Hello, I'm Mr. Marchant, and I'll be your history teacher for today.

I'm really looking forward to starting our learning journey together, and my role will be to make sure that you can meet today's learning objective.

Welcome to today's history lesson where we are gonna be working on explaining how Cromwell ruled over England and the changes he implemented, in other words, the changes that he made.

Now this lesson is part of our unit focusing on the English Civil War, where we've been asking ourselves, what can pamphlets tell us about politics in 17th century England? So in this lesson, we are really gonna be starting to think about the events after the Civil War, and we're going to use pamphlets as sources to help us understand people's attitudes at the time.

We have five key words that are gonna help us navigate through today's lesson.

Those are republic, MP, reform, Protectorate and sect.

A republic is a country without a monarch.

An MP is a member of Parliament.

MPs help to make laws.

A reform is a change made in order to improve something.

The Protectorate was the system of government set up by Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army in 1653.

A sect is a group of people with a set of often extreme religious beliefs.

Today's lesson is gonna be divided into free parts, and we're gonna begin by focusing on the Interregnum.

Charles I was executed in January 1649.

After the king's execution, the Rump Parliament also got rid of monarchy in England.

England therefore became a republic because it no longer had a king or queen to rule it.

The period from 1649 to 1660 was known as the Interregnum.

Now, this word can sound pretty complicated, so it helps for us to think about where the two different parts of it, inter and regnum, come from.

Inter simply means between, and regnum comes from the Latin for reigns.

So when we put those two words, inter and regnum together, what we're really talking about is a period between reigns.

England was a republic during the Interregnum because there was no king or queen.

So it was between the reigns of different monarchs.

So let's just check our understanding of what the Interregnum was.

What type of country did England become after the execution of Charles I? Was it a democracy, a monarchy, or a republic? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that after the execution of Charles I, England became a republic because the Rump Parliament made the decision to get rid of monarchy all together.

And let's try another question.

I want you to write the missing words from both sentence one and two.

Sentence one says, historians call the period from 1649 to 1660 the.

And sentence two says, this means between.

So I want you to write the missing words from both of those two sentences.

Pause video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answers.

Okay.

Well done to everybody who said that for sentence one, historians call the period from 1649 to 1660 the Interregnum.

And in sentence two, your missing word should have been reigns because Interregnum means between reigns.

Oliver Cromwell was the most powerful person in England during the Interregnum.

You can see a portrait of Cromwell on the screen.

He was part of the two most powerful groups in England.

He was a member of Parliament, an MP in the Rump, and he was also a general in the New Model Army.

Cromwell's position in both of those two groups was really important for helping him to gain so much power during the Interregnum.

Cromwell and most of the leaders during the Interregnum were Puritans.

The Puritans hoped to reform England and make it more godly, especially now that they felt they had the power to make those changes.

So let's just check that extra knowledge we've picked up about the Interregnum.

First of all, why was Oliver Cromwell so powerful at the beginning of the Interregnum? Was it because Cromwell was both an MP and a general? Because Cromwell was related to Charles I? Or because Cromwell was the richest man in England? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay.

Welcome to everybody who said that Cromwell was so powerful because he was both an MP.

He was a member of the Rump Parliament and a general, he was one of the leaders of the New Model Army.

And his position in both of those two groups was really critical to helping him gain so much power during the Interregnum.

And let's try another question.

What did Puritans hope to achieve by reforming England? Did they want to make it more godly, make it richer, or make it more technologically advanced? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to hear the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that Puritans hoped to reform England to make it more godly.

Remember, the Puritans were very strict Protestants and they had very strong beliefs about how people needed to act if they were gonna be godly enough.

So now we are in a good position to put all of our knowledge about the Interregnum into practise.

I want you to complete the passage by adding in the missing words.

You can see that the missing words are shown below our passage, and you have six gaps that you need to fill.

So pause a video here and press play when you're ready to check your answers.

Okay, welcome for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to complete the passage by adding in the missing words.

Your passage should have looked like this.

During the Interregnum, England was a republic.

The two most powerful groups in the country at the beginning of this period were the army and Parliament.

You could have filled in those two gaps either way round.

Oliver Cromwell became very powerful because he was both an MP and a general.

Cromwell, and most of the leaders during the Interregnum, were Puritans and hoped to reform England to make it more godly.

So really well done, especially if you got every single one of those gaps filled correctly.

Now we can move on to their second part of our lesson where we are gonna think about changes in religion and government, which took place during the Interregnum.

The Rump Parliament failed to make many of the reforms Cromwell had hoped for.

In 1653, Cromwell stormed into Parliament backed by soldiers for the New Model Army and dismissed the Rump with force.

You can see a drawing of Cromwell using the New Model Army to dismiss, to end the Rump Parliament shown on the screen.

Cromwell and the army replaced the Rump with a new Parliament, which became known as the Barebones Parliament after one of its members.

The 140 members of the Barebones Parliament were chosen by the Army because they were considered good Puritans.

Some supporters even called members of the Barebones Parliament The Saints.

However, the saints were not very effective at governing.

And after just five months, Cromwell accepted the end of the Barebones Parliament.

Now we are gonna check our understanding of some of the changes in government that took place during the Interregnum.

To do that, we are gonna focus on a source, the image which is shown on the screen, a painting of the Rump Parliament being dismissed.

Now looking at this painting, which figure represents the New Model Army? Is it the figure labelled A, B, or C? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said The New Model Army is represented by the figure labelled B in this image.

We can tell because well, it's a soldier equipped with a weapon and wearing armour, clearly representing how force was used to get rid of the Rump Parliament.

And thinking about the same painting, which figure represents Oliver Cromwell? Is it the figure labelled A, B, or C? Pause video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said Cromwell is labelled Figure C in this painting.

Again, we can tell because it's figure C standing before all of the soldiers.

Cromwell, as a general in the New Model Army, led the soldiers into the room to dismiss it.

It was his decision to get rid of Parliament.

And let's try one more question.

We have a statement on the screen.

The Barebones Parliament was supposed to help make England a more godly country.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement is true.

The Barebones Parliament was supposed to help make England a more godly country.

But let's work on justifying our answers.

We've had two statements appear on the screen.

The first justification says The New Model Army picked Puritans who it could trust to run the country.

And the second statement says, the New Model Army picked experienced MPs who they could trust to run the country.

Which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct justification was A.

We can tell the Barebones Parliament was supposed to help make England a more godly country because the New Model Army picked Puritans, very strict Protestants, who it could trust.

It believed that they would help introduce the reforms necessary to make England more godly.

The dismissal of the Barebones Parliament left power in the hands of Oliver Cromwell and the Army once again.

They created a new system of government called the Protectorate.

This gave Oliver Cromwell the power to run the country as Lord Protector.

A new Parliament was elected in 1654.

However, many of the members of Parliament were critical of the Protectorate as they argued it gave the army too much power.

Cromwell dismissed the first protector at Parliament after just four months.

From 1655 until 1657, Cromwell and the New Model Army ruled the country directly.

This period became known as the rule of the major generals.

Cromwell and his major generals used their power to prevent royalist plots and to collect taxes.

The major generals were also responsible for making society more godly.

Cromwell allowed the army to close down inns where they believed too much drinking was taking place, and they even prevented people from meeting up for large events like plays and horse racing.

The rule of the major generals was widely hated.

We can see in the source that the title says, "The Devil's Council Discovered," and that with the devil at the centre of a group of people, it also includes others labelled such as Oliver Cromwell shown to be sitting right next to the devil.

This helps illustrate just how angry some people in the country were and how much they disliked the government of Oliver Cromwell, the Protectorate, which was created in 1654.

So let's check our understanding of some of those further changes in religion and government, which were taking place.

Who did Cromwell rely on to help him rule England from 1655 to 1657? Was it the army, the Church or Parliament? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was A.

Cromwell relied on the army to help him rule from 1655 to 1657.

This was a time when Parliament was not sitting and Cromwell as Lord Protector ruled with the major generals of the army.

During the Interregnum, many new religious sects had started to emerge.

Many of these sects were influenced by the significant changes which had taken place in England since 1649.

The Fifth Monarchists were one of these sects.

They believed that following the execution of Charles I, Jesus Christ was about to return and would rule the Earth after winning a battle between good and evil.

This would be the Fifth Monarchy.

The Fifth Monarchists believed that their job was to make England ready for Jesus Christ to rule.

They believed that this made it necessary to have a Parliament of godly MPs to run the country.

The Fifth Monarchists were very supportive of the Barebones Parliament because of this.

By contrast, the Fifth Monarchist argued that the Protectorate was preventing the return of Jesus Christ and the Fifth Monarchy.

Some even suggested Cromwell was working for the devil because they came to dislike him so much.

Fifth Monarchists argued that it was their duty to resist any government which got in the way of the return of Christ to England.

After 1653, Fifth Monarchists were watched closely and even arrested by the Protectorate government.

So let's just check our understanding of some of those changes which were taking place in religion during Interregnum.

Why did Fifth Monarchists become angry with Cromwell? Was it because he approved the end of the Barebones Parliament? Because he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force? Or because he supported the execution of Charles I? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who correctly said the Fifth Monarchist became angry at Cromwell because he approved the end of the Barebones Parliament.

Remember the Fifth Monarchists thought the country needed to be run by godly politicians, by a godly Parliament, and yet with the end of the Barebones Parliament, the Saints, as some of those MPs had been called, were dismissed and Cromwell accepted that.

So now it's time for us to put all of our new knowledge about the changes which took place in the Interregnum into practise.

So I want you to answer two questions.

Firstly, I want you to give one reason why some members of Parliament were unhappy with Oliver Cromwell.

And then secondly, I want you to give one reason why some religious sects were unhappy with Oliver Cromwell.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, really well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So the first question I asked you to answer was to give one reason why some members of Parliament were unhappy with Oliver Cromwell.

And your answer may have included that some members of Parliament were unhappy with Oliver Cromwell because he took power away from them.

For example, Cromwell used the army to dismiss the Rump Parliament and ruled without Parliament for two years from 1655 to '57, just as Charles I had done from 1629 to 1640.

For our second question, I asked you to give one reason why some religious sects were unhappy with Oliver Cromwell.

And your answer may have included that some members of religious sects were unhappy with Oliver Cromwell because they believed he was not acting in a godly way.

For example, Fifth Monarchist argued that Cromwell's dismissal of the Barebones Parliament prevented the return of Jesus Christ to Earth.

So well done for all of your hard work on that task, especially if your answers looked quite similar to the models we've just seen.

So now we are ready to move on to the third and final part of today's lesson where we are gonna talk about a woman called Anna Trapnel and Oliver Cromwell.

Anna Trapnel was a Fifth Monarchist from London.

From the late 1640s onwards, Anna had begun to experience visions.

In 1654, Anna fell into a trance lasting nearly two weeks during which she sang, prayed and shared new visions with a crowd who came to see her.

Anna published pamphlets, which also shared her experience and visions with others all across the country.

One pamphlet, which Anna published called "The Cry of a Stone," recorded the following vision.

"I saw great darkness and I saw at a small distance a huge group of cattle.

But their faces and heads were like men's, but with horns on either side.

The most important animal in the group had a face perfectly like Cromwell's.

Then as the crowd encouraged him, the leading animal ran at many Saints, pushing and scratching them and forcing them away.

Suddenly there broke forth a great anger from the heavens.

All the cattle's horns were broken and they tumbled into graves.

At this, I sang praise to the Lord." So having heard a little about Anna Trapnel, let's just check some of our understanding.

What group did Anna Trapnel belong to? Was it the Fifth Monarchists, the Parliamentarians or the Royalists? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that, Anna Trapnel was a Fifth Monarchist, so she was part of that religious sect.

So we wanna think in a little bit more depth about the vision, which Anna Trapnel shared in her pamphlet, "A Cry of a Stone" in 1654.

So an extract for that pamphlet is shown on the screen, and I want us to think about some key parts of this extract.

So at one point, Anna Trapnel describes a group of cattle and says they had horns on either side of their head.

Now there's some important symbolism here.

Horns on either side of one's head might sound similar to the common image of the devil.

So we've got a very interesting comparison here.

It's also interesting that Anna Trapnel said that these cattle which had the faces of men, that one of them looked like Cromwell.

This tells us that her vision involved the Lord Protector at the time, Oliver Cromwell.

Trapnel's vision went on to say that that animal which had the face of Oliver Cromwell and the horns, which were like a devil's ran at many Saints, pushing and scratching them.

Now the word saints is very interesting there because we remember that Saints was another name for the members of the Barebones Parliament.

And here we have this figure that's like Cromwell attacking the saints, those members of the Barebones.

We can then see that Trapnel's vision moves on to talking about all those cattles with the horns and supporting that figure who looked like Cromwell, or that their horns were broken and they tumbled into graves.

So here we can see Trapnel predicting the downfall of Oliver Cromwell.

Now that prediction is really important because if Trapnel's predicting the downfall of Oliver Cromwell and mentions in the next line that she sang praise to the Lord for it, it seems to make it very clear that she did not support the Lord Protector or the protector at which he let.

So let's just check our understanding of that extract from Anna Trapnel's "A Cry of a Stone." Which group was Anna Trapnel referring to when she talked about the Saints? Was it the members of the Barebones Parliament, the members of the New Model Army or the members of the Royal Family? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that Trapnel was talking about the members of the Barebones Parliament.

That was that godly Parliament, which had been created by the New Model Army filled with Puritan members.

And because they were Puritan, they'd often been referred to as the sects.

And we've now got a statement on the screen that reads, Anna Trapnel predicted the downfall of Cromwell and the Protectorate.

Is that statement true or false? Pause video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement is true.

Trapnel did predict the downfall of Cromwell and the Protectorate in her pamphlet, "The Cry of a Stone." But we want to justify our answer.

How can we tell that Trapnel predicted this downfall? Is it because Trapnel's vision said Cromwell and his supporters had horns on either side of their heads? Or is it because Trapnel's vision said Cromwell and his supporters tumbled into their graves? Pause the video here and press play when you are ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct justification was B, Trapnel's vision said Cromwell and his supporters tumbled into their graves.

She was effectively predicting their deaths, their downfall.

So well done for your work on that question.

Now we are ready to put our knowledge about Anna Trapnel and Cromwell into practise.

So first of all, does Anna Trapnel's pamphlet "Cry of a Stone" suggest she was a supporter of Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate? I want you to provide a quote to support your answer.

To help frame your response, you can use the following sentence starters.

Anna Trapnel's pamphlet "Cry of a Stone" suggests she was or was not a supporter of Oliver Cromwell in the Protectorate, for example.

So pause the video here and press play when you are ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you, does Anna Trapnel's pamphlet suggest she was a supporter of Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate, and asked you to provide a quote to support your answer.

So your answer may have included that Anna Trapnel's pamphlet "Cry of a Stone" suggests she was not a supporter of Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate.

For example, in her pamphlet, she predicted that the heavens would cause Cromwell and his supporters to tumble into their graves.

So really well done for all of your hard work on that task, especially because finding appropriate quotes from our sources can be challenging.

So now we can move on to the second part of our practise task.

What might have caused Anna Trapnel to write negatively about Cromwell and the Protectorate when she wrote her pamphlet in 1654.

I want you to consider Trapnel's own background and events which were occurring around the time she wrote her pamphlet.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, really well done for all your hard work on that task.

So I asked you what might have caused Anna Trapnel to write negatively about Cromwell and the Protectorate when she wrote her pamphlet in 1654? Your answer may have included that Anna Trapnel was a Fifth Monarchist.

The Fifth Monarchists were angry that Cromwell ended the Barebones Parliament in 1653 as they believed this prevented Christ's return to earth.

This may have been the reason why Anna Trapnel's pamphlet spoke about Cromwell and the Protectorate negatively as she wrote very soon after the end of the Barebones Parliament.

So really well done, especially if your response looked quite similar to that model we've just seen.

We've now reached the end of our lesson, which means we can summarise all of our learning from today.

We've seen that England was a republic in the years from 1649 to 1660.

This time period is known as the Interregnum.

Oliver Cromwell became the most powerful person in England during the Interregnum and used the army to help him rule.

Religious sects like the Fifth Monarchists emerged during the Interregnum because they hope to make the country more godly.

And many members of Parliament and religious sects disliked the way Cromwell ruled England.

So well done for all of your hard work in today's lesson, it's been a real pleasure helping you to work through it, and I look forward to seeing you again in future as we think further about the English Civil War and about what pamphlets can tell us about politics in 17th century England.