Hello, I'm Mr. Marchin and thank you for joining me for today's history lesson.

I'll be guiding you through all of our resources today, and my top priority is to make sure that by the end of our lesson, you are able to successfully meet our learning objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the Mughal Empire, where we are asking ourselves, how important was violence to the Mughal conquest in India? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain the methods used by Emperor Humayun to gain control over India.

There are five keywords which will help us navigate our way through today's lesson.

Those are political instability, rebelled, diplomacy, exile and convert.

Political instability refers to situations where the government is not very secure or there is no clear leader in a country.

Someone who fights against the government or ruler in their country has rebelled.

Diplomacy refers to how leaders manage relationships with other rulers and countries.

Diplomacy can involve making agreements with rulers of other states.

Exile involves being sent or kept away from your own country, usually for political reasons.

And to convert is to change to a new religion or belief.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts and will be begin by focusing on Humayun's early rule.

The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in 1526.

When Babur died in 1530, his son, Humayun, became the new Mughal emperor.

When Humayun became emperor, there was a lot of political instability.

These challenges came from groups who were opposed to Mughal power in India and also from Humayun's own relatives who wanted to be emperor themselves.

So, we have a statement on the screen that says, Emperor Humayun was only opposed by groups who disliked the Mughals.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that her Humayun was also opposed by members of his own family, and the second says that there were no groups who disliked Mughal rule in India.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct justification was A, Humayun was also opposed by members of his own family, showing that it was not just groups who disliked the Mughals, who opposed Emperor Humayun.

It was even fellow Mughals themselves.

The Sultanate of Gujarat repeatedly challenged Mughal power after her Humayun became emperor.

In 1535, the Mughals went to war with the Sultanate of Gujarat.

Humayun's armies defeated those of the Sultanate of Gujarat and the Mughals conquered the sultanate.

Mughal rule proved unpopular though.

And in 1537, a rebellion forced Humayun's armies out of Gujarat.

So, reflecting on what we've just heard, which statement is most accurate? Humayun used diplomacy to gain control over Gujarat in 1535, but soon lost control over it.

Humayun used force to gain control over Gujarat in 1535, but soon lost control over it.

Or Humayun used trade to gain control over Jujarat in 1535, but soon lost control over it.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B, Humayun used force to gain control over Gujarat.

The area was conquered by the Mughal armies, but by 1537 as Mughal rule proved unpopular, Humayun soon lost control over the sultanate.

In 1538, Humayun was leading an army against Sher Shah.

who challenged Mughal power from Bengal.

Whilst Humayun was away, his younger brother Hindal rebelled and took control over the Mughal capital, Agra, and declared himself to be emperor.

Another of Humayun's brothers, Kamran, travelled to Agra and made an agreement with Hindal to divide the empire between themselves.

So let's make sure we have a clear understanding of what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing keyword from the following sentence.

In 1538, Humayun's own brothers, blank, against him and tried to take power for themselves.

So what's the missing keyword? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the missing keyword was rebelled.

In 1538, Humayun's own brothers rebelled against him and tried to take power for themselves.

In 1539, Mughal armies fighting against Sher Shah were defeated at the Battle of Chausa.

Humayun forgave his brothers for their rebellion, but they still failed to agree on how to defeat Sher Shah.

Another military defeat at the Battle of Kanauj in 1540 allowed Sher Shah to conquer the remaining Mughal lands in India.

Humayun was forced out of power and into exile.

So let's check our understanding of what we've just heard.

What happened to Emperor Humayun in 1540? Was it that he was forced from power and into exiled by Sher Shah, that he was killed in battle against Sher Shah's army, or that he received support from Sher Shah against his brothers? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was A, Emperor Humayun was forced from power and into exile by Sher Shah in 1540 after his military defeats at the Battle of Chausa in 1539 and the Battle of Kanauj in 1540.

So, we are now in a good position to put all of our knowledge about Humayun's early rule into practise.

I want you to complete the timeline by adding in the missing events from 1537, 1538, 1539, and 1540.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answers.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to complete the timeline by adding in the missing events.

We already had the event from 1535 written in that said Humayun and the Mughals conquer Gujarat.

In 1537, the Mughals lost their control over Gujarat, and in 1538, Humayun's own brothers rebelled against him.

In 1539, Sher Shah won the Battle of Chausa, and in 1540, Humayun was forced into exile as Sher Shah became emperor.

So really well done.

You managed to get all of those events added to your timeline correctly.

We are now ready to move on to the second part of our lesson for today, where we are gonna focus on Humayun's exile years.

After the Mughal defeats in 1539 and 1540, Humayun lived in exile.

Humayun's exile from India lasted for 14 years, from 1540 until 1554.

After 1540, Northern India was ruled over by Sher Shah and after his death by his son, Islam Shah Suri.

During this period, Humayun had to remain in exile.

Humayun attempted to find groups in Northern India who would fight alongside him to reconquer his empire.

However, pressure from Sher Shah and his son on groups like the leaders of the Rajput kingdoms meant that Humayun's diplomacy was unsuccessful.

Humayun also received little assistance from his younger brothers.

Although his brother Kamran remained in power in Kabul and retained control over lands in central Asia, he refused to support Humayun.

Instead, Humayun lived in exile in the Persian Empire.

Careful diplomacy by Humayun helped to win him support from the Persians.

In exchange for help from the Persian emperor, Humayun was forced to give away Kandahar, a territory which the Mughals still controlled in central Asia.

Humayun was also required to convert to the Shia version of Islam practised by the Persian emperor.

These acts led to the Persian Empire providing Humayun with 10,000 soldiers to reconquer his lost empire.

In 1545, Humayun was able to regain control over Central Asia from his brothers.

However, whilst Sher Shah and his son, Islam Shah, remained in power, Humayun had minimal success in regaining his lost lands in India.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

Who did Humayun receive significant support from during his years in exile? Was it the Chinese emperor, the Persian emperor, or the Rajput kings? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was B, Humayun received significant support from the Persian emperor during his years in exile.

And let's try another question.

This time we have a statement on the screen that reads, "Humayun used diplomacy to work towards regaining his empire." Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was true, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that Humayun defeated his brother Kamran in battle for control over Central Asia in 1545.

And the second says that Humayun agreed to convert to Shia Islam, the same religion practised by the Persian emperor.

So which one of those two justifications is best for showing that Humayun used diplomacy? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the best justification was B, Humayun agreed to convert to Shia Islam, the same religion practised by the Persian emperor.

This was something that Humayun did in order to make an agreement with the Persian emperor and receive his support.

And let's try one more question.

This time I want you to write the missing number from the following statement.

During his years in exile, the Persian emperor agreed to provide Humayun with, blank, soldiers to help him reconquer India.

So what's the missing number? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay.

Well then to everybody who said that the missing number was 10,000.

During his years in exile, the Persian emperor agreed to provide Humayun with 10,000 soldiers to help him reconquer India.

So, now we're in a good position to put all of our knowledge about Humayun's exile years into practise.

I want you to describe two ways in which Humayun earned Persian support whilst he was in exile.

Your answer should refer to specific actions Humayun took to convince the Persians they should help him.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to describe two ways in which Humayun earned Persian support whilst he was in exile.

Your answer may have included, one way Humayun earned Persian support was by giving up some territory.

For example, Humayun agreed to transfer Kandahar in central Asia to Persian control.

Another way Humayun earned Persian support was by changing his religion.

For example, Humayun agreed to convert to Shia Islam, which was the same type of Islam practised by the Persian emperor.

So really well done if your own answers look something like those models, which we've just seen there.

And that means we are now ready to move on to the third and final part of today's lesson where we are going to focus on the Mughal reconquest of India.

By 1555, Humayun had successfully returned to the throne and restored the Mughal Empire in Northern India, Humayun's reconquest was a result of multiple factors, including diplomacy, violence, and the weaknesses of his enemies.

So we need to keep these factors in mind as we think about what exactly happened in the years around 1555 as Humayun reconquered India.

In 1554, Islam Shah died, having ruled over much of Northern India for nine years.

Islam Shah's death led to a period of political instability in northern India.

His 12-year-old son who followed him as emperor was murdered after just a few days by another family member.

Over the remainder of 1554 and into 1555, descendants of Sher Shah fought one another for power, creating new divisions in India.

Making the most of this political situation, Humayun launched an invasion of India in 1554.

Many of the troops in Humayun's Mughal army were actually Persians.

The Mughal forces faced very little opposition as they moved through northern India.

In fact, Humayun's army had to fight only one major battle at Sirhind, which it won in June, 1555.

After this military victory, most towns and villages not only refused to resist the Mughal army, but actively welcomed it.

In July, 1555, Mughal troops entered the city of Delhi and Humayun was restored to the throne as emperor.

So let's check our understanding of what we've just heard.

The descendants of Sher Shah fought against one another between 1554 and 1555.

What factor does this suggest was most responsible for helping Humayun's reconquest of India? Is it diplomacy, violence, or the weaknesses of his enemies? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the correct answer was C.

The descendants of Sher Shah fighting against one another between 1554 and 1555 divided Northern India, which meant that Humayun's enemies were weaker at the time, which made it easier for him to launch his own invasion of the area.

And let's try another question.

I want you to write the missing keyword from the following sentence.

Historians can tell that Humayun's, blank, benefited his reconquest of India as many of his soldiers in 1554 and 1555 were Persians.

So what's the missing keyword? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said the missing keyword was diplomacy.

Historians can tell that Humayun's diplomacy benefited his reconquest of India as many of his soldiers in 1554 and 1555 were Persians.

And let's try one more question.

Starting with the earliest, sort the following events into chronological order.

Our events are, Islam Shah dies, Humayun's invasion of India faces little resistance, descendants of Sher Shah fight one another for power, and Humayun returns to the throne and restores the Mughal Empire.

You need to number these statements from one to four to indicate the chronological order as part of your answer.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answers.

Okay, so to put these events into chronological order, you should've numbered them as follows.

The first event was that Islam Shah died.

This was followed by the descendants of Sher Shah fighting one another for power.

So you should number that statement with the number two.

Following this, Humayun's invasion of India face little resistance.

So we should have that as number three, which means the fourth statement should have been "Humayun returns to the throne and restores the Mughal Empire." So really well done if you numbered each of those statements correctly.

And that means we are in a good position to put our knowledge of the Mughal reconquest of India into practise.

I want you to answer the following question.

How important was violence for Humayun's reconquest of India in the 1550s? Was it very significant, somewhat significant, or insignificant? I want you to write one paragraph to explain your answer.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay.

Well done for all of your hard work and all of your effort on that task.

So I asked you, how important was violence for Humayun's reconquest of India in the 1550s? Your answer may have included, violence was somewhat significant in Humayun's reconquest of India in the 1550s.

For example, Humayun's supporters had to fight the battle of Sirhind against some of those who opposed his reconquest.

This shows some violence was necessary for the Mughals to regain power, but Humayun also benefited from his own diplomacy, which had secured the support of Persia and provided more troops for his army.

So well done if your own answer looks something like that.

Alternatively, your answer may have included, violence was insignificant in Humayun's reconquest of India in the 1550s.

The weaknesses of Mughal enemies were much more important.

For example, after Islam Shah's death, descendants of Sher Shah fought for power against one another, creating political instability in India.

This reduced the amount of opposition which Hawaiian faced when he invaded in 1554.

So the Mughals had little need to rely on using violence to reconquer India.

Again, if your answer looks something like that model, really well done.

And that means we've now reached the end of today's lesson, which puts us in a good position to summarise our learning.

We've seen that Emperor Humayun faced challenges to his early rule through opponents of the Mughals and even his own brothers rebelled against him.

Sher Shah defeated the Mughals militarily and forced Humayun into exile in 1540.

Whilst in exile, Humayun used diplomacy to help secure support from Persia for his reconquest of India.

India suffered from political instability after the death of Islam Shah in 1554 and Humayun and the Mughals return to power in India in 1555.

So really well done for all of your effort during today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to help guide you through our resources, and I look forward to seeing you again in future as we think further about the Mughal Empire and continue to ask ourselves, how important was violence in the Mughal conquest of India during the 16th and 17th centuries?.