Hello, and thank you for joining me.

I'm Mr. Marchin and I'll be your history teacher for today's lesson.

I'll be guiding you through all of our resources and my top aims are to ensure not only that you enjoy our learning, but also that you can successfully meet today's lesson objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the Mughal Empire, where we've been asking ourselves, how important was violence to the Mughal conquest in India during the 16th and 17th centuries? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to assess the factors responsible for Mughal conquest in India during the 16th and 17th centuries.

There are three key words which will help us navigate our way through today's lesson.

Those are tolerance, revenue, and alliance.

Tolerance involves allowing people to do or believe what they want, although your beliefs are different or you do not agree with them.

Revenue is the amount of money coming in, for example, into a government through tax or into a company.

And an alliance is in agreement between two or more countries to work together.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts and we'll begin by thinking about the Mughals in India.

Mughal rule in India began in 1526, and it would last until the mid-19th century.

Although Mughal power was at its strongest in the 16th and 17th centuries.

By the end of the 17th century, almost all of the Indian subcontinent had been conquered by the Mughals.

Babur was the first Mughal Emperor.

Babur secured power after defeating the Delhi Sultanate in the 1526 Battle of Panipat.

Babur also fought against the Rajput Kingdom of Mewar In 1527.

Babur filled a tower with the skulls of his dead enemies after his battle with the kingdom of Mewar in 1527, sending out a clear symbol of how he would treat his enemies.

So let's check our understanding of what we've just heard.

What happened after the battle of Panipat in 1526? Was it that Babur won and was able to begin Mughal rule in India? That Babur lost and had to abandon Mughal lands in India? Or that Babur lost but killed many Indians as revenge? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A, after the battle of Panipat, Babur who won, was able to begin Mughal rule in northern India.

Humayun was the second Mughal emperor, the son of Babur.

Humayun was forced into exile in 1540 by Sher Shah.

Humayun secured support from Persia whilst he was living in exile.

He agreed to convert to Shia Islam and to transfer some of his territory to the Persians in return for their support.

Persian support for Humayun included providing him with troops to help him regain power in India.

Humayun regained power in India in 1554, as Sher Shah's descendants began fighting one another.

However, Humayun died just one year after regaining Mughal power in India.

So thinking about what we've just heard, I want you to write the missing word from the following sentence.

During his exile and reinvasion of India, Humayun received support from blank.

So what's the missing word? Pause video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay.

Well done to everybody who said that the missing word was Persia.

During his exile and invasion of India, Humayun received support from Persia.

Akbar the Great reigned from 1556 to 1605, Akbar increased the size of the Mughal military and expanded the Mughal empire.

He also promoted religious tolerance.

This included promoting non-Muslims and abolishing the jizya tax in 1564, which had previously had to be paid by all non-Muslims. Akbar also introduced a new tax system, the dahsala.

This helped to increase Mughal revenues.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we just heard about Emperor Akbar.

Which statement is most accurate? Is it The Emperor Akbar converted from Islam to become a Hindu? The Emperor Akbar introduced a tax on Hindus called the jizya.

Or the Emperor Akbar promoted groups like Hindus to leading positions.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay.

Well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was C.

Because of his religious tolerance, emperor Akbar was willing to promote non-Muslims such as Hindus to leading positions in his military and his government.

Jahangir reigned in the early 17th century, taking power after Emperor Akbar died.

Jahangir oversaw continued expansion of the Mughal Empire.

The kingdom of Mewar was forced to surrender after repeated attacks by Jahangir's armies between 1613 and 1616.

Jahangir also continued his father's policies of religious toleration of non-Muslims. Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor.

He was most significant for his contributions to Mughal architecture.

He ordered the construction of many buildings in India such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort.

A painting in a Red Fort can be seen on the screen at the moment showing just how grand some of Shah Jahan's architectural achievements were.

Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal emperor he took on the royal name 'Alamgir,' meaning 'Conqueror of the World.

' This royal name helped to reflect the many military successes of Aurangzeb.

Aurangzeb conquered the Deccan and expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent.

However, because of Aurangzeb's violent reactions to opposition as well as his attempts to expand Mughal rule, there were a growing number of rebellions against his rule and that of the Mughals in the late 17th century.

So let's make sure we have a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing word from the following sentence.

Aurangzeb took on the royal name 'Alamgir,' meaning 'blank of the World.

' So what's the missing word? Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay.

Well, to everybody who said that the missing word was Conqueror.

Aurangzeb took on the royal name 'Alamgir,' meaning 'Conqueror of the World.

' So we are now in a good position to put all of our knowledge into practise.

Task A is gonna be split into two parts.

And first, beginning with the earliest.

I want you to sort the Mughal emperors into chronological order according to when they reigned.

So remember, the emperors from this period were Babur, Akbar, Jahangir, Humayun, Aurangzeb, and Shah Jahan.

So you need to organise them into the correct chronological order according to when they reigned.

Pause video here and press play when you're ready to check your answers.

Okay, well done for all of your effort on that part of Task A.

So I asked you to order the Mughal emperors into chronological order according to when they reigned.

Your answers should have looked like this: That Babur reigned before Humayun, who was followed by Akbar as Emperor.

Akbar's son, Jahangir took power after him, followed by Shah Jahan and then by Aurangzeb, who's considered the last of the great Mughal emperors.

So now we're ready to move on to the second part of Task A.

For this part of our task, I want you to match the Mughal emperors to the events which relate to their reign.

So the four emperors for you to think about are Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Aurangzeb, and you need to match each of those emperors to the events which relate to their reign.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all your hard work on that part of Task A.

So I asked you to match the Mughal emperors to the events which related to their reign.

So your answers should look like this.

The event which linked to Babur's reign was that he began Mughal rule after winning the battle of Panipat in 1526.

For Humayun, you should have linked him to the event which says received Persian support whilst living in exile.

For Akbar, you should have linked him to the description that said, introduce the dahsala tax system.

And for Aurangzeb, you should have linked him to the description that said, known as 'Alamgir,' meaning 'Conqueror of the World.

' So really well done, especially if you managed to link all of those emperors to the events from their reigns correctly.

So now we're ready to move on to the second part of our lesson for today where we are going to focus on explaining Mughal conquests.

There were multiple factors or reasons which helped the Mughals increase their control over the Indian subcontinent.

These included violence, diplomacy, the weaknesses of others, and governing policies.

We'll think about each of these different reasons in turn.

So let's start by thinking about the role of violence in Mughal conquests.

Violence helped the Mughal to overpower enemies and also to discourage others from opposing them.

For example, Akbar the Great ordered the massacre of 30,000 people, mostly women and children in Mewar after it resisted a Mughal attack.

Furthermore, Aurangzeb sent an army of 500,000 men in 1680 in order to conquer the Deccan.

In both of those examples, we can clearly see violence being used either to overpower enemies or to discourage opposition.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

I want you to identify two ways in which the use of violence helped the Mughals conquer India.

Was it that it created new enemies to Mughal rule? That it made India more stable.

That it overpowered those who resisted Mughal rule.

Or that it scared opposition so they would not speak out.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answers.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answers were C and D.

Violence helped the Mughals to conquer India because it overpowered those who resisted Mughal rule and it scared opposition, so they were less likely to speak out against the Mughals or challenge them.

Diplomacy was also important for Mughal conquests.

Mughal leaders were able to make agreements with other leaders to help support their power.

For example, Akbar made an alliance with the Rajput King of Amber.

The Mughal supported the king's local power, and Akbar married his daughter in return for Amber's loyalty to the Mughals.

Most other Rajput states made similar alliances with the Mughals during the reign of Akbar the Great.

So let's make sure we've got a secure understanding of what we've just heard.

We have a statement on the screen which reads: Most Rajput kingdoms only accepted Mughal rule after suffering military defeats during Akbar's reign.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well, and to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that most Rajput kingdoms made alliances with the Mughals during Akbar the Great's reign.

And the second says that most Rajput kingdoms were conquered after suffering military defeats during the reigns of Babur and Humayun.

So each one of those two justifications is correct.

Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was A, Most Rajput kingdoms made alliances with Mughals during Akbar the Great's reign.

In doing so, there were following the lead of the King of Amber who originally made an alliance with the Mughals and grew in power afterwards.

Another reason for the Mughal conquest in India was their exploitation, their making the most, and to the weaknesses of others.

Mughal leaders were able to exploit similar divisions and weaknesses of their opponents.

Many leading nobles were unhappy with the leader of the Delhi Sultanate when Babur first invaded in 1525.

And as a result, those Indian nobles refused to fight against the invading Mughal armies.

So thinking about what we've just heard, why did many leading nobles in the Delhi Sultanate refuse to fight against Babur's invasion of India? Was it because the Delhi Sultanate was too weak, because the leader of the Delhi Sultanate was unpopular, or because Babur promised to reward Nobles who changed sides? Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was B.

Because the leader of the Delhi Sultanate was unpopular, many unhappy Indian nobles refused to fight against Babur when evaded India in 1525 into early 1526.

And the governing policies of the Mughals was another important factor which helped them to conquer India.

Mughal leaders tried to ensure the people they ruled over did not have reasons to oppose them.

For example, Akbar promoted policies of religious tolerance, which were continued by his descendants.

A quarter of leading military and government officials by the end of Aurangzeb's reign at the start of the 18th century were Hindus, despite the fact that Aurangzeb, like all the other Mughal emperors, were Muslims. So let's make sure we've really understood what we just heard.

We have a statement on the screen that says: Religious tolerance continued in the Mughal Empire long after Akbar the Great's reign.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was true, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that Aurangzeb promoted Hindus and Sikhs to positions of power, although Jahangir and Shah Jahan refused to.

And the second says that a quarter of leading military and government officials by the end of Aurangzeb's reign were Hindus.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause video here and press play when you ready to see the right answer.

Okay.

Well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was B, a quarter of leading military and government officials by the end of Aurangzeb's reign were Hindus.

And this shows that religious tolerance continued in the Mughal Empire long after Akbar the Great's reign.

Another aspect of Mughal governing policies focused on finances.

Mughal leaders tried to find secure funding to meet the costs involved in maintaining and expanding their empire.

During Akbar the Great's reign a new tax system, the dahsala was introduced, which increased Mughal revenue.

So thinking about what we've just heard, what was the direct impact of the dahsala on the Mughal Empire? Was it that the empire's population increased, that the empire's revenue increased, or that the empire's territory increased? Pause a video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was B.

The dahsala was a new taxation system introduced during the rain of Akbar the Great and helped to increase the revenue of the Mughal Empire.

So what we've seen is that there were multiple factors which helped the Mughals increase their control over the Indians subcontinent, including violence, diplomacy, the weaknesses of others, and governing policies of the Mughals.

So we are now ready to put all of our knowledge into practise.

For Task B, I want you to complete the table.

You need to do two things to complete our table.

Firstly, for each of the examples given you need to identify which factor, so thinking violence, the weaknesses of others, diplomacy or governing policies, it suggests help the Mughals to conquer India.

And then for the second part of this task, for each factor, you need to provide a second example to demonstrate how it helped the Mughals conquer India.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on all of your responses.

Okay, really well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So firstly, I asked you for each of the examples given to identify which factor it suggested help the Mughals to conquer India.

So your answers should have included, for our example that says Humayun was provided with 10,000 soldiers by Persia.

That this is an example of diplomacy helping the Mughals because we can see that we're making agreements with other countries to give them support.

For our second example, which said a quarter of Aurangzeb's generals and leading officials were Hindus.

Well, this is an example of the importance of Mughal governing policies, in this case, of their policy of religious tolerance because the army was strengthened by having some people who were not Muslims in it.

For our third example that says Babur filled a tower with the skulls of his defeated enemies.

This is an example of violence being used to help the Mughals.

And for our fourth example, when Humayun reconquered India, Sher Shah's descendants were fighting each other.

Well, this is an example of the weaknesses of others helping the Mughals, giving them an opportunity to reconquer India.

So we can now think about the second part of Task B where I asked you for each factor to provide a second example to demonstrate how it helped Mughals conquer India.

Your answers could have included for diplomacy, that most Rajput states agreed to make alliances with Akbar.

For governing policies, you may have put the Akbar's new tax system, the dahsala, increased tax revenue.

For violence, you may have put that Aurangzeb sent an army of 500,000 men to conquer the Deccan in 1680.

And for the weaknesses of others, you may have put that some nobles refused to fight Babur's invasion because they disliked Ibrahim Lodi, the leader of the dead Sultan at the time.

So really well done if you managed to provide your own examples for each of those factors.

So now we're ready to move on to the third and final part of our lesson for today where we are gonna focus on assessing Mughal conquests.

The Mughal conquest of India began in 1526.

The Empire expanded nearly continuously over the next century until it reached its greatest extent during Aurangzeb's reign.

Historians accept that multiple factors contributed to the Mughal conquest of India, but they disagree about how important each of these factors was.

When assessing the importance of an individual factor, historians might consider was that factor of long-term importance, i.

e.

, that is to say, did it contribute towards Mughal expansion during the reigns of most emperors? And they might also consider, did the factor influence of a factors? I.

e.

, did one factor enhance, strengthen the effects of another factor in helping the Mughals to conquer India? So let's make sure we really understood what we've just been discussing.

Which two considerations are most likely to suggest that a factor was very important? Is it that it enhanced the effects of other factors that its impact was long lasting, that it was influenced by other factors, or that its impact was short lasting? Remember, you are selecting two considerations from our options.

So pause video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answers.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answers were A and B.

A factor might seem to be very important if it enhanced the effects of other factors and if it's impact was long-lasting.

So we have three examples on our screen that tell us about developments in the Mughal Empire in 1527, 1568 and 1680.

In 1527, we are told that Babur filled a tower with the skulls of his defeated enemies.

In 1568, Akbar ordered the massacre of 30,000 people in Mewar after they fought against him.

And in 1680, Aurangzeb sent an army of 500,000 men to conquer the Deccan.

What did the examples above suggest about the importance of violence for Mughal conquests? Is it that violence was only important in the early years in Mughal rule.

That some emperors used extreme violence but most did not.

Or that Mughal emperors repeatedly relied upon violence.

How can you tell? So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your own response.

So thinking about our three examples, they tell us that Mughal emperors repeatedly relied upon violence to make and maintain their conquest in India.

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, Mughal emperors used extreme violence and the force of their armies to defeat enemies, take over new lands and ensure people did not challenge their rule.

So let's make sure we've really understood what we've just heard.

We have a statement on the screen.

It says, Babur and Aurangzeb were the only Mughal emperors who used extreme violence to help conquer India.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was false, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that only Babur relied upon violence, which was needed to help establish Mughal rule in India in the early 16th century.

The second says that Akbar and Jahangir use the army and even massacres to try and gain control over the kingdom of Mewar.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was B, Akbar and Jahangir used the army and even massacres to try and gain control over the kingdom of Mewar.

For example, emperor Akbar had 30,000 people living in the kingdom of Mewar massacred for resisting his attempt to conquer it in 1568.

Religious tolerance and attempts to increase tax revenues were important aspects of Mughal governing policies.

Why could the governing policies adopted by the Mughals help make their use of violence more effective? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response to that question.

Okay.

So thinking about our question, the governing policies adopted by the Mughals helped to make their use of violence more effective because religious tolerance help the Mughals find more men willing to fight in their armies.

And creating more effective tax systems, meant that the Mughals could afford to equip their armies and pay for lots of soldiers.

So well done if your own response looked something like one or both of those answers.

So let's make sure our understanding is really secure.

A quarter of Emperor Aurangzeb's generals and leading officials were Hindus.

Based on this, which conclusion seems most valid? Is it Aisha's view that religious tolerance helped make the Mughal army stronger? Laura's view that religious tolerance had no impact on the Mughal army? Or Izzy's view that religious tolerance made the Mughal army weaker.

Pause video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the most valid conclusion was Aisha's, that religious tolerance helped make the Mughal army stronger.

If a quarter of Emperor Aurangzeb's generals and leading officials were Hindus, this shows that non-Muslims were accepted by Mughal leaders and helped add to their strengths.

For example, by helping them to find new leaders and talented individuals for the government and for the army.

So we're now in a good position to put all of our knowledge from today's lesson into practise.

I want you to answer the following question.

How important was violence to the Mughal conquest in India in the 16th and 17th centuries? Was it very important, somewhat important, or unimportant? And I want you to write two paragraphs to explain your answer.

Keep in mind that if you say very important, that would suggest that without violence the Mughal conquest couldn't have happened.

If you say somewhat important, that might suggest that other factors as well as violence were needed to help the Mughals take control over India.

And if you go for unimportant, that suggests that violence had very little role to play in helping the Mughals and it was all down to other factors.

As part of your answer, you should analyse at least one other factor.

So perhaps diplomacy, the weaknesses of others, or governing policies which affected Mughal conquest in this period.

And you could use your table from Task B for help.

So pause video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you, how important was violence in the Mughal conquest in India in the 16th and 17th centuries? Your answer may have included: Violence was somewhat important to the Mughal conquest in India.

For example, Mughal rule in India began after Babur's victories in the battle of Panipat in 1526 and the Battle of Khanwa in 1527, which saw the Mughals defeat the powerful Delhi Sultanate and Rajput states.

All the emperors continued to fight battles and wars, including Aurangzeb who sent an army of 500,000 men to conquer a Deccan in 1680.

This shows that violence was continually used by Mughal emperors to expand their empire.

So it clearly helped Mughal conquest in the long term.

However, your answer may have gone on to say, the Mughal's ability to maintain such a strong army and use violence to make conquest was enhanced by their effective governing policies.

For instance, during Akbar the Great's reign, a new tax system known as the dahsala was introduced, which increased Mughal tax revenues.

With these increased tax revenues, the Mughals could afford to expand the size of their armies, making it easier for them to conquer new territories.

Therefore, violence was only somewhat important for Mughal conquest because its effectiveness was influenced by other factors like the Mughal's governing policies.

So really well done if your own answer look something like that model which we've just seen.

And that means we've now reached the end of today's lesson, so we're in a good position to summarise our learning about Mughal rule in India.

We see that the Mughal's conquered most of the Indian subcontinent during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Mughal emperors repeatedly relied upon violent actions, especially wars against other states to expand their empire.

Non-violent actions also help to increase Mughal control over India, including the use of diplomacy, Mughal governing policies and the exploitation of others' weaknesses.

Some of the factors responsible for Mughal conquest enhance the effects of one another.

Toleration and effective tax policies helped make Mughal violence more effective.

So really well done for all of the effort that you've put in today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to help guide you through our resources and I look forward to seeing you again in future.