part of the lesson.

How did Edward I unite England? Edward I showed he could be a just ruler and called a Model Parliament in 1295.

In fact, before this, Edward had already shown he could be a fair and just ruler to his people.

Edward called parliament regularly throughout his reign, usually at least twice a year.

And this was at a time when the rules surrounding who should attend parliament and when had not yet been decided.

When Edward wished to raise a tax, members from the knightly class and the barons were invited to parliament.

And when Edward simply wished to ask for advice, he often only invited the leading barons.

Look at the image.

It shows a drawing of Edward I in parliament.

We can see Edward is seated on his throne at the top centre.

We can imagine how proud he is to be ruling with his parliament.

In 1274, Edward ordered a review of local justice, which had become a problem during his father's reign.

Edward encouraged people from the knightly class to bring petitions listing their complaints.

These were like written complaints of injustice.

So he encouraged them to bring these to the parliament, which they did for the first time in 1278.

However, the parliament of 1295 has been identified by historians as particularly important.

Two knights were invited from each shire.

A shire is a county.

So two knights were invited from each shire to represent their communities.

They were given new powers to enforce and put into practise any new laws which the parliament passed.

Edward stated, "What touches all should be approved by all," meaning that laws that affect a lot of people should be voted on by the people they're going to affect.

This 1295 meeting has become known as the Model Parliament, because it became the example way of doing parliament going forward.

Edward had shared his power, and he now needed to bargain with parliament for them to agree to grant any major tax.

It could and frequently did withhold money unless the king agreed to pass new laws and address any complaints.

This established a pattern of deal-making, which represented a major change in the authority and the power of the monarch.

The king accepted he should rule with this newly expanded and powerful parliament.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

What I want you to do here is fill in the missing word.

Pause the video, have a go, come right back.

Okay, great.

And welcome back.

Yes, well done if you knew it was, "In 1295, Edward called a meeting which has become known as the Model Parliament because it became the example way of doing parliament going forward." Parliament persuaded Edward I to expel Jewish people from England.

In 1275, parliament passed a law which meant Jewish people were no longer allowed to lend money.

Before this, one of the few jobs Jewish people had been allowed to do in England was lend money to other people.

In 1290, parliament agreed to grant a tax only if Edward would agree to expel all Jewish people from England.

Jewish communities often provided a lot of money for the king, as he could borrow from Jewish money lenders and make them pay high taxes.

However, Jewish people were often the targets of hateful and vicious attacks from neighbours, and antisemitism had become common.

We can see an example of this in the image.

It shows the persecution of Jewish people.

A man is holding a club threatening Jewish people with it.

Edward agreed to the demands of parliament, and the 1290 Edict of Expulsion ordered all Jewish people to leave England.

This particular case shows that handing more power to parliament did not necessarily mean more justice for all.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

Fill in the two missing words.

Pause the video, have a go, come right back.

Okay, welcome back, and well done if you knew these were the correct answers.

"In 1275, parliament passed a law which meant Jewish people were no longer allowed to lend money.

These people were often the targets of hateful attacks from neighbours and antisemitism had become common." Edward I was the first mediaeval king not to be faced with a civil war.

In fact, Edward only faced one serious challenge from his barons in 1297.

They were struggling to pay the heavy taxes, which the king needed to fight his foreign wars.

But by using parliament as a place for discussion, the barons and the king were able to reach a compromise in 1298 and avoid conflict.

Though taxes were high, Edward's skillful use of his parliament allowed him to maintain the loyalty of the barons and the knightly class throughout his reign.

Edward had united England and therefore was the first mediaeval king not to be faced with a civil war.

Now Edward had the support of parliament in raising taxes.

He could launch campaigns to build his empire.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What first did Edward achieve after maintaining unity in England? Was it A, he was the first mediaeval king not to face a civil war, B, he was the first mediaeval king not to fight in a war, C, he was the first mediaeval king not to go on crusade? Pause the video, have a go.

Okay, welcome back, and well done if you knew it was A, he was the first mediaeval king not to face a civil war.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to Task B.

Complete the following sentence starters.

And you can see I've given you five incomplete sentences, and I want you to use all of your knowledge from the lesson to complete those.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

Let's check those answers.

Now, there's many ways you could have answered these sentences or completed these sentences.

So check what you have against my example sentences here.

So for the first one, "During each year, Edward called parliament regularly, usually at least twice a year." Let's look at the second sentence now.

"Edward dealt with complaints of local injustice by encouraging people from the knightly class to bring petitions listing their complaints to parliament." Thirdly, "Jewish people were often the targets of hateful attacks from neighbours, and antisemitism had become common." Okay, let's move on to the fourth sentence.

"The 1295 meeting was known as the 'Model Parliament' because two knights were invited from each county becoming the example way of doing parliament going forward." "Edward established a pattern of deal-making with parliaments which involved the king addressing any complaints in return for the granting of new taxes." Okay, let's move on to the second part of Task B.

Explain in one or two paragraphs how Edward I successfully united England.

In your answer include as many of the following words as you can, just, parliament, knightly class, and loyalty.

So gather all the information, all the knowledge that you have from this lesson and write a paragraph or two about how Edward I successfully united England.

And you've got those words there to act as prompts to help you.

So try to include as many of those words as you can.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

Now, there's many ways you could have answered this question, so check your answers with the example paragraphs that I have here.

"Edward I successfully united England by showing he could be a just ruler.

He had inherited a country which had recently recovered from a civil war caused by a power struggle between the king and parliament.

Edward proved he was a just king by ruling more with parliament.

For example, he encouraged the knightly class to have more of a say in the ruling of the country through the use of petitions and the Model Parliament.

By using parliament, Edward maintained the loyalty of the barons and knightly class throughout his reign.

Edward had united England and was the first mediaeval king not to be faced with a civil war." Okay, great.

We've reached the end of the lesson.

So let's summarise "Edward I: Warrior and just ruler." Edward I was a strong leader and skilled in warfare.

Edward I wanted to unite England after it had been divided by a civil war between the king and his barons.

Edward I showed he could be a just ruler and called a Model Parliament in 1295.

Parliament persuaded Edward I to expel Jewish people from England.

And finally, Edward I was the first mediaeval king not to be faced with a civil war.

Well done on a brilliant lesson, and thank you for joining me for the beginning of our story of Edward I.

I hope you have learned a lot in this lesson, and I will see you next time when we continue our inquiry into what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain.

See you in the next lesson.