Hello, welcome to history here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton and I'm looking forward to teaching this lesson today.

So I'm here to guide you right to the end of the lesson.

Right, let's get started.

So we've been thinking about our big inquiry question, what stopped Edward I uniting all of Britain? We've seen how Edward united England after a civil war had divided the country.

He had shown he could use parliament and be a just ruler.

But Edward also had ambitions to rule all of Britain.

He conquered Wales and became overlord of Scotland after a succession crisis.

Edward had also shown he could be a heavy-handed ruler and he could be brutal in warfare.

This often provoked resistance to his rule.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain.

Before we begin, let's have a look at this keyword, brutality.

Brutality is behaviour that is very cruel or violent.

So today's lesson is split up into three parts.

First we will look at Edward's success as a warrior and see if that helped him in his quest to unite Britain.

Then we will look at his success as a ruler and see if perhaps that was a challenge to his unification of Britain.

And then finally we will tackle that question, what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain? Right, let's get started with the first part of the lesson, success as a warrior.

Edward I was a strong leader and skilled in warfare.

He was likened to a leopard, powerful and unpredictable.

He had many victories on the battlefield.

Edward had ambitions for an empire which stretched throughout England, Wales, Scotland, and France.

He was particularly determined to unite all of Britain under his kingship.

But what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain? Okay, let's pause here and think about the context in which Edward was operating in.

What I want you to do here is consider what you already know about Edward I's reign.

I would discussed these questions with a partner, or if you're working independently, tell me your thoughts.

What I want you to think about is, what's the mediaeval period a violent period? Why would it be important for a mediaeval king to be skillful in battle? And how did Edward I's reputation as a successful warrior help him in uniting Britain under his rule? Pause the video, consider those points, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Now, you could have discussed many things or thought about many aspects, but your discussions may have included the following.

Let's have a look what I've got here.

So for the first question, was the mediaeval period a violent period? You could have said something like, yes, Edward fought battles in Wales, Scotland, and in France, and that perhaps could tell you something about the mediaeval period, that there was many battles and is often described as being quite a violent period of history.

For point number two, why would it be important for a mediaeval king to be skillful in battle? Well, given this is a violent period, this would've showed people that a king could lead his armies to victory.

Could have also showed people that the king could defend the country.

So it's very important for a mediaeval king to be able to be skillful in battle, to be victorious, to gain more power and to be seen as a successful king in what was quite a violent and dangerous period of history.

So let's have a look at the final question here.

How did Edward I's reputation as a successful warrior help him in uniting Britain under his rule? So you may have said something like, defeating the Welsh princes meant that Edward conquered Wales and brought it under his rule.

And you could have also said, military conquests meant Edward could make himself overlord over much of Scotland.

Okay, great.

Let's move on to the first part of Task A.

What I want you to do is, using crosses, plot a graph on Edward I's significant battles and wars.

Decide where on the vertical axis they should go.

Success in war equals a higher placement on the vertical axis.

Failure in war equals a lower placement.

And if you have a look on the left, you can see I've done the first one for you.

We've got the Purple Cross for an event in 1277, but I've placed it high up the vertical axis, as I believe that to be a success in war.

Once you have plotted the events, join them with a line.

Then you will have a completed graph which we can use to analyse Edward's success as a warrior.

So, here are those events that I want you to plot on the graph.

These are Edward I's significant battles and wars.

So you can see the first event here is 1277, Llywelyn surrenders to Edward's first Welsh campaign.

Then we go forward a few years to 1282, which is the Welsh revolt.

Then onto 1283, Edward conquers Wales.

Then we flash forwards a few more years again to 1296, the first Scottish campaign, including Berwick, Dunbar, and Stirling.

Then 1297, the Scots defeats the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

Then 1298, Edward defeats the Scots at the Battle of Falkirk.

1304, Edward secures victory in Scotland.

And 1307, Edward dies on his way to fight Bruce's rebellion.

So now you have your events, what I want you to do is pause the video, plot those events on your graph, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

Now, you could have plotted your crosses slightly differently on your own graph, but compare your graph with what I have here.

So you can see I started with 1277, Llywelyn surrenders to Edward's first Welsh campaign.

So clearly this is a success for Edward, so I've placed it high up on the success axis there.

However, in 1282, the ap Gruffudd brothers and other Welsh leaders will start to revolt, and clearly Edward has now lost control of Wales.

So this means I've placed a cross slightly lower down the success/failure axis there.

However, Edward quickly responds in 1283 and he goes onto conquer Wales, so I've placed a cross higher up.

Then we flash forward many years to 1296, which was the first Scottish campaign.

So this was after Edward had been acting as a feudal overlord over Scotland.

However, his overlordship had caused resistance in Scotland, who had now started an alliance with France known as the Auld Alliance, and Scotland invaded Northern England.

This provoked Edward to respond with the first campaign in 1296.

Edward's response was decisive.

He aimed to demolish the Scottish resistance and he sacked the town of Berwick, for example.

And this first campaign was successful, so I've left the cross high up on the graph there.

One year later in 1297, the Scots defeat the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

So clearly this was not a success for Edward, so I've placed the cross low down on the graph.

In 1298, Edward defeats the Scots at the Battle of Falkirk.

Clearly Edward was unhappy after the loss that took place at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, so he comes back a year later in 1298 and defeats the Scots at the Battle of Falkirk.

So again, I've placed the cross higher up the graph to signify that.

Then the war carries on for some years, so we can now move forward to 1304 when Edward secures victory in Scotland.

And this is effectively after Edward is willing and able to pour huge resources into the war, which result in him eventually securing victory in 1304.

So at this point, Edward believes he has conquered Scotland, so I've placed the cross high up on the graph there.

However, in 1307, Edward dies on his way to fight Bruce's rebellion.

So clearly he had not conquered Scotland.

Scottish resistance had continued under Robert the Bruce and Edward is unable to put down this rebellion as he dies.

So I've placed the cross way down the graph.

Okay, great.

So hopefully you've got a lovely graph in front of you, and this gives you a great visual to understand Edward's success in war and a visual reminder of the ups and downs of Edward's reign in his attempts to conquer Wales and Scotland.

Okay, let's move on to the second and third part of Task A.

So in question two, in 1297, the Scots, led by William Wallace, defeated the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

However, Edward was in France at this time.

What does this suggest about Edward I's personal importance to his success in war? Once you've answered that question, move on to the third part.

Using your graph to help you, what do you think it shows about how successful Edward was in uniting all of Britain under his rule? Explain your answer fully using examples from the graph.

Consider using these words in your answer: military force and rebellions.

So I'm hoping these two questions will provoke you to think about that work we did in the graph to think about Edward as a warrior trying to win these battles, trying to conquer Wales and Scotland so that he could unify Britain under his kingship.

Pause the video, have a go at those tasks, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

Now, there are many ways you could have answered this question, but let's just remind ourselves.

So in 1297, the Scots, led by William Wallace, defeated the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, but Edward was not there.

So what does this suggest about Edward I personally being there to his success in war? Compare your answer with what I have here.

So it suggests that Edward was successful when he was personally leading his army against the Scots.

The Battle of Stirling Bridge was the only battle in which Edward was not involved as he was fighting a war in France.

The only time he was unsuccessful was when he was absent from the battlefield or he had left the country.

Okay, for the third part of the task, I want you to use your graph to help you think about Edward's success and failures in his attempt to unite all of Britain under his rule.

Again, you could have answered this question in many different ways.

Compare what you have with what I have here.

The graph tells me that Edward was often successful in uniting Britain under his rule when he used military force.

He successfully invaded Wales in 1277 and 1283 and won major victories over the Scots in 1296, 1298, and 1304.

By that date, he had successfully united England, Wales, and Scotland under his kingship through war.

However, he faced a rebellion in Wales in 1282 and, in Scotland, he died before he was able to put down Robert the Bruce's rebellion in 1307.

This suggests that by the end of his reign, he was not fully successful in uniting all of Britain under his rule.

Okay, excellent.

We've now reached the second part of the lesson.

We've understood Edward's relative success as a warrior.

Now let's look at his success as a ruler.

Edward was often a successful warrior and had military success in both Wales and Scotland.

However, he still faced rebellions that he had to crush.

Was his failure to unite Britain because of how he ruled? This illustration of Edward I on the left shows him as a ruler rather than a warrior.

The sword represents justice.

Okay, let's think about Edward I's successes as a ruler.

Many considered him to be a just ruler.

In 1274, Edward had initiated a review of local English justice.

This was addressing issues from his father's reign.

Many also welcomed English common law being extended to Wales.

And after 1304, Edward softened his rule in Scotland by maintaining Scottish law and appointing Scottish sheriffs.

We can also think about the Model Parliament.

In 1295, Edward introduced the Model Parliament, and this empowered knights and barons, who could attend parliaments from the regions across England, enabling them to have a say in the rule of the country.

Edward had also shown that he was willing to work with parliament.

This showed his willingness to rule fairly and justly and thereby uniting all of England.

We can also view Edward's castle building as an example of him being a successful ruler.

Edward built technologically advanced castles in Wales, which acted as hubs from which he could assert English control and law.

Another example of Edward trying to successfully rule over Wales was the Prince of Wales title that he gave to his son.

In 1301, his son was born in Wales, was given the title Prince of Wales, and this symbolised Edward successfully dominating Wales.

We also know that Edward maintained overlordship over Scotland.

In 1292, he became overlord of Scotland by influencing the selection of John Balliol as king.

This gave Edward great influence over Scotland.

And finally, Edward effectively cooperated with other leaders.

For example, there were many personal family connections between England and Scotland, England and Wales.

The Welsh and the Scots also gave military assistance to England, often helping Edward's armies in campaigns in Wales and in Scotland.

Furthermore, Scottish kings often married English royalty and they would own vast lands in England, and this meant that they participated in English councils and parliaments.

This can be seen, from Edward's point of view, as him being a successful ruler, ruling fairly, cooperating with other leaders and trying to unify England, Scotland, and Wales under his kingship.

Okay, now we've thought about some of his successes as a ruler, let's now look at his failures as a ruler, and this will give us a more rounded picture of Edward as king and why his attempt to unite Britain may have failed.

Okay, the first one here, many have criticised Edward's treatment of Jewish people.

In 1290, Edward agreed to expel Jewish people from England, and this reflected the antisemitism of the time and it showed Edward and parliament to be unjust.

Edward heavily taxed the barons.

In 1297, he imposed heavy taxes on the barons, and this was to fund his foreign wars and this led to unrest in England and challenged his rule there.

And we have castle building here.

Castle building can also be seen as a failure as well as a success.

So the reason it might be seen as a failure was that castles in Wales caused resentment among Welsh people.

They became symbols of domination, of English rule and control and interference in their land.

We can also think about Edward interfering in justice.

He really did act to the full extent of his feudal overlord status, interfering in Scottish justice, allowing Scots to try their cases in English courts rather than Scottish courts, and this sort of led to a buildup of resentment and resistance in Scotland.

It can also be argued that Edward provoked the Auld Alliance, that alliance between Scotland and France.

Edward's demands for Scottish knights as feudal overlord provoked resentment in Scotland, who were then pushed towards France to create this alliance.

Edward, of course, found this alliance very threatening and would soon invade Scotland.

And the final point to think about in Edward's failures as a ruler is his brutal tactics.

Edward brutally punished those that stood against him.

He treated opponents not as honourable enemies, but as rebels whom he had to put to death as traitors, infamously hanging, drawing, and quartering them.

He sacked and burned towns, he became known as the Hammer of the Scots, and these brutal tactics fostered stronger resistance and unity among Welsh or Scottish leaders.

Okay, let's stop for a check for understanding.

True or false, as ruler Edward did not cooperate with leaders in Wales or Scotland.

Is that true or false? Pause the video, have a think, and come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Yes, well done if you knew that was false, but why is that false? I want you to justify your answer.

Is it because A, Welsh rivals of Llywelyn and the Scottish Earl of Carrick fought in Edward's army, or B, when he was in France, Edward sent the Earl of Surrey to fight Wallace? Pause the video, have a think, and come right back.

Okay, welcome back and well done.

Yes, it was Welsh rivals of Llywelyn and the Scottish Earl of Carrick fought in Edward's army.

Let's have another check.

Which two of the following were attempts to impose English rule over Wales and Scotland? A, castle building, B, removing the Stone of Destiny, C, Scottish sheriffs.

Pause the video, choose your two correct answers, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

Yes, well done if you knew it was A, castle building, and B, removing the Stone of Destiny.

Okay, let's move on to Task B.

What I want you to do is provide examples to support each aspect of Edward's success and failures as a ruler.

And you can see I've provided you with the following aspects: he was a just ruler, he cooperated with other leaders, he used brutal tactics, he used castle building.

I want you to be able to add some further information, some further examples to back up those aspects.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and come right back.

Excellent, welcome back.

Now, you could have used many different examples to back up your aspects here, but compare your answer with what I have here.

So for the aspects that Edward was a just ruler, you could have said Edward often worked with parliament, extended English common law across Wales, and maintained Scottish law and appointed Scottish sheriffs.

Those are just a few examples of what you could have set for he was a just ruler.

Okay, let's move on to the next aspect, he cooperated with other leaders.

The Welsh and Scottish provided Edward with military assistance, Scottish kings often married English royalty and they owned vast lands in England, they also participated in English councils and parliaments.

Then we looked at Edward using brutal tactics, and you could have said horrific executions, sacking of towns, Edward was known as the Hammer of the Scots.

And the final aspect, Edward used castle building.

And you could have said, castles in Wales caused resentment among Welsh people, they were symbols of dominating English rule.

Okay, that's great.

We've now reached the third and final part of the lesson, what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain? And this is where we can finally come to some kind of conclusions about this big inquiry question we've been investigating.

In 1307, Edward I died of dysentery at the age of 68 as he prepared another invasion of Scotland to put down Robert the Bruce's rebellion.

Edward was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Hammer of the Scots was on his tomb in later centuries.

By mediaeval standards, Edward can be viewed as a just ruler, but even then his brutality stood out.

Edward came close to securing a united Britain.

If he had only relaxed his iron grip, a union of England and Scotland may have developed.

This could have avoided years of brutal warfare and destruction.

The more Edward used his hammer, the more the Scottish resisted.

As you will remember, Wales was divided between the Welsh princes.

If you take a look at the map on the left, you can see that Wales is divided amongst its princes.

However, Scotland had an experienced government and monarchy.

What all this may have meant was that it made it harder for Wales and easier for Scotland to unite against Edward's campaigns to unite all of Britain under his rule.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

Why was Scottish resistance to Edward I more successful than Welsh resistance? Pick one.

Was it A, Edward's brutality was more severe in Wales than Scotland, B, Scottish leaders were more united in resistance, C, resistance in Wales did not have a leader? Pause the video, have a think, and come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Well done if you knew it was B, Scottish leaders were more united in their resistance.

Okay, let's move on to the final task, Task C.

This is where we can address our big inquiry question, what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain? Discuss or explain your answer in writing.

And to help you to do that, I want you to include as many of the following examples as you can.

Maybe mention something about Edward's brutality, perhaps use the word sacked, or hanged, drawn, and quartered, resistance, Scottish and Welsh unity, and Hammer of the Scots.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and come right back.

Okay, great.

Well done for having a go at that task.

Again, you could have answered that question in multiple ways.

Compare what you have with the answers that I have here.

You might have said or written, Edward's brutality stopped him from uniting Britain.

He executed Welsh and Scottish rebels not as honourable enemies, but as traitors deserving to be hanged, drawn, and quartered.

He sack towns and took hostages.

This brutality led to stronger resistance and more anti-English unity amongst the Welsh and Scottish people.

You might have also said or written, Edward I failed to unite all of Britain because Scotland had an experienced government and monarchy.

Despite securing overlordship of Scotland and Wales with successful warfare and castle building, Scottish unity enabled a strong resistance against the Hammer of the Scots.

Ultimately, Edward died before he could put down Robert the Bruce's rebellion.

Don't worry if that doesn't sound too close to the answer that you may have.

Like I said, there are many ways to answer this question.

I mean, you may have even thought about stating that it was actually Edward I's death that stopped him unifying Britain.

You may have written something like that if he had had longer, he could have caused unification, but it was ultimately his death which stopped him from doing this.

Like I said, there's many ways that you could answer this question, and hopefully this task has made you think about those reasons.

Okay, let's summarise today's lesson, Edward I's failure to unite all of Britain.

Edward I was often successful in uniting Britain under his rule when he used military force and cooperated with local leadership in Wales and Scotland.

However, he faced rebellion in Wales and Scotland due to his brutal tactics and heavy-handed rule.

The success of Scottish and Welsh resistance was affected by how united people were in resisting Edward.

Well done on a brilliant lesson.

We've reached the end of today's lesson.

Thank you for joining me for this fascinating story about the formidable reign of Edward I.

I really hope this has sparked your curiosity in the mediaeval period, perhaps mediaeval kingship and mediaeval battles! Hopefully I will see you in the next unit.

See you next time.