Hello, and welcome to today's history lesson.

My name is Mr. Merrett and I'll be guiding you through today's lesson.

So let's get started.

Today's lesson is looking at the First Crusade.

And by the end of today's lesson, we'll be able to describe the key events of the First Crusade and the foundation of the crusader states.

In order to do that, we need to use some key terms. And our key terms for today are crusade, Holy Land, crusader and outremer.

A crusade is a military expedition against a group considered by the papacy, the Pope, to be an enemy of the Church.

And that's church with a capital C, which means the organisation.

There's a small C if it be a building.

The Holy Land is an area in the Middle East that is sacred to three major religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

A crusader is a Christian who fought in the holy wars authorised by the Pope during the mediaeval period.

And outremer is the name for the Christian crusader states that were established in the Middle East during the First Crusade.

The literal translation of outremer is French, and it means beyond the sea.

Today's lesson will comprise of three separate learning cycles, and our first learning cycle is why did people go on crusade? So let's begin.

On the 27th of November, 1095, the town of Clermont in France rang to the cries of (speaking Latin), which means God wills it.

It's Latin for God wills it.

Pope Urban II had just finished his call for crusade against the Seljuk Muslims and the response was greater than he could have ever imagined.

Across Western Europe, tens of thousands of people took the cross, and that's the phrase meaning that they became crusaders, and they made plans to travel to the Holy Land and conquer it in the name of Christianity.

Let's have a quick check for understanding now.

So in what year did Pope Urban II call for a crusade against the Seljuks in the Holy Land? Was it in 895 CE, was it in 1095 or was it in 1295? Make your choice now.

Okay.

If you chose b, 1095, then congratulations.

That is indeed correct.

Now, for many, the reason that this journey seemed so attractive was the incentive that the Pope offered, and that was that any crusader who died on the journey or died whilst they were fighting would have their sins forgiven and they would immediately enter heaven.

It's important to note that an offer like this had never ever been made before.

So many crusaders, they didn't realise the distance they had to travel or the conditions that they would encounter on the journey.

So for many people it was ignorance, the reason why they went on crusade.

They just didn't know how long they'd be going for or how far they'd have to journey.

But for a lot of people, it was that incentive of immediately being entered into heaven.

Now, many crusaders also thought that they were going to capture or recapture the city of Jerusalem for Christianity.

And Jerusalem was a very important city at the time because it was located in the Holy Land.

And at the point of time that Pope Urban II made his call for a crusade, it was controlled by the Seljuk Muslims. It was actually shortly after that taken over by a different group of Muslims, by the Fatimids.

But at that point in time it was controlled by the Seljuks.

Now, having control of Jerusalem would suggest that Christianity was the more powerful and better religion to follow.

So for some crusaders, that's the reason why they also went on crusade.

Now, a quick check for understanding, got a true or false statement here.

True or false, Pope Urban II offered land and money to anyone who took the cross.

Is that true or is that false? All right.

If you chose false, then very well done.

That is indeed false.

But let's justify our answer now.

Is it false because Pope Urban II offered immediate entry to heaven to anyone who died whilst on crusade? Or is it false because Pope Urban II offered a job in the Church to anyone who survived the crusade? So choose your justification now.

Alright, if you chose a, then very well done.

That is the correct answer.

Right, let's go for our first task for today then.

So got Sofia on the screen in front of you, and she's explaining why people went on crusade.

And Sofia says that people took the cross because they wanted to seem like good Christians and defend their religion.

What I would like you to do is provide two pieces of evidence to support her statement.

You can provide more than that, that's fantastic, but a minimum of two pieces of evidence that supports Sofia's statements.

Pause the video whilst you complete that task, and I'll see you once you're finished.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you got on fine with that task.

Let's now have a think about what you could have written down here.

So I've got three on the screen.

I asked for two, but I've got three here just for good measure.

Let's see if any of these are the same as what you've got.

So I said that the Pope promised that any crusader who died on the journey would have their sins forgiven and would immediately enter heaven.

This offer had never been made before.

Another reason could be that many crusaders wanted to defend Christianity against the Seljuk Muslims. Another piece of evidence to support Sofia's statement was that many crusaders thought that they were going to recapture Jerusalem, a city in the Holy Land, for Christianity.

There's not a huge amount of evidence that this is actually one of Pope Urban II's main concerns for the crusade.

But certainly a lot of crusaders thought that was the case.

So for them, this was the reality.

For some people, this is the reason, the main reason why they were going on crusade.

It was to recapture Jerusalem, to recapture the Holy Land.

Right, let's move on to our second learning cycle for today, which is looking at the People's Crusade.

Now, the First Crusade actually comprises of two kind of separate crusades that occurred at pretty much the same time.

And the first of those was the People's Crusade.

That's one we're gonna look at right now.

So as I said, the First Crusade was made up of two separate groups.

Both Pope Urban II and the Byzantine Emperor who asked the Pope for help, a man called Alexios I Komnenos, they both had envisioned a small professional force of nobles and knights coming to the Byzantine Empire's aid.

That's what both of them were expecting, a small group of professional soldiers, and nobles, lords who were good at warfare leading them.

Surprisingly though, the first group to make the journey towards the Holy Land were instead peasants who followed a man called Peter the Hermit.

And there's a depiction of him on the screen in front of you there.

Now about 40,000 ill-equipped peasants answered the call.

They followed Peter the Hermit on what became known as the People's Crusade, and they caused absolute havoc.

The peasant crusaders massacred thousands of Jews in Germany.

First of all, a lot of the peasants that came from the German states, and for a lot of them, even before they reached the Holy Land, their first port of call was to kill off all the Jews that they had happily lived side by side for for years upon years.

We have accounts of local bishops actually trying to defend the Jews as well.

So it is not a case of all Christians were anti-Jewish at this point in time, wasn't the case whatsoever.

A lot of very, very high ranking churchmen completely condemned what the People's Crusade was doing, and did their utmost to try and defend the Jewish populations in their town as well.

In a lot of cases, that wasn't enough though.

On the screen in front of you there, you can see an illustration of the People's Crusade that were attacking a German town.

And as you can see, they're laying siege to it.

This was proper warfare effectively against other Christians and other Jews.

There are nowhere near the Holy Land at this point in time.

They are nowhere near the Seljuk Turks.

They are laying waste to towns and cities in their own countries.

Once they've been pushed out of Germany, once they kind of moved towards the Holy Land, that wasn't the end of it, though, they first of all had to make their way through Hungary.

And they looted their way through Hungary as well.

The Hungarian King was absolutely furious.

There wasn't one band of the People's Crusade that went through Hungary.

There were several bands, and obviously every single time a band of crusaders came through his country, it made him very nervous.

It made him very angry.

They were just destroying his land as well.

And he repeatedly refused to let them in.

But when you've got thousands upon thousands of armed people sitting in your doorstep, you can only say no for so long before you needed to give them something.

Otherwise it's gonna turn violent.

So he let them through his country, but every single time he was stabbed in the back and the people looted their way through his country.

And not only that, once they had gotten through Hungary, the Byzantine Emperor had heard stories about what these people were doing, so an armed escort, part of the Byzantine army, actually went to the borders of Hungary to try, well, went to where they were at that point in time, which is they were making their way through Byzantine lands, they'd come out of Hungary, to try and escort them down to where they needed to be.

And effectively, when I say escort, they were acting as guides.

They were there to try and control them, to try to prevent this poor behaviour from continuing in Byzantine land as well.

But actually the People's Crusade just ended up fighting the Byzantine army as well.

So this nation that they were supposedly raised to defend, they were now just fighting them as well.

So it was just absolute bedlam, the People's Crusade on its way through Europe.

Bear in mind, they haven't actually got to where they were supposed to be fighting at this point in time.

For months upon months, they'd just been killing other Christians at this point in time.

When they finally did reach Anatolia, which was the place where they're supposed to be fighting against the Seljuk Turks, they were very quickly massacred by the Seljuks at the Battle of Civetot on the 21st of October, 1096.

And the Seljuks took advantage effectively of the People's Crusade's terrible discipline.

They understood that they were just in it effectively just to loot and just to pillage, just to steal stuff.

So they left a town supposedly undefended, or they, at the very least, they sent out a rumour that this town was undefended, knowing full well that People's Crusade would rush towards it, which is exactly what they did.

They were to rush through a narrow area to get there.

The Seljuks were waiting either side hidden away.

And once enough of them came through that narrow area, they descended upon them.

So it wasn't a battle as a massacre more than anything.

The Seljuks were very clever about it.

People's Crusade was a mockery.

It was a ridiculous situation.

Of the roughly 40,000 peasants who set out in the spring of 1096, only about 3,000 survived just to make their way back to Constantinople.

Now a quick check for understanding.

The first part of the First Crusade was known as the People's Crusade.

Is that true or is that false? Okay, if you chose true, then very well done.

That is correct.

But let's justify the answer now.

Why is it a true statement? Is it true because the People's Crusade took place in 1096, responding to Pope Urban II's call in 1095? Or is it true because the success of the People's Crusade inspired the Princes' Crusade in 1097? So choose your justification now.

Alright, if you chose a, then very well done.

That is indeed the correct answer.

Let's have another check for understanding.

So who led the People's Crusade? Was it Emperor Alexios I Komnenos? Was it Pope Urban II, or was it Peter the Hermit? Make your choice now.

All right, if you chose c, Peter the Hermit, then very well done.

Right, one more check for understanding now.

Of the 40,000 peasants who began the People's Crusade, how many survived the Battle of Civetot on the 21st of October, 1096? Was it 30,000, was it 15,000 or was it 3,000? Okay, if you chose c, 3,000, then very well done.

All right, let's have our next task today then.

So what I'd like you to do is I'd like you to match the action of the crusaders, the People's Crusade crusaders, to their location.

So where did they fight armies that were there to guide and control them? Where were they defeated in battle? Where did they massacre thousands of Jewish people? And where did they pillage and loot? So pause the video whilst you do that and I'll see you once you're finished.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you got on fine with that task.

Let's match 'em up now.

So where the People's Crusade fought armies that were there to guide and control them was in the Byzantine Empire, the lands of the Byzantine Empire.

Where they were defeated in battle was in Anatolia, which used to be part of the Byzantine Empire, but is now part of the Great Seljuk Empire.

Where the massacred thousands of Jewish people was in Germany.

And where they pillaged and looted was in Hungary.

So hopefully you got all of those correct.

All right, let's move on now into our third and final learning cycle for today, which is looking at the Princes' Crusade.

Now, by April 1097, a force of roughly 50,000 Christian lords and knights had arrived at the walls of Constantinople.

I said earlier that both the Pope and the Byzantine emperor had envisaged a small force of professional soldiers.

Well, the Princes' Crusade is what they'd imagined.

The People's Crusade was not what they wanted and not what they'd asked for.

The Princes' Crusade was what they'd imagined, but it was considerably larger than what either of them had expected.

And part of the reason for that is that the Princes' Crusade was actually five separate armies that were led by about eight crusading princes, hence the term the Princes' Crusade.

A lot of these princes, well some of them were royals.

A lot of them were just high ranking nobles as well.

Some of these princes had actually fought against the Byzantines.

This is why, so some of the Normans in particular from southern Italy, they were a very experienced force and they were experienced because they'd been fighting for years against the Byzantines.

And now as fate would have it, they're now fighting on behalf of the Byzantines.

So understandably the Byzantine Emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, he was a little bit unsure about this support that had turned up on his doorstep, 50,000 men, and definitely feels like he can't trust some of them.

He's a little bit apprehensive about letting them into Constantinople, about providing them any sort of support whatsoever.

But what he did do was he made each prince swear that they'd return any land they captured to the Byzantine Emperor.

As long as it used to be a part of the Byzantine Empire, he insisted that they should give it back to him.

'Cause that is the point of the crusade.

From his perspective, this is the reason why the crusade has been called.

This is the reason why 50,000 armed soldiers are now at his doorstep.

Let's have a quick check for understanding now.

So what did the Byzantine Emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, make the princes swear an oath to do? Was it to not attack Byzantine armies? Was it to give half of the loot they gained to the emperor? Or was it to return captured land to the Byzantine Empire? Make your choice now.

Alright, if you chose c, return any captured land to the Byzantine Empire, then congratulations.

That is indeed correct.

Now, in some ways, the Princes' Crusade was fortunate to have arrived after the People's Crusade, which sounds like a funny thing to do.

Do you really wanna be part of an army that comes after just a horrifically failed adventure, which was the People's Crusade? The reason why that was quite fortunate was at that point in time, in 1097, the Muslim world was divided.

There was no single Muslim state.

There was a variety of different nations that were all Muslim, and a lot of them were at war with each other, including the Seljuk Sultan of Rum who controlled Anatolia.

And the reason why it was good for the Princes' Crusade that they turned up in Anatolia after the People's Crusade was because the Sultan of Rum felt that this new crusade posed absolutely no threat whatsoever because he was expecting it to be just like the People's Crusade.

He wasn't aware that this was a very, very different force that had now arrived on his shores.

So instead, the Sultan of Rum, he busied himself fighting other Muslim states at the other end of his nation when the Princes' Crusade arrived in Anatolia.

And as a result of that, the Princes' Crusade, the crusaders there, they were able to besiege and take the really important city of Nicaea for the Byzantines on the 19th of June in 1097.

So potentially if there had been no People's Crusade, the Sultan of Rum might have met the crusaders with a large force.

The city of Nicaea was very difficult to besiege because it was sitting on the edge of a very large lake.

So you had to besiege it by land and by water, which was very hard to do.

And you couldn't necessarily do that if there's another army that's waiting to attack you as well.

So in many ways, the city of Nicaea fell because the People's Crusade had been such an abysmal failure before that.

In any case, this event, turn of events shocked the sultan into responding.

On the 1st of July, so just a couple weeks later, a Seljuk force ambushed around about half of the crusaders at the Battle of Dorylaeum.

The Crusaders had split their forces in half because it's very difficult to move 50,000 men in the same area and find enough food for them all to eat.

So if they are moving in separate smaller bands, they're more likely to be able to forage food from the land wherever they are.

Now, the Battle of Dorylaeum was a very, very tough battle for the crusaders.

They were dressed in full armour for the most part.

The vast majority were infantry or they were cavalry that had dismounted.

So they were off their horses and they were fighting as infantry.

Whereas the Seljuks were primarily a mobile range force.

So they were horse archers, and they were incredibly effective and fast horse archers as well.

And for seven hours, the crusaders effectively just had to stand and just be met by a hail of arrows.

And the reason why they were doing that, they just had to hold the line until the other half of their force could come up and support them.

But they were a long way away.

It took seven hours to get the message to the second force and for them to respond and get up to the battle line in time.

So for seven hours just to be stood there and not to counter attack, because what's the point? You can't outrun these horse archers.

You've just gotta sit there and take it.

For seven hours they were being shot at with arrows, which was really incredible.

Most armies would've broken hours before they did.

But the crusaders effectively won the battle just by standing still, which is a lot harder than it sounds.

When the second half of the army arrived, they took the Muslims by surprise and they managed to drive them off.

And that effectively was it.

That was the end of the Battle of Dorylaeum once the second half of the crusader army had arrived.

And after this, the crusaders faced no more serious threats on their journey through Anatolia.

Now, quick check for understanding now.

So true or false, Dorylaeum was the first city captured for the Byzantine Empire by the Princes' Crusade.

Is that true or is that false? Okay, if you chose false, then very well done.

But let's justify the answer now.

Is it false because Antioch was the first city captured for the Byzantine Empire by the Princes' Crusade? Or is it false because Nicaea was the first city captured for the Byzantine Empire by the Princes' Crusade? So make your choice now.

Alright, if you chose b, then very well done.

That is correct.

Now, in March 1098, a force under two of the princes took a detour from the main force, and they claimed control of the city of Edessa and the lands surrounding it.

And the county of Edessa became the first of the outremer.

Edessa was quite a long way inland.

It was most certainly a detour.

It wasn't the route that the crusaders were planning on taking, but the opportunity presented itself and a couple of the princes jumped at the opportunity.

Now this detour weakened the main crusader force.

A significant portion of the army was no longer with the main army.

Not only that though, two other princes actually decided to leave and go home as well before any major gains had been accomplished.

And this made the siege of the important city of Antioch from October 1097 to June 1098 much more difficult.

As you can see in the screen in front of you, there's a map of Antioch.

It is incredibly well defended just by natural defences.

It has the mountains behind it.

It has a river flowing in front of it and through it as well.

It has very high walls.

Its citadel, kind of the main, last line of defence was around about a kilometre above the rest of the city.

It was just almost impossible to take.

Antioch was just an absolute nightmare for a besieging army to try and take.

Not only that though, the crusaders are trying to do that with a depleted force.

They're also facing starvation and desertion as well.

So the forces are starving.

Many of the soldiers have just given up hope and they leave as well, which obviously incredibly frustrating from one of the prince's point of view.

But if you are one of those starving soldiers, maybe it's somewhat understandable.

Now, the city fell when a guard was bribed to allow the crusaders to storm the city on the 20th of June 1098.

It didn't fall because the crusaders stormed it 'cause they were more powerful.

It fell because one of the guards was bribed to allow some of the crusaders to climb over the walls and to open the gates.

That's how Antioch fell.

However, just a few days later, a Muslim relief force arrives.

Around about 30,000 troops arrived and surrounded the starving crusaders.

So the crusaders have now taken Antioch.

They haven't taken the citadel yet.

They're inside the walls of the main city.

There's still a force inside the last part of the city.

And now there's a massive force outside the city walls as well.

So they're effectively surrounded at this point in time.

And it's understandable to say that this could well be it.

This is the end of the crusade.

However, a chance discovery of a holy relic convinced the crusaders that God was on their side.

Supposedly part of the spear that pierced the side of Jesus when he was being crucified was discovered beneath the flagstones, beneath the floor of a church in Antioch.

Now the crusaders though, they gained heart.

They gained morale from this.

And in an act of desperation, they went outside the city walls and they charged the Muslim army, who actually outnumbered them two to one.

The Muslims did not expect this to happen.

And as a result, the Muslims scattered and the Principality of Antioch became the second of the outremer.

Let's have a quick check for understanding now.

I'd like us to choose two problems the crusaders faced during the siege of Antioch.

Is it desertion, plague, religious conversion or starvation? Choose two of them now.

Okay, if you chose a and d, desertion and starvation, then very well done.

That is correct.

Now Antioch was a tremendous prize, but Jerusalem was the goal for the crusaders.

On the 7th of June, 1099, the remaining 12,000 starving and dehydrated crusaders, they had resorted to cannibalism on the way to Jerusalem, just to give you an idea about how bad the situation was.

But they finally came in sight of the city.

And many of them apparently just fell to their knees and wept just at the sight of the city.

This was it.

The end goal was in sight.

However, they were unable to take the city as any trees that could have been used to make siege equipment had been cut down by the defending Fatimids.

So the Seljuks who had owned Jerusalem, when Pope Urban II had made his call for crusade, they had been defeated by the Fatimids, and the Fatimids now owned Jerusalem.

So the Fatimids had not necessarily been at war with the crusaders.

And actually they'd tried initially to make an alliance with them against the Seljuks.

But the crusaders were hearing none of it.

They didn't necessarily appreciate that there were different groups of Muslims. They lumped all Muslims in together.

They were the enemy.

Whereas the reality is that just like Christian states, there were different Muslim states, and sometimes they worked together and sometimes they fought against each other.

But to Christians, they weren't the crusaders.

They weren't willing to negotiate with any Muslim states at this point in time.

Now, fortunately, some Christian merchants had arrived in their ships nearby.

So about six Genoese merchants had arrived in a place called Jaffa.

They were then surrounded so they couldn't get out.

So instead the ships were dismantled and the wood was used to make two siege towers.

Just two, that's all they had at this point in time.

Now, these proved decisive.

And on the 15th of July 1099, Jerusalem fell to the Christians, which is not as great as it might have sounded because for three days the Christians just went on an absolute rampage, and an estimated 40,000 Muslims and Jews who were living in the city as well were slaughtered by the crusaders.

Reports say that in some places the blood was ankle deep.

The crusaders were wading through blood just to try and butcher even more innocent civilians.

In any case, the Kingdom of Jerusalem became the third outremer.

And just a few years later in 1102, the County of Tripoli became the fourth of the outremer as well, when it was attacked by Antioch and Jerusalem from the north and the south.

Now the prince, sorry, the County of Tripoli was set up before the city of Tripoli actually surrendered.

The city itself didn't fall until 1109, and that's when it became a proper outremer, if you like.

But in reality, a base had been set up just outside of Tripoli in 1102.

And that's when the County of Tripoli was officially created.

Right.

Let's go for our check for understanding now.

So what I'd like to do is to place the outremer into the correct order in which they were established.

So all you need to do is just write the correct number into the box next to each outremer, with one being the first and fourth being the last.

So have a go at this now.

Okay, hopefully you got on fine with that task.

So to go through the answers now then, the first of the outremer was the County of Edessa.

The second was the Principality of Antioch.

The third was the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the fourth was the County of Tripoli.

So hopefully you got all of those fine.

Another quick check for understanding now, quick discussion question.

Why was the Princes' Crusade able to capture Jerusalem in 1099? So pause the video now whilst you discuss this.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you did fine with that.

So some things you could have said is that there were 12,000 crusaders, which is quite a large force at this point in time, obviously not as large as the 50,000 originally set up, but 12,000 is still a pretty hefty force.

And they're all at this point, very experienced soldiers.

Many of them were experienced even before they set off on the crusades.

And now the years they spent crusading have made them a very, very effective fighting force.

They were also starving and dehydrated as well.

They were a desperate group of men.

They knew that the only way they can get food and drink was to get into the city, and therefore they were determined to do so.

They also managed to get a hold of two siege towers as well, which were made out of merchant ships.

And this really made the siege possible.

And also they were filled with religious fervour as well.

So they believed that they were doing God's will.

That idea of (speaking Latin), God wills it, this stayed with the crusaders for the whole time they were crusading.

Let's go for our next task now then.

So there are three factors on the screen in front of you that help explain why the First Crusade was a success by 1099.

And they are crusader strengths, Seljuk and Fatimid weaknesses, and just plain old luck.

What I'd like you to do is to add one or more examples to support each factor.

So provide some details that support each factor.

And I've added some for you to give you an idea.

So an example of crusader strength was that there were more troops than expected that arrived.

So there were 50,000 in the Princes' Crusade.

There were also 40,000 in the People's Crusade.

Examples of Seljuk or Fatimid weaknesses could be that they were divided and they were fighting amongst themselves.

And an example of luck could be that ships just turned up at just the right time that could be converted into siege towers in Jerusalem.

So pause the video now whilst you do that, and I'll see you once you're finished.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you got on fine with that task.

Let's go through some answers now then.

So in terms of crusader strength, you could have said that the fighting skills meant that they were able to defeat superior numbers in battle.

Consistently the crusaders were outnumbered and yet they managed to defeat the enemy.

And also they were motivated by belief that they were doing God's will.

And as a result, if they died, they would go straight to heaven.

So that was a real massive incentive for them.

It was a real strength.

In terms of Seljuk and Fatimid weaknesses, you could say that there was a false sense of security created by the failure of the People's Crusade.

That obviously was good to begin with.

That helped them take Nicaea, didn't necessarily help them fight the rest of the crusade, but it certainly helped them establish a bridgehead into Anatolia.

And another weakness could be that the fighting style was not effective against European knights in some of the key battles.

In terms of luck, you could have said the crusaders found a holy relic in Antioch, which motivated them.

And again, this, by all rights should have been the end of the crusade at this point in time.

But finding that relic, it spurred them on and encouraged them to charge the superior Seljuk force.

And also the failure of the People's Crusade did not put an end to the Princes' Crusade either.

We would've thought that an army of 40,000 being defeated, really that should be enough to say to other people that this is not gonna work for us.

But not at all.

Actually, if anything, it helped them.

Right, the final task for today, I'd like you to complete the table below describing how each of the outremer were established.

And the first one's been competed for you.

So the County of Tripoli was established when the land was occupied before being attacked from both the north and the south.

But Tripoli itself held out for several years.

So pause the video whilst you have a go at this and I'll see you once you're finished.

Okay, welcome back.

Hopefully you got on fine with that task.

So you could have said that the County of Odessa was established when two of the crusading princes took their forces away from the main army in order to claim control of Edessa and the surrounding lands.

For the Principality of Antioch, you could have said that a difficult and lengthy siege only ended successfully when a guard was bribed, and a large Muslim relief force was defeated soon after.

And for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, you could say that the desperate crusaders quickly stormed the city thanks to nearby merchant ships being converted into siege towers.

So hopefully you got something very similar to that as well.

Right.

Let's summarise today's lesson.

So the First Crusade made up of the People's Crusade and the Princes' Crusade took place in the 1090s.

The People's Crusade was a complete and utter failure.

All of the crusaders in the First Crusade faced extremely difficult conditions and some even resorted to cannibalism.

Four outremer or crusader states were established because of the First Crusade.

And the Princes' Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, which is the most important city of the Holy Land.

Thank you very much for joining me today.

Hopefully you enjoyed yourself.

Hopefully you learned something.

And hopefully I'll see you again next time.

Bye-Bye.