Hello, I'm Mr. Marchin, and I'll be your history teacher for today.

I'm really looking forward to starting our learning journey together, and my role will be to make sure that you can meet today's learning objective.

Welcome to today's history lesson, which is part of our unit on the European conquest of the Americas, where we are asking ourselves, why was that European conquest so devastating for Native Americans? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain why the first colonies under Elizabeth I of England failed.

Now, this is gonna build on some of our prior learning about the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, and we'll think a little bit about how that could have motivated the English in their attempts to create their own colonies.

There are five key words, which are gonna help us navigate today's lesson.

Those are colonisation, courtier, rivalry, colony, and Spanish Armada.

Colonisation is the process of taking control over another country.

A courtier is an advisor or companion to the king or queen.

A rivalry is a situation in which two or more people or groups compete with one another.

A colony is a country or area under the control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country.

And the Spanish Armada was a large group of warships sent by Spain to try and invade England in 1588.

Today's lesson is gonna be split into three parts, and for the first part of our lesson, we are gonna be focusing on the motives for English colonisation.

English colonisation in the Americas began during the reign of Elizabeth I in the late 16th century.

Elizabeth was persuaded by her courtiers to approve colonisation efforts.

These efforts focus mostly on the northeast of North America in the area highlighted by the quadrilateral box on the screen.

There were three key motives for English colonisation in the Americas.

The first of these was wealth.

Spanish colonisation in the Americas was very profitable.

This was especially true because of Spain's access to American gold and silver mines.

Spain transported most of its American silver and gold back to Europe, or used it for trade with Asia.

England hopes that colonisation might give it similar access to silver and gold to gain wealth rapidly.

Another key motive for the English was rivalry.

English supporters of colonisation also argued that England needed colonies in order to compete with Spain.

American silver and gold gave the Spanish more ability to spend on their armies in Europe.

It was argued that in order to remain secure from any Spanish threats, England needed colonies of its own, which could help it fund its armed forces.

And the final key motive for English colonisation was religion.

It was hope that English colonisation would spread Christianity.

More specifically, English colonies would allow Native Americans to be converted to Protestantism.

If England did nothing, Spain would convert Native Americans to Catholicism instead.

So now that we've had an opportunity to hear about England's motives for starting colonisation, we just wanna check our understanding.

So I've got a question for you.

What motive did England have for colonisation if it wanted to convert Native Americans to Protestantism? Is this an example of religion, rivalry, or wealth as a motive? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that this was an example of religion as a motive.

England did wanna convert Native Americans to Protestantism.

It was particularly worried that if it didn't, that Spain would convert those Native Americans to Catholicism instead.

So let's try another question.

What motive did England have for colonisation if it wanted to gain silver and gold from the Americas? Is this an example of religion, rivalry, or wealth as a motive? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay, really well done to everybody who said this is an example of wealth as a motive for the English, they really hoped that they would be able to gain the sorts of riches and profits that the Spanish had from colonising in the new world.

And finally, what motive did England have for colonisation if it wanted to become stronger in order to compete with Spain? Is this an example of religion, rivalry, or wealth as a motive? Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay, really well done again, especially to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

This is an example of rivalry as a motive.

The supporters of colonisation in England said that if England created its own colonies, it would gain money that it could use to strengthen its armed forces, and this would help it compete with Spain.

So now we're in a great position to put all of our new knowledge about the motives for English colonisation into practise.

There's a statement on the screen that reads, "England only attempted colonisation to get rich." Is the statement correct? I want you to give a brief justification to support your judgement.

So in your answer, you see sentence starts to help you.

You'll begin by saying the statement is correct or it's not correct, and then right, this is because.

And follow that up with your justification.

So pause the video here and press play when you are ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, some really good work on that task.

A lot for us to think about.

We had the statement, "England only attempted colonisation to get rich," and I asked you if that was correct and for a justification to support your judgement.

Your answer may have included that the statement is not correct.

This is because although England hoped to gain silver and gold from colonisation, this was not its only goal.

England also hope to become stronger compared to Spain and to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

So really well done for all of your hard work on that task.

We're now in a really strong position to move on to the second part of our lesson, where we are gonna focus on colonising Roanoke.

In 1584, Elizabeth gave one of her courtiers, sir Walter Raleigh, the right to set up a colony in North America.

So Walter Raleigh's efforts focused on a small island called Roanoke.

In March, 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh was given permission by Queen Elizabeth I to set up a colony in the Americas.

In June, 1585, Raleigh organised an English expedition involving 108 male settlers.

The settlers landed at Roanoke and set up a colony on the island.

You can see a map that highlights the location of the island and its surrounding areas on the screen.

The Secotan of Native Americans lived in the area around Roanoke.

Relations between the English colonists and Secotan began well.

The Secotan provided the English with critical really in food supplies to help them survive.

However, the Secotan became increasingly worried that the English were taking too many resources, too much wood and too much food from the local area.

By 1586, conflict had begun between the English and the Secotan.

The Secotan leader, Pemisapan also banned his nation from trading food with the English.

As a result of the conflict and food shortages, colonists abandoned Roanoke in June, 1586 and returned to England.

So let's just check our knowledge about this first part of the story of the colonisation of Roanoke.

Who was responsible for organising and funding the colonisation of Roanoke? Was it Queen Elizabeth I? Sir Walter Raleigh? Or the English Parliament? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Really well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B.

Sir Walter Raleigh, who was one of Elizabeth's courtiers, was responsible for organising and funding the colonisation of Roanoke.

This was not a responsibility that the Queen took for herself.

In 1587, Raleigh organised another English attempt to create a colony at Roanoke.

This involved 115 people who were led by John White.

White's daughter, Eleanor and her husband were amongst the colonists who travelled with White.

The colonists landed in Roanoke in July, but this was too late in the year to plant seeds.

This led to food shortages for the remainder of the year and even into 1588.

The English settlers were unable to build a positive relationship with the Secotan, which meant that they could not rely on Native American help.

John White returned to England in order to bring back more supplies for the colony.

However, White arrived back in England at the same time that England faced the fret of invasion from the Spanish Armada.

All available ships, including Whites, were kept in England to help defend against the Armada in June, 1588.

And for almost two years afterwards, White was not able to return to Roanoke with supplies until August, 1590.

When he landed on the island, all of the English colonists had disappeared, including his daughter, Eleanor.

The colonists were never seen again.

Historians are still divided about what may have happened to them.

Some historians suggest the English colonists may have starved to death, and others argue they may have been killed by the Secotan or even the Spanish.

The most popular idea amongst historians at the moment is that the English colonists joined a friendly local Native American nation.

None of these ideas has been proven though.

After the disappearance of the colonists, Roanoke was abandoned by the English and has since become known as the lost colony.

So now that we've heard the whole story of how England attempted to colonise Roanoke, we're just gonna check our understanding again.

We've got a statement.

The first English attempt to colonise Roanoke was successful.

Is that true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false.

The first English attempt to colonise Roanoke was not successful.

But we want to justify our answers here.

Two justifications have appeared on a screen.

One says, 108 male settlers left England to set up the colony.

The other says, colonists abandoned Roanoke in June, 1586.

Which of these justifications shows that our statement was false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, really well done, especially to everybody who said that B was the correct answer.

Colonists abandoned Roanoke in June, 1586.

They were facing a range of problems at the time that encouraged them to leave the colony behind and go back to England.

So let's try a second question.

What alternative name has Roanoke been given? I want you to write the missing word to complete the answer, the something colony.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that Roanoke has alternatively been called the lost colony.

Okay, and we'll try one final question to make sure our understanding is secure.

Why was Roanoke called the lost colony? Was it because colonies all abandoned Roanoke in 1586? Because colonists at Roanoke had all disappeared by 1590? Or because maps showing Roanoke all disappeared by 1590? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, really well done to everybody.

The correct answer was B, Roanoke was called the lost colony because all of the English colonists there had disappeared by 1590.

So now we're in a secure position to practise our knowledge about the English colonisation of Roanoke.

I want you to complete the timeline by adding in the missing events from England's colonisation of Roanoke.

You can see that two have already been added to our timeline.

The March, 1584 Raleigh was allowed to set up a colony, and that in June, 1585, the first colonists arrived at Roanoke.

There are four missing events, which need to be added to the timeline.

So pause the video here and press play when you are ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, really well done for all of your hard work on that task.

There's always a lot for us to think about when we are discussing chronology.

Now, to sequence our timeline correctly, the first missing event, which you should have added from June, 1586, was that the first colonists abandoned Roanoke.

In July, 1587, new colonists arrived from England to set up a new colony at Roanoke.

In July, 1588, the Spanish Armada attacked England.

And in August, 1590, Roanoke colonists had all disappeared.

So really well done for your hard work on that task, especially if you got all four of the missing events correct.

Now we are in a great position to move on to the third and final part of today's lesson, where we are gonna work on explaining why there was a failure of English colonisation at Roanoke.

Two key factors help explain the failure of England's colony at Roanoke.

The first of those is relations with Native Americans.

Although when England first began colonising Roanoke, it had good relations with the local Secotan nation.

These relations quickly became quite bad.

There was a lot of tension between the English and the Secotan.

And by 1586, this tension had turned into conflict.

The Secotan refused to sell any food to the English, and they were actively fighting against them.

That's why the first colony had to be abandoned.

When the English returned, relations between the colonists and the Secotan were little better.

Some historians say that it was because the Secotan may have fought against the English that they all disappeared.

What we know for sure is the Secotan was still not trading food with the English after 1587.

So it's quite possible that the shortages of food caused by that fallout between the two sides also contributed to the disappearance of all of the colonists.

The second major reason why England's colony at Roanoke failed was bad timing.

If we just focus on the second attempt to colonise Roanoke, well, colonists suffered from bad timing straight away because they arrived too late in 1587 to plant the seeds that would've allowed them to grow their own food.

That meant they suffered from food shortages almost straight away, and that would've weakened the entire colony.

But the main example of bad timing, hurting the colonists at Roanoke was the fact that when John White went back to England to gain more supplies for the colony, he became stuck there because the Spanish Armada was threatening England at the same time, and his ships were not allowed to leave the country.

John White and the supplies he'd gathered spent two years in England before he could return to Roanoke in August, 1590.

By that time, all the colonists had disappeared.

If it weren't for this bad timing, it's possible John White would've returned earlier and the colony may have survived.

So let's check our understanding of the reasons behind the failure of English colonisation at Roanoke.

I have a question for you.

Why was the timing of the Spanish Armada bad for the English colony at Roanoke? Was it because Spain attacked Roanoke, preventing resupplies? Because all English ships were destroyed, preventing resupplies? Or because all English ships were held back, preventing resupplies? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay, welcome to everybody who said C.

The reason why the Spanish Armada was bad for the English colony at Roanoke was because all English ships around the country were held back to help defend it from this new threat.

This included John White ships, which was supposed to take supplies back to Roanoke.

So let's try another question.

We have a statement screen.

Native Americans always welcomed English colonists at Roanoke.

Is that true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our answer.

So we have two justifications which are now on the screen.

The first says, local Native Americans attacked the English colonists at Roanoke and may have killed them all.

The second says, local Native Americans traded with the English and protected them from attack.

Which of those two statements would demonstrate that the original claim that Native Americans always welcomed English colonists was false.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the first justification was the correct one.

Local Native Americans attacked the English colonists at Roanoke and may have killed them all.

Remember, it was because of war between the English colonists and the Secotan that the first colony at Roanoke was abandoned.

So now we are ready to put our knowledge into practise about the failure of the English attempts to colonise Roanoke.

I want you to write one paragraph to explain why England's colony at Roanoke failed.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I ask you to write one paragraph to explain why England's colony at Roanoke failed.

Your answer may have included, that one reason why the English colony at Roanoke failed was because of bad timing.

In 1588, Spanish Armada attacked England.

All available English ships were held back to help defend England.

This meant that new supplies could not be shipped out to the colonists at Roanoke until 1590.

So if your answer looked something like that, or perhaps you may have explained how bad relations with Native Americans also hurt the colony, they're really well done for all of your effort on this task.

So now we've reached the end of our lesson, which means we can summarise our key learning points.

We've seen today that English colonisation in the Americas began under Elizabeth I.

England's first attempt at establishing a permanent colony in the Americas was at Roanoke.

The colony at Roanoke struggled due to disease, bad timing, and a bad relationship between the English and Native Americans.

The colony at Roanoke failed and the colonists had disappeared by 1590.

So thank you very much for all of the hard work which you've put in to this lesson today.

I've really enjoyed working through it with you, and I look forward to seeing you again as we think more about the European conquest in the Americas.

And keep on asking ourselves, why was it so devastating for Native Americans?.