Hello, I'm Mr. Roberts and thank you for joining me for today's history lesson.

My job is to help guide you through our history resources, and I'm going to be making sure that by the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to securely meet our lesson objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the Enlightenment, where we are familiarising ourselves with the origins of the Enlightenment Movement and its key features.

By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain how the Enlightenment challenged the authority of the Church and monarchy.

There are five key words which will help us navigate through today's lesson.

These are establishment, philosopher, Enlightenment, atheism, and legitimacy.

The groups in positions of authority, such as the Church or monarchy, are known collectively as the establishment.

A philosopher is someone who studies deep questions about the universe and human existence.

The Enlightenment was a movement in the 1600s and 1700s that promoted the use of reason and questioned authority.

Atheism is the belief that God or gods do not exist.

And the belief that someone has the right to rule and make laws is known as legitimacy.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts and we'll begin by thinking about the Scientific Revolution.

In the 1500s, the Scientific Revolution changed how people viewed the world and led them to question the power that monarchs and the church had over their lives.

In Europe at this time, men like Copernicus and Galileo challenged an idea that was taught by the church that insisted the Earth was created by God at the centre of the universe.

By observing the universe through new inventions, such as the telescope, they discovered that all objects in the solar system actually revolve around the Sun.

In the 1600s, Isaac Newton discovered the laws of gravity, which further challenged the teachings and authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

Men like this gathered together in groups to argue that the mysteries of the universe could be unlocked through careful observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning, rather than through the teachings of the Bible.

From this point onwards, many people would now turn to science rather than religion when they had deep questions about the nature of human existence and the world of around them.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

In Europe, what became more popular when thinking about the nature of the universe in the 1500s? Was it A, listening to the teachings of the church, B, turning away from the Bible and towards science, or C, turning away from science and towards the Bible.

Pause the video here, and press play when you are ready to see the right answer.

Welcome back.

Well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B, turning away from the Bible and towards science.

Let's try another one.

True or false, scientists, like Galileo, challenged the teachings of the church.

Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you are ready for the answer.

Welcome back.

Well done if you said true.

Scientists, like Galileo, did indeed challenge the teachings of the church.

Now, have a look at A and B, and select the correct justification for this.

Is it A, Galileo challenged the church's teachings that the Sun went around the Earth, or is it B, Galileo challenged the church's teachings that the Earth went round the Sun.

Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you are ready for the answer.

Welcome back, well done if you said A, Galileo challenged the church's teachings that the Sun went round the Earth.

So now we are in a great position to put our knowledge into practise.

I would like you to complete the text using the choice of words below.

The words are church, establishment, logic, universe, and Galileo.

Pause the video, complete the text, and press play again when you are ready for the answers.

Welcome back.

So I asked you to complete the text using the five words in purple towards the top of the screen.

Your answers should include the following.

The Scientific Revolution changed how people viewed the world, and led them to question the power that monarchs and the Church had over their lives, who together were known as the establishment.

Galileo and Isaac Newton explained new ideas that turned people away from religious ideas and encouraged them to use science and logic to find the answers about the nature of the universe.

Well done if you deployed the words correctly into the right gaps in the text.

So now we move on to the second part of our lesson where we will be thinking about a man named Immanuel Kant and the idea of Enlightenment.

By the 1700s, thanks to their new scientific approach to questions about the nature of the universe and human existence, European philosophers saw themselves as more enlightened than people in the past.

In 1784, a German philosopher named Immanuel Kant wrote an important essay entitled "What is Enlightenment?" Where he defined the idea as having the courage to think for yourself when working out the difference between right and wrong.

This was instead of relying on the rules imposed by the church or the monarch, he argued that Enlightenment was something that happened in your mind when you dared to challenge what everyone else thought was true and started thinking independently.

Kant did not begin the Enlightenment Movement, but he put a name to this group of philosophers and their determination to question the authority of the establishment that have been growing since the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s.

So now let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we have just heard.

What was the title of Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay? Was it A, "What is Religion?" B, The Wonder of Science?" or C, "What is Enlightenment?" Pause the video, have a think, and press play when you are ready for the answer.

Welcome back.

Well done to everyone who said C, the title of Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay was indeed "What is Enlightenment?" Kant was writing in Europe in the 1780s where the Enlightenment was inspiring a growing atmosphere of excitement and a desire for change, which was leading others to reject the authority of the establishment and use reasoning to work out right and wrong.

This was something that the church discouraged, since they believed that God and religious rules found in the Bible determined rights and wrong, this led to them banning many books by Enlightenment philosophers causing more tension between the establishment and ordinary people in countries such as France, where the King would end up being overthrown in 1789.

This was a direct result of the Enlightenment, which was inspiring change in countries where people thought the establishment had too much control.

Let's check our understanding one more time.

True or false, Enlightenment philosophers, like Kant, argued against the establishment.

Pause the video and come back for the answer when you are ready.

Welcome back, and well done for everyone who said it was true that Enlightenment philosophers, like Kant, argued against the establishment.

Now justify the answer, which sentence is correct? A, they argued that the law should be followed at all times, even by the most important people in society, or B, they argued that right and wrong should be worked out logically instead of relying on laws or religious rules.

Once again, pause the video and have a think.

When you are ready, come back to the answer.

Welcome back, and well done to everyone, who said, B, they argued That right and wrong should be worked out logically.

Instead of relying on laws or religious rules.

Now it's time to put our learning into practise again.

There are two opinions below.

One belongs to Jun and the other belongs to Jacob.

Your task is to decide who you think makes the more convincing argument about the origins of the Enlightenment.

Jun says, "Kant was the most important philosopher during the Enlightenment, and if it wasn't for him, no one would've questioned the authority of the establishment." Jacob says, "The Enlightenment was a movement of many philosophers who were inspired by the Scientific Revolution to question who decided what is right and wrong." Pause the video and have a think about whose opinion is more convincing, and justify your answer.

When you are ready for some feedback, press play.

Welcome back.

I asked you to consider whether Jun or Jacob had the more convincing arguments about the origins of the Enlightenment, and to justify your opinion.

All answers will be slightly different, but well done if you included any of the following, Jacob has a more convincing argument because he correctly suggests that the Enlightenment involved many important philosophers.

Jun focuses on the importance of Kant, who he implies was the first to encourage people to question the authority of the establishment, but people like Galileo and Newton had actually been doing this since the 1500s.

Instead, Jacob correctly suggests that this questioning of the establishment's authority had occurred since the Scientific Revolution.

Now it's time to move on to the final part of our lesson on the background to the Enlightenment where we are going to be thinking about the Enlightenment and the church.

Atheism increased during the Enlightenment, but the movement did not openly reject religion entirely.

Some philosophers did suspect each other of atheism, but it would've been extremely difficult at the time for anyone who openly claimed that God did not exist.

Instead, they wanted to reduce the role the church played in shaping laws and controlling ordinary people.

Philosophers such as John Locke in England, Voltaire in France, and David Hume in Scotland, demanded the separation of Church and government.

Now, let's do a quick check that we've secured what we've just learned.

Read the three statements, and decide which two of them are true.

You have the choice between A, there was a rise in atheism during the Enlightenment, B, most Enlightenment philosophers were atheists, and C, Enlightenment philosophers did not reject religion entirely.

Pause the video, make a decision, and press play to find out the answers.

Welcome back and well done if you said A and C.

It is true to say that there was indeed a rise in atheism during the Enlightenment, and also true to say that Enlightenment philosophers did not reject religion entirely as this would've been difficult to do given the religious nature of society at the time.

Indeed, for 100s of years, European monarchs had justified their power by claiming they had been divinely appointed, meaning chosen by God to rule, and Catholic monarchs also relied on the support of the Pope in Rome.

Enlightenment philosophers were critical of monarchs who ignored them, such as King Louis XVI of France, but Kant praised King Frederick II of Prussia for helping the Enlightenment to thrive.

Ultimately, the Enlightenment caused people to question the legitimacy of not just the church, but also monarchs who had power thanks to the support of the church.

Now let's see if you can remember what we've just learned.

True or false, monarchs in Europe drew some of their power from the church.

Pause the video and come back when you're ready.

Welcome back, well done if you said true, monarchs did indeed draw some of their power from the church.

Now justify your answer by choosing either A, it was believed they were divinely appointed, which gave them legitimacy to rule over their people, or B, they were chosen by the church which gave them religious legitimacy to rule over their people.

Pause the video and come back when you've made a decision.

Welcome back, and well done if you picked A, it was indeed believed that monarchs were divinely appointed by God, which gave them legitimacy to rule over their people.

The Enlightenment also reflected the Bible teaching that all people were created equal by God, calling for liberty, equality, and fraternity, which is another name for brotherhood.

In the 1500s, Christianity in Western Europe had splintered with Catholicism and Protestantism in conflict.

Enlightenment philosophers argued for tolerance of all Christians, regardless of which side they were on.

However, while some Enlightenment thinkers did accept that all races were equal, many did not.

This meant that many of them accepted practises such as enslavement in line with the common belief at the time that white Europeans were naturally superior to other races.

And now let's check your understanding for one last time before going into a practise task.

True or false? All Enlightenment philosophers wanted equality for all humans.

Have a think, pause the video, and return when you've made your decision.

Welcome back, and well done if you said false.

Now let's justify our decision by selecting either A or B below.

Is it A, all Enlightenment philosophers thought white Europeans were superior to other races, or B, many Enlightenment philosophers thought white Europeans were superior to other races.

As ever, pause, make a decision, and press play when you are ready for the answer.

Hello again, and well done if you selected B.

It is unfortunately true that many Enlightenment philosophers thought white Europeans were superior to other races.

Now it's time for the first of two final practise tasks.

Below you'll see five sentence starters.

I would like you to complete the following sentence starters, using what you've learned in this lesson.

Pause the video while you complete the task, and press play again when you are ready for some feedback.

Welcome back.

There are many ways you could have finished the five sentence starters, but here are some examples.

So well done if your answers included any of the following.

During the 1500s, the Scientific Revolution led to people questioning the authority of the church and turning towards science for answers.

In 1784, Immanuel Kant wrote the essay, "What is Enlightenment?" which gave a name to the group of philosophers questioning the authority of the establishment.

To work out right from wrong, Enlightenment philosophers believed you should use reason and logic instead of relying on the laws made by the monarch or the rules in the Bible.

There was a rise in atheism during the Enlightenment, but Enlightenment philosophers did not reject religion entirely, instead, they wanted to reduce the power of the church.

The Enlightenment questioned the legitimacy of monarchy because many monarch at the time relied on the idea that they had been divinely appointed and the Catholic church supported this.

Now it's time for you to pull all your learning from this lesson together and write one complete paragraph explaining how the Enlightenment challenged the power of the monarchy and the church.

In your answer, try if possible, to include the following words, philosophers, establishment, legitimacy and authority.

Pause the video, and press play again when you've completed this task.

Welcome back and well done.

I asked you to write a paragraph explaining how the Enlightenment challenged the power of monarchy and the church.

There are many things you might have written, but well done if you included any of the following.

During the Enlightenment, philosophers, like Kant, began to challenge the authority of monarchs and the Church.

They argued reason and logic could determine right and wrong rather than rules made by monarchs or those found in the Bible.

Enlightenment philosophers challenge the legitimacy of the establishment and especially those monarchs who used religion to justify their authority by claiming they had been divinely appointed.

And with that, we have reached the end of today's lesson, which puts us in a great position to now summarise what we've learned.

We began by learning that the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s made people question the church's teachings, inspiring the Enlightenment of the 1600s and 1700s.

We learned that in 1784, Immanuel Kant explained the concept of Enlightenment, which gave a name to the movement.

We also learned that Kant and other philosophers argued people should use reason and logic to reach conclusions about right and wrong, not follow rules blindly.

We also explored the idea that the Enlightenment challenged the combined authority of the monarchy and the Church together, known as the establishment.

And finally, we delved into how Enlightenment philosophers wanted equality, but many believed it only applied to white Europeans who were superior to other races.

Really well done for all your hard work in today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to guide you through today's resources, and I look forward to seeing you again in the future as we think further about Enlightenment ideas in relation to both science and politics.