Hello, welcome to History, here at Oak National Academy.

My name's Mr. Newton, and I'll be your teacher today guiding you through the entire lesson.

Right, let's get started.

We will be thinking about our big inquiry question, what stopped Edward I uniting all of Britain? This is the question we will use to investigate Edward I's reign.

We know that Edward believed he should rule all of Britain, that he had a reputation as a fearsome warrior, and had united England after a difficult civil war.

He has also launched his first campaign in Wales, where he defeated Prince Llywelyn.

However, there was about to be a Welsh revolt.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain how Edward I conquered and ruled Wales.

Before we begin, there are a few key words we need to understand.

Firstly, being heavy handed is using too much force in dealing with someone.

Treason is to betray one's country, government, or leader.

A vassal is someone below someone else in the feudal system.

Being hanged, drawn and quartered is an execution where the person was hanged until nearly dead, cut down, disempowered, and cut into pieces.

To dominate is to have control over a place or person.

Today's lesson is splits into three parts.

Firstly, we'll look at the Welsh revolt, then we will look at Edward I's conquest of Wales, and then finally we will look at Edward I's rule of Wales.

So let's start with the first part of the lesson, the Welsh revolts.

The different Welsh kingdoms shared a common language and customs which were distinct from England's.

However, Edward had reason to think he could unite England and Wales under his kingship as there were many personal family connections between England and Wales.

For example, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was a distant cousin of Edward I.

We can see Edward I and Llywelyn sitting next to each other in the image.

Edward is in the centre and Llywelyn to the right.

Llywelyn had also married Edward's cousin, Eleanor de Montfort, and Edward paid for the wedding, once again showing the personal family connections between England and Wales.

Many Welsh princes and Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd cooperated with the English against the Welsh in 1277.

Edward's army also included 9,000 Welsh soldiers.

Therefore, this is why Edward may have had reason to think he could unite England and Wales under his kingship.

However, Edward faced resistance as Llywelyn had felt humiliated after being forced to pay homage.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Why did Edward believe he could unite England and Wales under his kingship? Select three correct answers.

Was it A, Edward's army included 9,000 Welsh soldiers, B, England and Wales shared a common language, C, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was a distant cousin of Edward I, or D, many Welsh princes cooperated with the English? So pause the video, select your three correct answers and come right back.

Okay, good.

Welcome back <v ->And well done if you knew that it was A,</v> Edward's army included 9,000 Welsh soldiers, C, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was a distant cousin of Edward I, and D, many Welsh princes cooperated with the English.

Okay, let's continue the story.

After the events of 1277, Edward built castles which surrounded Llywelyn and Dafydd's lands, a constant reminder of English control.

These castles were centres of royal power, which enforced English law on the Welsh people.

Have a look at the map.

The purple bit represents Llywelyn and Dafydd's lands.

We can see Edward's castles surrounding Llywelyn and Dafydd's lands near Gwynedd.

The brothers suspected that Edward was getting ready to conquer the rest of their lands.

Tensions were also building across Wales because Edward's English officials were acting in a heavy-handed way.

Many Welsh people were arrested without reason and some marcher lords murdered Welshman without being punished.

These treatments enabled some of the Welsh from the different kingdoms to put aside their differences and come together behind a common Welsh identity.

Many agreed that their common enemy was their English rulers.

The uniting of some of the Welsh kingdoms meant that a revolt would be more widely supported.

This revolt would start at the royal castle at Hawarden, which you can see I've now highlighted on the map.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Select three examples of English rule which caused the Welsh to revolt.

A, Edward built castles which were a constant reminder of English control, B, Edward enforced English law on the Welsh people, C, English officials acted in a heavy-handed way, D, marcher lords were being punished? Pause the video, select your three examples, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

And well done If you knew that these were the correct examples.

It was A, Edward building castles, which were a constant reminder of English control, B, Edward enforced English law on the Welsh people, and C, English officials acted in a heavy-handed way.

During Easter 1282, the revolt started with Dafydd attacking the royal castle at Hawarden.

The revolt quickly spread across Wales with Llywelyn and other Welsh leaders joining in.

Okay, great, so we've now reached Task A.

What I want you to do is complete the following sentence starters, and you can see I've given you two sentence starters.

So the first one is stating, Edward believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship because (pauses).

So we're now looking for a reason for why Edward believed he could unite England and Wales.

The second sentence starter is slightly different.

Edward believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship, but (pauses).

So we're now looking at reasons which could hinder him from uniting England and Wales.

So have a go, complete both of those sentences, one providing a reason for why Edward can unite England and Wales and one looking for a reason which could hold him back.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and come right back.

Okay, good.

Welcome back.

Now you could have answered those sentences in many different ways, so check your answers with the ones I have here.

Edward I believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship because there were many personal family connections between England and Wales.

And the second example I have here, Edward I believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship, but the Welsh resisted Edward's rule because English officials acted in a heavy-handed way and Edward built castles which were a constant reminder of English control.

Okay, excellent.

Let's now move onto the second part of the lesson, Edward I's conquest of Wales.

So, seeing that the revolt had spread across Wales, Edward decided to launch a war of conquest.

Instead of ruling through vassals as an overlord, he wanted direct control over Wales to be the King of Wales.

Edward's army was joined by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and the Scottish Earl of Carrick, the father of Robert the Bruce.

And I'll now place those armies.

We've got the red English army there on the map, followed by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies, and finally, the Scottish Earl of Carrick.

At the start of the war, Edward's armies experience defeats across Wales.

Then the war turned in Edward's favour.

Edward's huge army began burning towns and villages and taking hostages.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

What did Edward I decide to do after Dafydd and other Welsh leaders revolted in Wales? Was it A, to rule through vassals as an overlord, B, to strengthen Llywelyn and other Welsh leaders, or C, to take direct control and to be the King of Wales? Pause the video, have a go and come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

And well done if you knew it was C, to take direct control and be the King of Wales.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

What I want you to do is match the two correct people or groups who joined Edward I's army.

And you can see, I've placed Edward I's army on the left, and I've given you four option choices to choose between.

Pause the video, choose your two correct people or groups, and then come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

And well done if you knew it was B, Llywelyn's Welsh enemies, and C, Scottish Earl of Carrick, which joined Edward the I's army.

Okay, let's continue the story.

In December of 1282, Llywelyn was defeated and killed at the Battle of Irfon Bridge.

And we can see in the image on the left, the exact moment that Llywelyn is captured.

Now, the soldier who killed Llywelyn did not recognise him.

If he had, he may have kept him alive to collect a ransom.

Instead, Llywelyn's head was chopped off and Edward had it placed on a spike at the Tower of London.

Seeing Edward's brutal war tactics and that the revolt was failing, many Welsh leaders began requesting peace with the King.

In January 1283, Dafydd was turned in by his own people.

He was charged with treason and hanged, drawn and quartered.

Dafydd was one of the first people to be executed by this horrific new method.

He was dragged by horses to the place of execution for betraying the King, as you can see in the image.

He was then hanged for murdering nobles.

At this point, while Dafydd was still alive, his bowels were cut out and burned for the sinful act of starting the war during Easter.

If we look at the image, we can see this part of the execution being carried out on a prisoner.

Finally, his body was cut into four for plotting the King's murder and the quarters were sent across the kingdom as a warning to others.

Dafydd's brutal execution marked the final defeat of the Welsh resistance.

Okay, let's check your understanding.

What's happened to Llywelyn after his defeat at the Battle of Irfon Bridge in December 1282? Was it A, he escaped and went into hiding in Hawarden, B, he was recognised by a soldier and held for a ransom, C, his head was chopped off and placed on a spike at the Tower of London? Pause the video, have a go, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done if you knew it was C, his head was chopped off and placed on a spike at the Tower of London.

Again, another warning to the rest of the country.

Okay, let's have another check.

What I want you to do is complete the sentence with the two correct keywords.

Pause the video, choose your correct keywords, and then come right back.

Okay, good.

Welcome back.

And well done if you knew that these were the correct keywords.

In January 1283, Dafydd was charged with treason and became one of the first people to be executed by a horrific new method, later known as being hanged, drawn and quartered.

Okay, excellent.

Let's move on to Task B.

I want you to explain in a paragraph how Edward I responded to the Welsh revolt of 1282.

To help you to do that, in your answer include as many of the following words as you can: conquest, vassals, hostages, treason, hanged, drawn and quartered.

So use as much knowledge as you can to write this paragraph and you've got those words and prompts to help you to complete your answer.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and then come right back.

Okay, good.

Welcome back.

Well done for having a go at that task.

Now, you could have answered this question in many different ways, but have a look at the example that I have here.

Edward I responded to the Welsh revolt of 1282 by launching a war of conquest.

He no longer wanted to rule through vassals as overlord, he wanted to be the King of Wales.

Edward's huge army was joined by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and the Scottish Earl of Carrick.

Edward was brutal in warfare and began burning towns and taking hostages.

The Welsh revolt was defeated and Llywelyn and Dafydd ap Gruffudd were both killed.

Llywelyn's head was chopped off and placed on a spike at the Tower of London.

Dafydd was charged with treason and was hanged, drawn and quartered.

Okay, great.

We've reached the final part of the lesson, Edward I's rule of Wales.

In order to secure his victory, Edward built castles around Wales.

They were built to terrify and dominate the local populations.

As you may remember with the Norman motte-and-bailey castles, they were also built to terrify and dominate the local populations.

Have a look at the map and watch how many of Edward's castles get built after 1283.

Edward's castles were built with the latest military technology and were much larger and more impressive than the motte-and-bailey castles.

Many consider the castle at Beaumaris in Anglesey to be a model example of defensive building.

We can see in the images how Beaumaris Castle is surrounded by a moats, round towers, and layers of curtain walls, which made it very difficult to attack.

Perhaps the most famous of Edward's castles was constructed in the centre of Gwynedd at Caernarfon.

Caernarfon Castle became the ultimate symbol of the English conquest of Wales.

It had two enormous gatehouses, a tower with three turrets, and two lines of defensive walls.

Many of the castles defended a nearby town, but no Welsh people were allowed to live in these towns.

Castles and their towns became places from where English officials could safely rule Wales.

Also, English common law was extended across Wales.

Some Welsh families from the knightly class welcomed this as they believed it would give them better access to justice and the ability to defend their rights.

However, others saw it as just another sign of an unwelcome English conquest.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

Why did Edward I build castles in Wales after 1282? Was it A, to protect the common Welsh identity and culture, B, to provide shelter and housing for the Welsh, C, to secure his conquest and dominate Wales? Pause the video, choose your answer, and come right back.

Welcome back, and well done if you knew it was C, to secure his conquest and dominate Wales, Edward continued to build castles after 1282.

Okay, let's continue.

Edward wanted his son and heir to be born in Wales, so the pregnant Queen Eleanor moved into Caernarfon Castle and gave birth to their son there in 1284.

He was also named Edward.

In 1301, Edward I's son was given the title Prince of Wales, a title which the heir to the throne still holds today.

This was a final sign of English dominance over Wales.

Okay, excellent.

Let's move on to the final task, Task C.

How would you describe Edward I's conquest and rule of Wales? Discuss.

Now, you can have this as a discussion with your partner, or you could write down your answer.

Pause the video, have a go at the task, and come right back.

Okay, great.

Welcome back.

Now, you could have talked about many things or written down many things, so have a look at the examples that I have here.

So your discussion may have included, "Edward's Conquest and rule of Wales was heavy-handed.

After the Welsh revolts, he used his huge army and castles to dominate Wales." Or you could have said, "Although some Welsh leaders had also cooperated, Edward's rule went too far.

He enforced English law and gave his son the title Prince of Wales." Okay, great.

Let's summarise today's lesson, Welsh Revolt and Edward I's conquest of Wales.

So Edward I believed he could unite England and Wales under his kingship.

Many Welsh revolted against English law and the heavy-handed rule being forced upon them.

Edward I launched a war of conquest assisted by Llywelyn's Welsh enemies and the Scottish Earl of Carrick.

The Welsh revolt was defeated and Llywelyn and Dafydd ap Gruffudd were both killed.

Edward I built castles to enforce the English conquest of Wales.

Okay, well done on a brilliant lesson.

Thank you for joining me for this fascinating story of Wales and Edward I.

I will see you next time and we continue to investigate what stopped Edward uniting all of Britain.

See you in the next lesson.