Hello, welcome to History here at Oak National Academy.

I'm Mr. Newton, and thank you for joining me for another history lesson today.

I'm here to guide you through to the end of this lesson, and I hope you have fun along the way.

Right, let's get started.

We have come to the end of our inquiry into how Magna Carta survived.

We've learned about baronial revolts resulting in Magna Carta being forced upon badly behaved King John.

We also saw how Magna Carta was annulled by the Pope, but then reissued, and how the country later erupted into civil war.

And now you will need to decide how you think Magna Carta managed to stay alive through all of these events.

By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to explain how Magna Carta survived.

Before we begin, there are few key words we need to understand.

Human rights are the basic rights that many consider all people should have, such as justice and the freedom to say what you think.

A compromise is a way of reaching agreements where each person or group give up something that they wanted so they can end the arguments.

Revive is when something is brought back to life, health, existence or use.

An ultimatum is a threat in which someone is warned that if they do not do a particular thing, something unpleasant will happen to them.

This lesson has three parts.

We will look at how historians hold different interpretations of the past.

Then in the second and third part, we will look at how Magna Carta survived from 1215 to 1267.

Right, let's start with the first part of the lesson.

Historians disagree about how Magna Carta survived.

Magna Carta started a process of struggle that lasted for hundreds of years.

A struggle over how much power the Monarch should have.

It raised many important questions.

How much power should Parliament have? Should any freedoms be given to those below the barons? This process of struggle is highlighted by the timeline I've provided on this slide here.

Let's have a look at the first event.

Magna Carta sealed by King John in 1215.

So what this process of struggle means is that when Magna Carta was sealed by King John in 1215, it did not mean there was an immediate impact.

In the short term, the charter did little to limit the monarchs during the mediaeval period, and it did not grant freedoms to everybody.

However, many believe it was a stepping stone towards a limited monarchy, the Monarch sharing power with Parliament and giving people basic human rights.

For example, Magna Carta influenced the next event on our timeline there.

The 1689 Bill of Rights in England, which further limited the monarch's power and granted people more rights.

Magna Carta also had a great influence in the 20th century across the world.

It influenced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1949.

So we can see then that Magna Carta didn't have an instant impact.

Instead, it started a process of struggle over at least 734 years.

Look at the image, it's a photograph of Eleanor Roosevelt, the first lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945.

She's holding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1949.

Eleanor stated that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere.

Many people believe Magna Carta was a stepping stone towards human rights.

It's like that first domino which falls, which caused many other dominoes over the years to fall towards basic human rights.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

Which statement best describes the impact Magna Carta had during the mediaeval period? Is it A, it completely limited monarchy from the start? B, it had no impact for the entire mediaeval period? Or C, it was an early step towards a limited monarchy? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, great.

Welcome back, and well done if you knew that was C.

It was an early step towards the limited monarchy.

There are many explanations of how Magna Carta survived, and historians often disagree about them.

We have seen how baronial revolts had forced agreements from the king, but these agreements were annulled.

Magna Carta was reissued, but the country later erupted into civil war again.

One reason for the survival of Magna Carta was people's willingness to use force, the baron's use of violence to keep the aims of Magna Carta alive.

Look at the image.

King John is being forced to seal Magna Carta in 1215.

We also learned about the force that was used during the second Barons' War, a civil war between the barons and Henry III.

Another reason for the survival of Magna Carta was people's willingness to compromise.

This was often shown through the king or royal willingness to bend and adopt some of the charter's clauses.

Look at the diagram.

It represents the compromise made between the King, barons and the church in 1225.

This is what's enabled Magna Carta 1225 to be sealed with a knowing and consensual agreement with all those involved.

So we have previously seen examples of both compromise and force.

If a historian examines many sources that mostly show examples of compromise, then they are likely to interpret the survival of Magna Carta being down to compromise.

On the other hand, a historian may interpret the survival as a result of force if they focus only on sources which give examples of the effective use of violence.

For this reason, historians often disagree because their interpretation is based on which sources they focused on.

Okay, let's have a check for understanding.

True or false.

Historians all agree about how Magna Carta survived.

Is that true or false? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was false.

But why is that false? Is it because A, their interpretations depend on the sources they have focused on? Or B, historians have to find a way to disagree with all previous interpretations? Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back and well done if you knew that was A, their interpretations depend on the sources they have focused on.

Okay, great, let's move on to task A.

What I want you to do is label the following statements either true or false.

And you can see I provided you with a list of statements on the left hand side, and I want you to label them as either true or false in the right hand column.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Okay, good, welcome back.

Let's have a look at the answers.

So the first one, A, "Magna Carta started a process of struggle that lasted 10 years." That was a false statement.

It obviously lasted a lot longer that, and I showed you a timeline where the struggle was lasting for hundreds of years.

Let's look at statement B, "From the start, the 1215 Magna Carta limited the king's powers and granted freedoms to everybody during the mediaeval period." And that is false as well.

And we know that Magna Carta did not have an immediate impact in the short term.

Let's look at statement C.

"Many people believe Magna Carta was a stepping stone towards the Monarch sharing power and to universal human rights." And that was true.

And as we said before, it wasn't an instant impact, but over time it was seen as one of those very early stepping stone towards the monarch sharing power and to those basic human rights.

Let's look at D.

"Historians all agree about how Magna Carta survived." And that is false.

Historians can often disagree, and it's often to do with the specific sources they're looking at.

Let's look at statement E.

"One reason for the survival of Magna Carta was people's willingness to compromise." And yes, that's true.

We've definitely seen one reason for the survival of Magna Carta is compromise, and we've also looked at one reason being force.

Okay, great, let's move on to the second part of the lesson.

We're now going to recap the survival of Magna Carta over the many years.

So in this part, how did Magna Carta survive 1215 to 1225? The barons used force after Magna Carta was annulled in 1215.

The 1215 Magna Carta was annulled by the Pope because the barons forced King John to seal it.

It also contained promises which would've been unacceptable to any mediaeval monarch, particularly the security clause, which effectively got rid of the crown's ability to act independently.

In the autumn of 1215, the barons continued to force the issue and the country erupted into a civil war known as the first Barons' War.

King John eventually died and his young son, Henry III became King.

Henry III's Regents, such as William Marshall, find a compromise in Magna Carta 1216 to end the first Barons' War and revive the charter.

Marshall's 1216 Magna Carta regained the allegiance of the rebellious barons to end the war.

Henry III had no choice but to revive the charter.

It was sealed by his regents rather than the young King himself.

The charter was an example of compromise as it had removed the security clause.

Marshall was trying to find a middle ground that could please the royals and the barons.

The hope was that this new moderate charter could lay the foundation for an improved monarchy, a balance that could avoid another King John but without having an all powerful group of barons undermining royal authority.

This set a pattern of compromise which would be a key element in disagreements in the future.

Henry III reissued Magna Carta in 1225.

By now, Henry III was 17 years old and wanted to recover his lands in France.

He asked the barons to accept more taxation.

They agreed, but on the condition that Henry reissued Magna Carta.

Henry reissued Magna Carta, and this time it was a consensual agreement between the older king, the church, and the barons.

After this, the 1230s were marked by a genuine attempt to rule England according to the 1225 Magna Carta.

Okay, let's have another check here.

What I want you to do is match each surviving factor with its two correct events.

So the surviving factors are on the left, compromise or force, and the events are on the right, A, B, C, and D.

So match whether these events are an example of compromise or force.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, great, welcome back.

So let's look at our first event here.

So William Marshall removed the security clause from the 1216 Magna Carta, and that was an example of compromise.

The second example of compromise was that Henry III agrees to reissue Magna Carta, in return, the baron's agree to more taxes.

And A, the first Barons' War was an example of force.

And then that leaves C, the baron's making John seal Magna Carta at Runnymede 1215.

Another example of force being used.

Okay, great, let's move on to task B.

Some students are discussing how Magna Carta survived after being annulled in 1215.

And we can see Alex on the left.

He's going to make a contribution involving force, and Izzy on the right is going to make a contribution involving compromise.

So let's hear what Alex has to say.

"The first Barons' War forced Magna Carta to be reissued in 1216." And Izzy's response, "It was William Marshall who revived Magna Carta by finding a pleasing compromise." What I want you to do for this task is firstly select who you agree with more.

Is it Alex and his arguments of force, or is it Izzy and her argument of compromise? Then I want you to use evidence from this lesson to explain your decision.

Now, you could do this task as a discussion or you could write your explanation down.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, great, welcome back.

Now, your example for Alex May have been something like this.

"Magna Carta survived because the first Barons' War forced Henry III's regents to reissue the charter in 1216 to regain the allegiance of the rebellious barons and end the war." And your example for Izzy could have been, "Magna Carta survived because William Marshall removed the security clause, which was a compromise that pleased both royals and barons." Okay, let's move on to the third and fourth part of task B.

Now, some students are discussing how Magna Carta survived in 1225.

And you've guessed it, yes, Alex is going to offer an example of force being used for the survival of Magna Carta, and Izzy's going to give her example of compromise.

So let's see what Alex has to say.

"The barons' use of force worked.

They gave Henry the third an ultimatum in which he had to revive Magna Carta." Let's see what Izzy has to say about compromise.

"Everyone was happy to revive the charter.

We know this because it was a consensual agreement." Okay, once again, what I want you to do, select who you agree with more, and then I want you to use evidence from this lesson to explain your decision.

You can do this as a discussion or you could write your explanation down.

Pause the video and have a go.

Okay, welcome back.

Now let's see what Alex and Izzy have to say regarding the 1225 Magna Carta and how it survived.

So your example for Alex, being an example of force, may have included the following.

"Magna Carta survived because Henry III wanted to recover his lands in France and he needed more taxes.

Henry was forced to reissue the charter to get the taxes." And your example to back up Izzy's point of view may have included the following.

"Magna Carta survived because Henry III agreed and wanted to reissue Magna Carta in 1225.

It was a consensual agreement between the king, the church and the barons." Hopefully you can see that both Alex and Izzy have convincing arguments, interpretations, and that they're both using evidence and details to back up their points.

Neither Alex or Izzy are lying or being biassed or unfair.

In fact, you might have agreed that both are right.

This is why it is important to understand the reasons behind both explanations.

They've simply come to their interpretation by looking at specific sources of evidence.

This shows you how historians could also have different interpretations of past events.

Historians may also rely on specific sources and evidence to come to their interpretation.

Okay, great, let's continue our recap of the survival of Magna Carta in the final part of the lesson.

How did Magna Carta survive 1215 to 1267? In 1258, Simon de Montfort and the other leading barons forced Henry III to accept the provisions of Oxford.

Now, Simon and the other barons had initially confronted Henry in parliament because he was not keeping to the spirit or the aims of Magna Carta.

They complained about his constant money grabbing and his favouring of foreign nobles.

The barons were armed and outnumbered Henry and his supporters.

Henry was forced to accept the demands made in the provisions of Oxford.

Look at the diagram.

It shows how the provisions of Oxford gave powers to a council of 15 barons.

This went further than any version of Magna Carta.

It's effectively meant a council of 15 took control of the entire kingdom.

The second Barons' War, and Simon de Montfort's first parliament.

In 1264, Henry III tried to take back full control, but was defeated and imprisoned at the Battle of Lewes.

This reduced Henry to a puppet's king.

His actions were controlled by others.

We can see in the image Henry III captured by Simon de Montfort after the Battle of Lewes.

So then in 1265, Simon de Montfort called the first Parliament and forced Henry to reissue Magna Carta.

Simon used Magna Carta to give himself and his first parliament a stamp of approval.

It also ensured the survival of Magna Carta under Simon's rule.

However, Simon's baronial government was seen as radical and became unpopular, and many people in the country still supported the monarchy.

Henry's son, prince Edward, raised an army loyal to the king, and Edward declared that he would uphold the promises of Magna Carta.

The Royal Army used force to restore the monarchy.

In 1265, Simon was defeated at the battle of Evesham.

Simon was killed and his body cut to pieces.

Henry was released and restored to power.

In 1267, Henry III passed the statute of Marlborough.

Henry realised that a compromise was needed.

Henry needed to find a compromise between the ideas put forward by the barons and the ideas which defended the monarchy.

This would keep the peace and win the support of his people.

For this reason, he passed the statute of Marlborough in 1267, and this upheld some of the baronial demands made in Oxford.

Henry would rule with the advice and consent of the baronial and knightly classes.

Throughout the late 1260s, parliament was called more regularly than at any other points during his reign.

Okay, great, let's have another check for understanding.

How did Magna Carta survive? Select two correct answers.

A, the baron's use of violence.

B, the destruction of all existing copies.

C, the intervention of foreign powers.

D, the crown made a compromise.

Pause the video and have a think.

Okay, welcome back, and yes, well done if you knew it was A, the baron's use of violence, and D, the crown made a compromise.

Okay, let's move on to task C.

What I want you to do is choose a word from the following list which best describes how Magna Carta survived.

And you can see the two words you need to choose between are, "Compromise" And, "Force." Then, once you've chosen your word, move on to the second part of the task.

Use the word to explain in one paragraph how Magna Carta survived.

In your answer, you must include as many of the following as you can, and I've provided you with some words to use in your paragraph.

So choose your reason for why you think Magna Carta survived, compromise or force.

Then write your paragraph about that and try to use as many words as you can that I've given you in the box.

Pause the video and have a go at the task.

Okay, great, welcome back.

Now, compare your answer with the one I have here.

Now, in this example, I selected the word, "Compromise" As the word which best describes why Magna Carta survived.

"Magna Carta survived the years 1215 to 1267 because of multiple compromises made.

For example, Henry III's regent, William Marshall, removed the security clause of the 1216 Magna Carta.

This was a compromise that pleased both royals and barons.

The charter also survived in 1225 because the king, the church and the barons compromised and agreed to a consensual sealing of Magna Carta.

In 1267, Henry III passed the statute of Marlborough.

This kept the spirit of Magna Carta alive as it compromised with some of the baronial ideas from the provisions of Oxford that the king would agree to ruling with the advice and consent of Parliament." Okay, and I've now got a further example for you to look at if you selected force as your reason for the survival of Magna Carta.

Your force answer may include the following.

"Magna Carta survived the years 1215 to 1267 because of the continued use of force.

For example, the baron's used force in the first Baron's War after the Pope annulled Magna Carta in 1215.

This war forced Henry III's regents to revive the charter in 1216.

The charter also survived in 1225 because the barons gave Henry III an ultimatum in which he had to revive Magna Carta if he wanted to raise more taxes.

The charter further survived in 1258 because Simon de Montfort and other leading barons were armed and outnumbered Henry III in Parliament.

The baron's victory at the Battle of Lewes led to Simon's first Parliament and Henry reissuing Magna Carta in 1265." Okay, let's summarise today's lesson.

How did Magna Carta survive? Magna Carta started a process of struggle over how much power the Monarch should have.

In the short term, Magna Carta had limited impact on the power of the monarchy and basic human rights.

Magna Carta survived through various ways, and historians often disagree about this.

Magna Carta survived through force and through compromise.

Well done on a brilliant lesson.

Thank you for joining me for this fascinating story about the survival of the great charter.

As over 800 years old Magna Carta still has an impact in today's world.

I really hope this has sparked your curiosity in the laws and rights which govern societies today.

Hopefully I'll see you in the next units.