Hello, welcome to History here at Oak National Academy.

My name is Mr. Newton.

I've got an excellent lesson lined up today, and I'm basically here to guide you through the lesson, breaking down any tricky concepts we may encounter.

Right, let's get started.

Over the next few lessons, we will be thinking about our big inquiry question, Magna Carta, how did Magna Carta survive? This is the question we will use to investigate the story of the Charter's survival.

We have seen how King John's behaviour provoked the barons to rebel with a list of demands which became known as the Magna Carta.

This important document limited the powers of the king but it was quickly annulled, or abolished, by the Pope, which resulted in the First Barons' War.

King John died and his nine-year-old son became Henry III.

Henry's regents decided to reissue a moderate Magna Carta in 1216, and this was to get the rebellious barons on side.

This ensured the survival of Magna Carta as both royals and barons supported it.

But will Magna Carta survive as Henry III becomes an adult king? By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain how Henry III's leadership brought England to the verge of civil war.

Before we begin, there are a few key words we need to understand.

In this lesson, foreign nobles refer to the nobles who are perceived as belonging to France and not England.

Consensual is when there is a willing agreement of all the people involved, and no one is forced to do anything.

Nobility is the group of people who have a high rank in the feudal system.

And finally, in this lesson, native nobles refer to the nobles who were born in England.

This lesson is split into two parts.

Let's start with the first part, which is the 1225 Magna Carta.

In early 1225, Henry was 17 years old and the pressing question was, would Henry live by Magna Carta? The nine-year-old Henry III had reissued Magna Carta in 1216.

However, it was sealed by his regents rather than the young king himself.

So people wondered, what type of king would the older Henry be? Would he reissue Magna Carta with his own seal? Henry did agree to reissue Magna Carta in 1225.

So, how did this happen? Henry wanted to recover lands in France lost by his father, John.

Henry needed money and asked the barons to accept more taxation.

They agreed, but on the condition that Henry reissue Magna Carta.

Henry agreed to reissue Magna Carta in 1225 with his own seal, witnessed by the barons and the church.

It was very similar to the 1216 Charter.

It still left out the Radical Security Clause which placed the baron's power above the king, and it still contained the baron's core idea that nobody, not even the king, should be above the law.

The major difference to the 1225 Magna Carta was that it was a consensual agreement between the monarch, the church, and the barons.

It was sealed with a peaceful and knowing agreement between the king and his kingdom.

Have a look at the diagram.

It shows the king at the top and below the king, we can see the barons and the church.

In 1215, the barons forced John to seal Magna Carta.

In 1216, Henry was too young to seal it himself, but in 1225, he was in charge and acting for himself.

You can see I've now placed Magna Carta 1225 in the middle of the King, the Barons, and the Church.

The 1225 Magna Carta became the most accepted version because it tied together the monarch, the church, and the barons in a consensual agreement, an agreement which would benefit all freemen in the kingdom.

The 1230s were marked by a genuine attempt to rule England according to this agreement.

The ideas found within Magna Carta echoed down the centuries and changed the behaviour of all later English kings.

In fact, three clauses of the 1225 version of the Magna Carta are still part of England's laws today.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which one of these following correctly describes the 1225 Magna Carta? Is it A, it was a consensual agreement between the monarch, the barons, and the freemen? B, it was a consensual agreement between the monarch, the church, and the barons? Or C, it was a consensual agreement between the monarch, the pope, and freemen? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done if you knew it was B.

Yes, it was a consensual agreement between the monarch, the church, and the barons.

Okay, let's have a further check here.

Select the correct option below to complete the sentence underneath.

And you can see I've given you two options in purple which you can choose between to complete the sentence below.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done if you knew that this was the correct sentence.

In the 1230s, Henry III genuinely tried to rule England according to the Magna Carta agreement made in 1225.

Okay, we've now reached task A.

How would you persuade people that 1225 is the most accepted version of Magna Carta? Discuss.

Now, you can have this as a discussion, or perhaps you could think out loud or write down what you would say in a discussion.

You could even imagine how the other person would respond.

That's an important part of discussion or debate is understanding the other person's perspective or arguments.

If you can fully understand all sides of a debate or a discussion, this greatly improves your knowledge.

Pause the video and have a go at task A.

Okay, welcome back.

Glad you had a go at task A.

Now, many points could have been raised in this discussion, but hopefully, the following points were included.

So the first point that may have been made was that Henry III was not forced to seal Magna Carta in 1225.

And somebody might have responded or contributed to the discussion that it was a consensual agreement between the three most powerful groups in the land.

Okay, we've reached the second part of the lesson.

So, we have now seen how the 1225 Magna Carta was given an improved chance of survival, having been sealed through a consensual agreement between all those involved, including an older Henry III.

But Henry was still relatively young at 17 years old.

In the second part of the lesson, we will now learn about Henry's kingship as he gets older.

So, let's start Henry III's weak leadership and foreign nobles.

Henry III was a weak king who made naive and costly decisions.

As he became an adult he wanted to take personal control of his kingdom.

He wanted to be an all-powerful king like his grandfather Henry II, but Magna Carta had placed restrictions on his rule.

Henry also wanted to be a warrior king like his uncle Richard the Lionheart.

However, he didn't have great experience on the battlefield and was a weak military leader.

As a result, he made unrealistic plans to conquer the kingdom of Sicily, which landed England in huge debts.

Henry III was very religious and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey at great expense.

So yes, Henry was very religious and he was obsessed with the pious Edward the Confessor.

Pious is someone who is strongly religious.

Henry ordered the rebuilding of Edward's Westminster Abbey at great expense.

In the image, we can see Henry III giving orders to the builders of an abbey.

And here we can see the extravagant north entrance to Westminster Abbey.

Henry had a great respect for Christianity, and he wanted to show that he would respect the church, unlike his father, King John.

However, this building project would have been very expensive.

Henry had an extravagant, but kind of naive character.

He loved peace and luxury, but was often overgenerous and gullible.

He made grand decisions without thinking about the costs.

By the 1240s, Henry was in debt from his failed foreign wars and attempts to rebuild the family empire.

Like his father, Henry resorted to more taxation.

He turned to parliament for help, but they refused to grant him the taxes.

Henry tried to find money from other sources.

He used the courts and the legal systems to raise money without having to ask Parliament.

This angered the barons and the nobility in general who began to believe that Magna Carta had left too much unsaid.

Henry III found gaps in the charter where he could basically take advantage.

Okay, let's have another check for understanding.

Which personal characteristics caused problems for Henry III rule? Select two correct answers.

Was it A, he didn't like to spend too much money.

B, he often thought he was above the Christian faith.

C, he was a weak military leader.

D, he was extravagant and got into debts.

Select two correct answers, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done if you knew it was C and D.

He was a weak military leader and he was very extravagant, and got into huge debts.

Okay, let's have another check.

Why did some of the nobility believe that Magna Carta had left too much unsaid? Was it A, they believed the charter granted too many rights to the common people.

B, they thought the charter had gaps which the king could use to raise money for his reckless spending, or C, they thought the charter had limited the powers of the king too much.

Select your answer and come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

And yes, well done, if you knew that was B, they thought the charter had left gaps which the king took advantage of to raise money for his reckless spending.

Lets continue the story.

So, the Baron's concerns were further raised when Henry began inviting nobles from France and gave them money and important positions in leadership.

Henry introduced a number of foreign nobles to his courts.

These were people who had not been born in England.

He generously gave them land and privileges.

Henry married Eleanor of Provence in 1236, and invited many of her family from France to England, and gave them large amounts of land.

We can see in the image Henry III and Eleanor of Provence on a ship returning to England from France, and we can imagine her bringing many of her family from France with her.

Around 170 foreign nobles arrived in the country and became close to the king.

Henry also invited his four half-brothers from France.

All of them arrived in England on the promise of financial reward.

Henry was extremely generous and gave them money, and important positions in leadership.

One of them, Aymer de Valance, became Bishop of Winchester and the richest leader in the English Church.

Many native nobles and knights felt betrayed by this favouritism.

They felt that the positions, and lands which these foreign nobles had been granted should have come to them.

What made this worse was that the foreign nobles began building castles and collecting heavy taxes across the kingdom.

This caused anger as it felt like England was being taxed and ruled by the French.

Historians see this as an important moment because it marks a time when the nobility who had their ancestral roots in France had now come to identify themselves as English.

Whilst any newcomers from their ancestral homelands were now seen as foreigners.

By 1258, England was again on the verge of civil war.

Okay, let's have another check.

What I want you to do is complete the sentence using the correct keyword.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that this was the correct sentence.

Henry invited many foreign nobles and gave them land, and important positions in leadership.

Okay, let's have a go at this question.

Why did the foreign nobles anger the native nobles and knights? Select two correct answers.

Was it A, they felt the foreign nobles had no interest in ruling the kingdom? B, they felt the foreign nobles were being favoured with positions and land? C, the foreign nobles built castles and collected taxes across the kingdom? D, the foreign nobles built churches across England.

Pause the video, select your two correct answers, and then come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

And well done if you knew that was B and C.

Yes, they felt the foreign nobles were being favoured with positions and land.

And C, the foreign nobles actually went and built castles and collected taxes across the kingdom.

Okay, let's move on to task b.

So the first part of task b, what I want you to do is select the correct words from the ones below to complete the text underneath.

So, you can see I've given you a few words to fill in the blanks.

Pause the video, have a go at the task and come right back.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's read through the correct answer.

The arrival of foreign nobles caused anger because it felt like England was being taxed and ruled by the French.

Historians see this as an important moment because it marked a time when the native nobility, who had their ancestral roots in France, had now come to see themselves as English, whilst any newcomers from their ancestral homelands were now seen as foreigners.

Okay, let's move on to the second part of task b.

What I want you to do is explain in one or two paragraphs how Henry III's later kingship provoked anger.

In your answer, include as many of the following words as you can.

And you can see I've given you a list of words to try and include in your answer.

So your words are weak, foreign nobles, native nobles, and nobility.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Okay, welcome back.

Let's have a read through my answer.

Now, you may have answered this slightly differently, but hopefully you'll be able to compare my answer with your answer.

So, Henry III's later kingship was influenced by his weak and extravagant character, which meant he made decisions that eventually provoked anger.

Early in Henry's reign, after Magna Carta was consensually agreed in 1225, it was a peaceful period in which Henry tried to follow the promises of the Charter.

However, as Henry got older, he began to make decisions without thinking about the costs.

Henry was overly generous to foreign nobles, who he had invited from France, giving them money and important positions in leadership.

Some of these foreign nobles began building castles and collecting heavy taxes across the kingdom.

This angered the native nobles and knights, who felt the king favoured the foreign nobles above them.

This created a division amongst the nobility, native nobles versus foreign nobles, and led to civil war almost breaking out in England.

Okay, great, let's summarise the lesson.

Henry III and the Magna Carta of 1225.

The 1225 Magna Carta was a consensual agreement between the king, the church, and the barons.

Early in Henry's reign, Henry tried to follow the promises of Magna Carta.

Henry was a weak military leader and got into huge debts.

Henry invited many foreign nobles who had not been born in England and gave them land and important positions in leadership.

The native nobles were angered by the arrival of these foreign nobles and their castle building and tax collecting.

Well done on a brilliant lesson.

I hope you've learnt a lot today.

Thank you for joining me.

We have seen that the survival of Magna Carta is once again in danger.

Will it survive? Join me next time to find out.

See you in the next lesson.